Framework

Conceptual framework (40)
Framework (525)
Framework programme (36)
Framework scenarios (11)
Methodological framework (12)
New framework (9)
Regulatory framework (34)
Theoretical framework (16)

Synopsis: Framework: Framework:

A three-level framework on the case of nanotubes is presented to analyse and visualise the dynamics in three interrelated context:

This converging understanding of the issues at play is expected to contribute to improving implicitly the coherence of the distributed decisions of these actors, in line with the shared mental framework developed.

and their contributions to be positioned in a comprehensive framework. 7 A fact-based foundation is thus as crucial for the credibility of foresight as a critical assessment of the sources of knowledge.

and Voros 16 is an example of such a far more comprehensive framework than what is applied in most current foresight exercises. 467 E. A. Eriksson,

and therefore we claim to provide here a novel integrative framework for taking on several of the main weaknesses of current foresight practice.

adaptive planning provides a framework for developing forward-looking strategies and options for individual actors. Thirdly, adaptive planning takes into account the accumulation of knowledge

authoritative texts on the subject fail to explicitly include sequential decision-making as a way for dealing with uncertainty. 9 Doing so they turn down to include in a rational decision framework,

flexibility, and adaptivity within a common framework. A proposed package of decision options resulting from an AP exercise will typically consists of both robust (fixed and flexible) and adaptable parts.

and on often politically defined framework conditions what kind of impact they will have. Embedded systems, to take an example from the information

Early frameworks for strategic planning build on a structural approach: Typically a handful of alternative structures a type of visionary scenarios are constructed

real options display much more complex patterns of interrelation than do financial instruments. 12 This has to be considered in a successful AP framework. 2. 2. 4. Commitment vs. opportunism A final problemarea

drafting of exploratory framework scenarios25 The first forward-looking and interactive element of an AF project is typically a workshop with experts and stakeholders.

identification of challenges associated with each framework scenario The challenges opportunities and threats are what connect the framework scenarios with the addressee's area of responsibility.

But a type of backcasting more distinctive for AF is to identify a best possible variant of each framework scenario

The practical tools and methods are available, based on many Fig. 1. Positioning recent forward-looking activities in the framework of Adaptive foresight. 31 31 For Details on these projects

K. M. Weber/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 462 482 AF offers a learning framework rather than just an impressionistic one.

by developing a framework for the field of wood material science, consisting of four research areas and 23 sub-areas. 6 Stakeholder participation,

decomposition was facilitated by the framework for research sub-areas, as well as by the treatment of research areas and research themes as relevant‘units of analysis'that experts could be assessed with the Internet-based decision support tool.

and sub-area the issue would fit best within a taxonomical framework that was developed for the research issues.

This framework was helpful in that it helped the participants identify the issues that they were interested most In for each issue,

This structure differed somewhat from the framework that was employed in the structuring of research areas and sub-areas.

In effect, the thematic titles of the workshops were somewhat more traditional than those employed in the framework,

Change 70 (2003) 619 637.14 J. S. Metcalfe, Technology systems and technology policy in an evolutionary framework, Camb.

reflects interrellate developments emerging over the past few years 4. First, within a framework of tighter governmental budgets and stronger international competition,

CENELEC and ETSI in the legal framework allowing for the free movement of goods. EC directives define the essential requirements,

Here, legal frameworks as an object of assessment are part among the set of other policy instruments, like R&d funding,

Benchmarking Financing R&d Provision of R&d infrastructure Technology transfer and innovation diffusion Legal frameworks (IPRS, standards and regulation) Integrated projects Networks of excellence Methodology:

the results of the surveys conducted within the framework of the Community Innovation Survey also contain information about regulations and standards as obstacles for innovation and sometimes their role as source for information.

and improving the framework conditions for R&d, regulation (i e. reinforcing or establishing regulations); deregulation (relaxing or abolishing related regulations),

since the time frame of such studies should not be much more than ten years. A classical feature of the Delphi methodology is the promotion of a convergence process leading to a consensus by surveying the experts at least twice

In addition, the time frame of Delphi studies focusing on regulatory issues should be much shorter covering only the next ten years,

in which Germany did not leverage its excellent position in research and development into a leading position in setting the necessary framework conditions for future research and market introduction via standardisation 39.

