to develop governance frameworks and to address national innovation systems. In the case of nanotechnology, a variety of FTA ACTIVITIES have been in use over the last quarter of a century to structure the field itself
where a similar governance framework as in the case of nanotechnology is discussed 10 (M. Roco, Possibilities for global governance of converging technologies, J. Nanopart.
Despite these different traditions, both countries used FTA to develop governance frameworks for nanotechnology. 3. Future-oriented technology analysis of nanotechnology in the US
an inter-organizational governance framework is crucial to uptake the knowledge as well as the requirements derived from various stakeholders.
Towards a Common Strategic Framework for EU. COM (2011) 48, Green Paper, European commission, Brussels, 2011.5 NSTC, National science and Technology Council, IWGN, E. A t.,The Interagency
fed into a common framework, and published on the internet site of the project. For each signal of change a possible impact on the future of innovation was estimated in an intuitive manner by the project members
These two visions were excluded thereafter from further interpretation. 2. 3. Assessment of coverage of dimensions of change A third innovative feature developed within INFU to underpin the capture of structural change is the application of a framework of dimensions of change at the very beginning of the project.
This framework was developed by the project consortium based on the review of academic literature on innovation patterns
The framework developed within the INFU project supported an analysis of structural changes hinted at by several visions.
In a classical scenario building process participants'contributions are channelled through the scenario building framework. This can be more or less rigorous depending on the approach.
the framework supported the extraction of the following structural changes in innovation patterns 30:1) Mediation and co-ordination:
Innovation Leadership Forum, UK (Russia) Three seminars in the framework of international conferences with researchers and company representatives in Nürnberg, London and Exeter) 4. City-driven systemic
The framework of dimensions of change used to assess the results of the signal screening phase enabled the INFU team to systematically question anticipatory assumptions and to reintroduce opposing views in a reflexive manner.
combining insights from innovation systems and multilevel perspective in a comprehensive‘failures'framework, Research policy 41 (2012) 1037 1042.
They use an analytical framework that they call the‘‘Cyclic Innovation Model (CIM)''to make the case for the convergent development of innovation
and often vociferous worry that a lack of shared sense-making frameworks might make it impossible to determine
None of the existing overarching frameworks was adequate. Looking at the technology side there was the clear problem, even failure,
In planning subsequent such FTA gatherings, it may be useful to look for signs of shared sense-making frameworks able to encompass, on the one hand, a tightly constrained roadmapping of a given technology within the assumptions of a specific scenario of national/European competitiveness,
without systematizing the knowledge accumulated into the kinds of sense making frameworks that enable researchers and policy makers to share,
and relate the wide range of different approaches to thinking about the future within an overarching framework.
At the moment many conversations in the foresight community point towards the emergence of a shared sense-making framework, one that could help to map current undertakings as well as,
indeed the processes for negotiating such shared sense-making frameworks are currently in full-swing, 1 there is evidence of the usefulness of an anticipatory systems approach.
and organization of anticipatory systems seems to offer shared sense-making framework for the FTA and Foresight communities.
There is no assurance that this particular conversation will fully address the lack of a shared sense-making framework made evident by the FTA PROCESSES
time is merely a framework for orientation rather than something to be mastered. Adaption to upcoming changes might be considered more important in these countries.
and it could constitute a common reference framework for the Danish Parliament's political negotiations for the allocation of resources for strategic research.
We have shown an improved framework for comparing and analysing national differences on foresight. However, there is still much to be understood about national governance cultures'effects on foresight,
and scenario frameworks are suitable to the needs of the strategic policy process. For example policy-makers who are inexperienced in the use of foresight methods may find it difficult to decide which type of scenarios to develop/use
intelligent manufacturing systems (IMS) 2020 IMS2020 was an FP7 project funded by the NMP division of the European commission within the IMS Framework, conducted by an international consortium of 15 core partners and a large group
The JRC-IPTS presented a framework for the initial discussions in order to shape the key questions to be addressed (Fig. 1) and alternative ways to answer these.
as well as the use of Fig. 1. IMS2020 initial framework. C. Cagnin, T. Ko nno la/Futures 59 (2014) 27 38 30 online tools to engage project partners and the supporting roadmapping group4 in well-defined stages.
4. Devising a framework, according to Fig. 3 (below), based on the main impact dimensions which were used to select the snapshots to be developed.