12 It was developed as a framework to study emerging alignments and entanglements in the field of nanotechnology,

a project was set up under the framework of the Frontiers Technology assessment Programme to: 1. explore and develop tools to map possible futures for the field of cell-on-a-chip with a focus on single cell analysis

1. Developing strategic information for the Frontiers network to include within the framework of MPM-1

The strategy support systems will be developed further for different technology fields being investigated within the framework of the Frontiers research programme.

This work was done also under the framework of the Frontiers Technology assessment Program. References 1 W. J. Abernathy, K. B. Clark, Innovation:

Change 14 (2005) 1 13.16 R. Phaal, C. J. P. Farrukh, D. R. Probert, Technology roadmapping A planning framework for evolution and revolution, Technol.

Steps towards the development of a framework conceptualising the dynamics of‘foresight systems'Effie Amanatidou a,,

'This framework should be capable of explaining the interdependencies and inter-relationships between system elements such as actors, processes, inputs, outputs and impacts,

10.1016/j. techfore. 2008.02.003 The overall aim of the paper is to develop an impact assessment framework for foresight exercises that assesses the degree to

The evolution of a common evaluation and assessment framework for foresight exercises however, could facilitate the identification of good practices irrespective of their specific objectives

These two‘pillars',the‘knowledge society'and‘participatory governance',can become the common framework in which to assess

Table 1 groups together many of the reported objectives and impacts associated with foresight exercises under the headings of‘intermediate'and‘lower level'goals. 5. Approach for developing an impact assessment framework It is possible

to develop an impact assessment framework based on a‘logic model'approach which links the generic goal of a participatory knowledge society with the reported impacts of framework exercises.

Instead, the impact assessment framework has to be built the other way round, i e. starting from the identification of potential impacts in line with the generic goal before moving‘backwards'to examine the degree to which programme design

An approach for developing an impact assessment framework the foresight system. b: An approach for developing an impact assessment framework the wider environment. 547 E. Amanatidou,

K. Guy/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 539 557 principles that a foresight exercise should adopt

'It can also guide the development of an impact assessment framework. If the system variables turn out to be highly contextual,

then the possibility of building a common impact assessment framework for foresight exercises based on their contribution to a more participatory‘knowledge society'irrespective of their specific context

then it will be possible to construct a common impact assessment framework. This framework should allow for the more sophisticated design

and implementation of foresight programmes by adding design and implementation principles to the existing evaluation issues of efficiency,

and b. 7. From the impact assessment framework to the logic model The above framework can be enriched further by findings from studies of other foresight exercises in different countries,

Impact assessment framework foresight system (based on the cases of UK, Sweden and Malta. b: Impact assessment framework wider environment (based on the cases of UK, Sweden and Malta.

551 E. Amanatidou, K. Guy/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 539 557 Given that all the elements of a foresight system can now be identified,

attempting to develop the impact assessment framework within each distinct category. For the purpose of the present article, the area of networking

b) coping with greater Fig. 5. An impact assessment framework for foresight systems capable of enhancing a more participatory‘knowledge society'.

This model can then direct the development of a common impact assessment framework based on the‘logic model'approach.

given the diverse nature of the impact areas in question, a finer level of analysis needs to be applied to the different areas of the impact assessment framework.