5. Positioning the scenario snapshots within the defined framework. At first, JRC-IPTS proposed that the snapshots to be developed should be those at the corner of each quadrant.
At the same time, new schemes and frameworks to support manufacturing systems research are being developed. These are intended to stimulate small and medium enterprises (SMES) to participate in international cooperative research and development (R&d) projects.
The proposed framework (Fig. 1) offers guidance across variety of practical dimensions, including: how to link strategic objectives with the operational activities to be performed;
The framework also helps to focus discussions related to the design and implementation of the project by bringing together the identification and discussion of intended impacts with efforts to define each operational step and question related to guiding the process.
State-of-the-art and expectations Analysis of co-patents and co-publications Use common foresight framework User of partner contacts and established networks for outreach (survey, interviews,
in the vision building Roadmaps Stocktaking of the results from other phases Inclusion of multiple dimensions in roadmapping frame Intensive online panel work Cross feeding among different roadmaps to coordinate
could have been justified in the IMS2020 project to gain more insight on the developments of different systems. 10 The mentioned framework has been used by JRC-IPTS in a number of projects
and the snapshots to be developed within a framework which was constructed jointly. In fact sixteen possible snapshots were discussed briefly
During the kickoff meeting the JRC-IPTS framework (Fig. 1) was used to present different alternatives to achieve the intended impacts,
These disciplines could provide frameworks to analyse some of the advantages and benefits of FTA APPROACHES.
The overall aim of the paper is to develop an impact assessment framework for foresight exercises to assess the degree to which they promote the development of‘participatory knowledge societies.'
Such a classification could be a first step towards an integrated framework comprising different ways to introduce the future
Annual British Academy of Management Conference, 2008.6 F. Okumus, A framework to implement strategies in organizations, Management Decision 41 (2003) 871 882.7 D c. Hambrick, A a
a framework for management control systems research, Management Accounting Research 10 (1999) 363 382.60 H. Norreklit, The balance on the balanced scorecard a critical analysis of some of its assumptions, Management Accounting
For the former the Cyclic Innovation Model (CIM) is utilized as analytical framework and applied to three cases.
the CIM is introduced as an analytical framework and the categorization of foresight is explained. This is followed by the description of the three cases according to the CIM concepts.
and openness of the three networks we applied the Cyclic Innovation Model as an analytical framework.
the link of future orientation, futures research and the network is analyzed by connecting the CIM analysis with the character of the foresight activities. 3. 2. Analytical framework 3. 2. 1. The Cyclic Innovation Model The main
The founding partners decided on a public private partnership (PPP) as their preferred framework to support collaborative innovation activities
The EICT Gmbh provides a legal framework and platform for collaboration covering the entire innovation process, from inception to successful completion.
and a legal framework for the free flow of information is created. Specifically, the partners are supported at several stages of the Table 3 Networked foresight activities in Rijkswaterstaat.
the partners created a framework to facilitate the exchange of knowledge with predefined rules and clear IPR boundaries.
and higher education. 4. 3. 2. Process model In the innovation framework instruments for sharing, exchanging and developing knowledge were created,
/Futures 59 (2014) 62 78 72 provide frameworks for open innovation emerged in the last few years, e g.,
and frequent reporting duties equal to those of significantly larger projects subsidized in the European Framework Programs (FPS) not only significantly slow down the network's activities,
and inside-out) information flow from the perspective of the partners it is an inside-out information flow. 6. Conclusions This paper aimed at exploring futures research in innovation networks by applying the Cyclic Innovation Model as analytical framework to three cases
An Integrated Framework of Cyclic Networks for the Assessment of Technological change and Sustainable growth, Delft University Press, Delft, 2000.48 G. Berkhout, The Cyclic Nature of Innovation.
With this purpose in mind, this introduuctor paper sets out the general framework for approaching this topic.
the embedding in an adaptive foresight framework and the implementation of a real-time Delphi which lead to interesting methodological lessons.
The methodoloog developed was based on the adaptive foresight framework in order to do justice to both the explorrator and the policy-oriented nature of the exerccis (Eriksson et al.,
Because of this diversity, it is not possiibl to propose a general framework capable of capturring in a meaningful way
This provided a general framework which we could apply to each of the specified creative content subsecctor (see Box 1). As the next step we analysed the three dimensions of content creation,
We described relevant technologies within our establisshe framework i e. classifying them within creatiion distribution and user interaction and we highlighted some essential trends of change, identifyyin opportunities and threats for the European indusstr in each of the sub-sectors.