The applicability of the resulting impact assessment framework (s) will then be tested via case studies. 555 E. Amanatidou, K. Guy/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 539 557 References 1 E. Amanatidou,

Foundations and Frameworks, Edward Elgar, 2003.12 H. Nowotny, P. Scott, M. Gibbons, Rethinking Science. Knowledge and the Public in an Age of Uncertainty, Polity Press, Cambridge, 2001.13 A. Guimaraes Pereira, S. Funtowicz, Quality assurance by extended peer review:

and also the framework in which they cooperate and compete with other research actors active inside the EU. 6 Finally,

The aim of the above‘crude'typology is just to demonstrate that (a) different types of universities would act in different ways in the framework of the same ERIA;

the role of framework conditions, Sc. Public policy 28 (4)( 2001) 247 258.18 EUROPOLIS, The European research area:

la lettre OST, No. 22,2001. 19 L. Georghiou, Evolving frameworks for European collaboration in research and technology, Res.

1) Exploratory context scenarios analyze a set of possible future framework conditions relevant for organizations, regions or communities.

The aim of these foresight processes is to gain better understanding about shifts in framework rules

Furthermore, critical framework conditions were taken into consideration. Climate change effects with extreme weather events might impact the receiving river

but could not consistently be addressed in the conventional planning framework. While the RIF process in the Kiesental resulted in little surprise with the already prior favored idea for a future sanitation system,

Overview and Interpretative Framework, European Science and Technology observatory (ESTO), Paris, 2001.57 I. Miles, Appraisal of Alternative methods and Procedures for Producing Regional foresight, EU Kommission, Brüssel, 2002.58 R. Popper,

In the exploration stage, main issues, trends and drivers as well as key stakeholders'frames are explored. Analysis stage means studying how the context and main issues,

A tentative systemic framework of the potential FTA METHODS by Saritas 10 is shown in Fig. 2;‘

and selection'section of the framework. This will be discussed further in Section 2. 2. Joint research Centre (JRC)

According to the framework the following functions can be distinguished in a Foresight exercise 42: Diagnosis: Understanding where we are Prognosis:

A systematic and Fig. 2. A systemic framework for methods 10.1 For instance, the TA studies carried out by the US Office of Technology (OTA) in 1974 1995 primarily served to inform Congress

Risks, Potential and Adaptation (CES, time frame 2007 2010. The project aims at assessing the development of the Nordic electricity system for the next 20 30 years.

A new risk analysis framework was created. How case studies contributed to risk assessment methodologies? A good modelling tool would be helpful to model the future interdependencies.

A Framework for Learning in Organizations, Institutions and Culture, Routledge, London, 1995.41 M. H. Boisot, Knowledge Asset:

1999.42 JRC and IPTS FOR-LEARN On-line Foresight guide in http://forlearn. jrc. ec. europa. eu/guide/4 methodology/framework. htm (read May 28th 2009).

and dynamics into the analysis. The framework enables the structural comparisons of entire economies, their individual industrial sectors, related R&d and innovation intensities,

though they can also help frame public debates 17. A limited relevance for decision-making in policy processes is recognized by a review of practice in the broader area of foresight:

when evaluated against the framework of scenarios. Another argument concerned a potential mismatch of scenario formats

where scenario planning has been part of developing Scotland's 2nd National Planning Framework (NPF), setting out the range of strategic alternatives that were considered as part of the early development of the NPF,

create a learning framework to flexibly incorporate new advancements in knowledge, adapt structures and decisions to new insights and trigger more long-term changes in the organisations'overall awareness for constant anticipation, learning and adaptation 12,43.

1207 16 P. Sabatier, H. J. Jenkins-Smith, The advocacy-coalition-framework. an assessment, in:

Integrating the Environment for Sustainability, Edgar Elgar Publishing, London, 2008, pp. 114 133.42 Scottish government, National Planning Framework 2 SEA Annex to the Environmental Report:

The resulting framework that emerges from CSH is a set of boundary concepts usable as a checklist of critical boundary questions.

CSH offers a starting framework from which to begin to build a metaphor based on twelve categories of heuristics grouped into four categories of intention as shown in Fig. 2 (overleaf) 22.