We considered the framework conditions and technoloogica characteristics (e g. magnitude of sunk costs) that determine economic relations in the creatiiv content sector, on the one hand,
The economic framework (competitive markets and entrepreneurialism vs. oligopolistic and‘walled off'markets) and social values (positive public attituud of potential users towards and high demand for new creative content products and services vs. negatiiv public attitude and lack of demand
and analysed in this paper is anchored in the adaptive foresight framework, which enables us to reconcile the exploratory nature of the exercise
we can conclude that it is unrealistti to have fixed a framework from the outset when dealing with a sector in flux and where uncertainties are so high that even experts have trouble imagining impacts (as the strong discrepancies in trend impact assessments show).
steps towards the development of a framework conceptualising the dynamics of‘foresight systems'.'Paper presented at the Second International Seville Seminar on Futuureoriented Technology analysis, held 28 29 september 2006, Seville, Spain.
He took part in developiin the roadmap for Thailand's first biotechnology policy framework. He is currently the executive director of the APEC Center for Technology foresight and the director of Policy Research and Management at the National science Technology and Innovation policy Office, Bangkok,
and emerging infectious diseases in Asia-pacific Science and Public policy February 2010 43 The concept has been extended in the European union's Seventh Framework Program to the possibiliitie at the interface of micro nano systems and the living world.
Conclusion Bibliometric analysis and scenarios have been used to study the factors involved in initiation and spread of EID within the framework of the EID life cycle model.
To this, the final stage (technology roadmappping added the details of a proposed‘working plan'that are suitable in different time frames
and use to decide on the frameworks of their respective internaationa collaboration strategies. Hence, the unique contribution of this paper lies in its dealing with cross-disciplinary technologies (converging technologies) in a cross-boundary regioona setting (Asia-pacific.
Technology Roadmappping a planning framework for evolution and revolution. Technological forecasting & Social Change, 71 (1 2), 5 26.
) This theory of‘technological determinism'fits into the‘diffusion of innovations'framework (Rogers, 1995), which is dedicated to the adoption and diffusion of new technologies in society.
One of them is the social shaping of technology framework, which focuses on the daily use of technology and stresses the power of human actors and societal forces (Williams and Edge, 1996;
In view of this, an interdiscciplinar framework was set up to pretest and co-develop new and innovative applications.
This framework enables developers and companies to gain an insight into the main drivers and constraints in service innovation and into the conditions for meeting social and user requirements (Lievens and Pierson, 2006).
time-use frameworks were used in the focus groups. Eight categories of daily time-use were identified:
For each archetype, we listed a series of daily activities within the time-use framework.
All this is also in accordance with the general principles of The swiss technology policy tending to be‘non-activist',providiin primarily for the improvement of framework condittion for private innovation activities.
2001) for the role of framework conditions for the evaluation of industry university collaboratioons and Polt and Streicher (2005) for the evaluation of large programmes such as the Framework programmes of the Europeea Union. 2. For overviews of Swiss
the role of framework conditions. Science and Public policy, 28 (4), 247 258. Polt, W and G Streicher 2005.
and its role in assisting in aligning technologgica and societal perspectives with the more visionary framework necessary to address grand challenges.
Five challennge were formulated subsequently to serve as a frame for the new Future topics programme. Within the prograamme institutes are called upon to form consortia
trends in regulattor and legal national and international framework; applied metrology for biologiica products and processes;
set up to provide strategic directiions according to institutional policies and framework..Management group (MG: assigned to manage process
priorities are set within the framework of long-term (and five-year) plans, and medium-and long-term plans for S&t (MLP).
with the former guiding and providing an overarching framework for the latter (in their five-year plans).
However, within this framework of overarcchin goals we find a blend of steering instruments, institutions and goals that can be derived from the broader goals and
for instance‘harmonious society'and‘indigennou innovation',indicating the contributions and frameworks of STI governance with broader policy process.
a framework for analysis'.In: Simon, D. and Goldman, M. eds) Science and Technology in Post-Mao China.
which the government should invest more resourrces there was no other concrete policy promoted under the framework of the Eight Key Industries.
Towards an integrated framework',Research policy, 37: 596 615. Mckelvey, M. 1996) Evolutionary Innovations: The Business of Biotechnology.
which can form the framework under which to examine possible solutions to specific challenges. In this way, FTA PROCESSES inform
The concept of European Innovation Partnerships (EIPS) introduced by the Innovation Union Flagship Initiative is the overarching framework embracing relevant joint programming activities ranging from Art. 185 initiatives to ERA NETS, or JPIS.
In fact, foresight activities is one of the six joint programming framework conditions8 for which analytical guidelines are developed to facilitate the planning and implementation of joint research programmes (ERAC-GPC 2010).
A promising framework for this purpose is offered under the concept of JPIS for example. As acknowledged in the Voluntary Guidelines on Framework Conditions for Joint Programming in Research 201010 forward-looking activities might be used both
when identifying grand societal challenges as well as in translating an already identified grand challenge into an operational reality by defining scenarios,
and facilitate the application of fta approaches on a contining basis. Applying FTA in the framework of joint initiatives in dealing with grand challenges should aim both to find effective solutions for grand challenges
The ideas and frameworks set out in this 150. C. Cagnin et al. paper should inform such analyses
It provides a framework to network and mutually open national or regional research programmes, leading to concrete cooperation such as the development and implementation of joint programmes or activities.
The Framework Conditions are concerned with the administrative, normative and regulatory factors considdere essential for the effective implementation of joint programming in research
Jacobsson, S. and Bergek, A. 2006)‘ A framework for guiding policy-makers intervening in emerging innovation systems in‘catching-up'countries',European Journal of Development Research, 18: 687 707.
Woolthius, R. K.,Lankhuizen, M. and Gilsing, V. 2005)‘ A system failure framework for innovation policy design',Technovation, 25: 609 19.152.
This simplified conceptual frame allows consideration of variants of FTA and their effectiveness in tackling a range of futures and related needs.
and organisational models of FTA) a conceptual frame is developed for analysis in the empirical part of this paper. 2. 1 The fast-changing context:
and strategies for, handling disruptive and structural transformations. 2. 4 Framework for analysis of FTA systems The three dimensions introduced in the previous sections constitute the conceptual framework for analysing the suitabiilit of different types of FTA systems
which raise quite different requirements for FTA systems as defined by the two other dimensions of our framework.
which constitutes the third dimension of the framework. In order to be able to respond to a transformation
which FTA is embedded and the organisational Table 2. Framework for analysis of FTA systems Dimensions Transformation types Organisational models of FTA Governance modes Sub-categories.
In this context, scenario work seems to allow fairly flexible frames for such overarching discussions, whereas a number of other methods are applied to develop future plans and action-oriented recommendations for decision-making.
This can address bottlenecks in the framework conditiion hampering the whole process from ideas to innovatiion6 Smart specialisation
Based on this, a framework of analysis was developed for tracing the evolution of FTA systems. Empirical research highlights a diversity of FTA APPROACHES and systems in practice,
2010)‘ Contribution to Developing voluntary guidelines on framework conditions for joint programming in research Foresight activities'(28 june 2010.
Analytical framework and empirical cases in Europe and beyond, VTT Technical research Centre of Finland Working papers 134,2009.
This large-scale global programmatic framework complemennte the World Climate Research programme of WMO. Characteristic of these global programmes later complemented by the International Human Dimensions Programme (IHDP), addressing the human dimensions,
and DIVERSITAS, addressing global biodiversity is that they provide a scientific framework with internationalll agreed scientific priorities.
For example, it has been carrying out a visioning exercise On earth systems research with a view to identifying a single strategic framework for global environmental change research and its policy relevance (ICSU 2010.
Following a foresight design framework outlined by Keenan and Miles (2008 these can be grouped as follows:.
This paper presents innovation policy roadmapping (IPRM) as a methodologgica framework for linking R&d results to systemic policy contexts and to forward-looking policy design.
a framework for forward-looking policy design 3. 1 Methodological background IPRM is an integrative method that combines the two cultures of roadmapping with a sensibility towards systemic aspects of socio-technical transformation.
IPRM can be compared to a transition management (TM) framework. TM was developed in The netherlands in the early 2000s (e g.
Thirdly, because IPRM is more of a process methodology than a generic societal frame the number of participants is limited.
of research and technology development to the systemic frame of policy-making. IPRM can be applied to forward-looking policy design in multiple ways.
The aim is to endorse the formation of policy conclusions based on an in depth understanding of the technological developments and their socioeconomic frameworks.
Population growth, especially in the form of immigration, sets the critical framework for the construction sector in Victoria.
Phaal, R. and Muller, G. 2009)‘ An architectural framework for roadmapping: Towards visual strategy',Technological forecasting & Social Change, 76:39 49.
Phaal, R.,Farrukh, C. J. P. and Probert, D. R. 2004)‘ Technology roadmapping a planning framework for evoluttio and revolution',Technological forecasting and Social Change, 71:5 26.
For instance, in connection with joint programming (see Section 4. 3) six framework conditions have been defined:.peer review procedures. forward-looking activities. evaluation of joint programmes. funding of cross-border research. optimum dissemination and use of research findings. protection,
or become a replacement policy framework in some fields (e g. in the case of new EU Member States).
A draft research agenda, known as the Strategic research Framework (SRF) has been developed building upon and around four interconnected pillars,
Decomposition was facilitated by the framework for research sub-areas and by treating research areas and research themes as relevant‘units of analysis'that experts could assess with an internet-based decision support tool.
by developing a framework for the field of wood material science, consisting of four research areas and 23 sub-areas.
The argument for using foresight as an integrator of transnational programming functions pleads for giving a more promineen role to forward-looking activities as an integrator of other framework conditions.
JTIS make use of Framework Prograamm 7 support services such as the IPR Helpdesk(<www. ipr-helpdesk. org>accessed 15 march 2012)
2011)‘ Voluntary Guidelines on Framework Conditions for Joint Programming in Research 2010'.'Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European union.
2011) External Evaluation of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (May 2011), Framework Contract on evaluation and related services (EAC 03/06), Final report on evaluation.<
OECD. Ooms, W. 2009)‘ EMIDA deliverable 4. 1 A framework for a durable Foresight & Programming unit, including terms of reference to develop a strategic research agenda dynamically,
Horizon scanning typically builds on concepts such as weak or early warning signals within the framework of political discourse and decision-making.
In exploratory or curiositydriive scanning the analyst, with no specific framework or any potential emerging issues in mind
Following the framework of tools and methods presented in Fig. 2 certain combinations of methods can be created to provide a complete evaluation along the scanning process.
also driven by specific reference framework used in focused expert review. For literature review and selection of conferences same reference framework Verification method Cross-referencing with other articles Discussions with experts Discussions with experts;
conferences further outlook in literature Concepts and methods in horizon scanning. 217 Table 5. Analysis of three combined approaches across evaluation criteria (a) Semi-automated, participatory approach (b
In focused expert review ensured through application of specific referennc frame and associated selection criteria.
and anything that is related to substantial potential change'before he elaborates an alternative scanning framework that embodies concepts such as weak signals, drivers and trends.
In the RPM framework, the criterion-specific scores v j i for each issue j=1,,
Kuosa, T. 2010)‘ Futures signals sense-making framework (FSSF: A start-up tool to analyse and categorise weak signals, wild cards, drivers, trends and other types of informatiion'Futures, 42:42 8. Liesio, J.,Mild, P. and Salo,
and how Fraunhofer can best direct its strategic research towards solutions for some of the global challenges. 2. Framework:
Some researchers from different areas made use of these approaches and set‘megatrends'as a framework or a driver for their scenarios (Kolz et al. 2012 forthcoming.
The new version of the German‘hightech strategy'1 (Bundesministerium fu r Bildung und Forschung 2010) has defined needs-oriented fields (Bedarfsfelder in German) and key technologies as a frame
The specific challenges served as a framework for the second bottom-up, part of the process. Within a competitive call, institutes teamed up to develop technological solutions to the challenges in the form of collaborative project proposals.
This is necessary for acceptance. 4. 3 Dedicated projects to tackle the challenges The Fraunhofer challenges served as a framework for an internal competitive call.
For the first time, Fraunhofer used a topical framework for an internal funding programme. A necessary prerequisite for acceptance by the institutes is a sound and transparent method in selecting these topics.
the five challenges serving as a framework for the call had a very broad scope.
but system solutions seem to be the future framework for joint research programmes, not only at a European level but also at the Fraunhofer level.
Steinmu ller, K. 2011)‘ Wild Cards Preparing for the unpredicttable Wild cards in the framework of risk assessment and horizon scanning,
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