In this section I use three building blocks to construct a framework for prospecting innovation: evolutionary models of technical change;

This framework which can help in structuring large amounts of heterogeneous data, aid the construction of complexity scenarios,

I propose the Innovation chain+framework as a way of presenting this situation. It allows the positioning of the complexities inherent to the reality of innovations, paths and landscapes,

Coupling endogenous futures with characteristics of innovation journeys (from historical case studies) within the framework of the IC+framework helps us structure the complexities

I position (in the IC+framework) the actors that were active at the time of the workshop

and new ways of managing them e g. the Risk Framework for Nanotechnology put forward by the unusual alliance of Dupont and Environmental Defence.

6. Evaluation and discussion These co-evolutionary scenarios can prepare the ground for discussion of complex potential radical technologies via the combination of endogenous futures, the IC+framework and deep case research into actors

The IC+framework provides a gameboard to bring together linear/concentric perspectives with complexity, and thus helps with the creation of scenarios.

Acknowledgements This project was conducted within the framework of the Frontiers network of excellence and the Nanoned programme (www. nanoned. nl.

a framework and an application to Lab on a chip technology for medical and pharmaceutical applications, Technol.

ICT Infrastructure Telecoms Voip Social & human sciences Economy, policies, institutional framework Economy and finance Dynamics of financial wealth creation Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 05:09 03 december

The impact assessment is based on a framework that focuses on three key functions of foresight in relation to policy making:

After introducing the impact assessment framework and the general process design, objectives and results of the Viennese innovation policy foresight and strategy process and the different impact dimensions will be analysed

The aim was to develop, in a participatory process, a comprehensive strategic framework as well as concrete proposals for*Corresponding author.

For that purpose we use an impact assessment framework that has been developed by Havas, Schartinger, and Weber (2007.

The foresight experience of the City of Vienna will be discussed against this framework. First, we introduce the impact assessment framework (Section 2). Then the main features of the process design (Section 3)

and the objectives and results of the process (Section 4) will be described, including a brief overview of the state of their implementation.

Subsequently (Section 5), the impacts will be discussed along the lines of the impact assessment framework. Obviously, only the immediate and some of the intermediate impacts can be discussed on empiricca grounds,

and its key characteristtics The concluding section will synthesise some of the most interesting insights that could be gained from the experience of the project. 2. Framework for the impact assessment of foresight processes1 2. 1. Changing insights into processes of innovation and policy making

which were characterised by a focus on shaping framework conditions that are conducive to innovation. This‘hands off'approach has evolved subsequently into

which not only deals with framework conditions, but also with the institutional and structural settings of innovation systems (Dosi 1988;

Since the turn of the millennium we can observe a shift in policy-making practices from shaping framework conditions and structural settings towards strategic decision making:

in line with the shared mental framework developed. In other words, the future is being shaped by aligning expectations

thus facilitating the implementation of policies. 2. 3. An assessment framework for foresight processes in support of policy making Against this background,

at which an impact occurs3 (Table 1). This framework will be taken as the background against which the experiences and impacts of the innovation policy foresight of the City of Vienna will be assessed,

Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 05:10 03 december 2014 Trade-offs between policy impacts of future-oriented analysis 957 Table 1. A Framework to classify the impacts of foresight activities.

a narrow frame with a picture entitled‘Lundal'.'For the figure standing at the left end of the dotted line,

which collecctiv expectations are predefined by governmental actors who need to establish future visions firmly within the frame of existing governmental structures.

Likewise, the established technology decision framework constitutes the fourth factor needed for QTIP-decision process standardization.

Our QTIP setting presumes an organization with an established FTA framework. QTIP works where we know the sort of information we need.

In our framework, these indicators reflect one of three main types of MOT information: technological maturation (life cycle status), contextual influences and market potential 3. The innovation indicators help answer MOT questions.

These centres seek to build a highly efficient framework for enhanced collaboration between companies universities, research organisations.

First, the shared analytical framework which consisted of driving forces and focus areas of competences was vital in ensuring that the panels'efforts would remain focused on the objectives of the exercise.

This framework helped mitigate the risk that the panel discussions would drift to the structural issues

the central aim was to bring into a single frame a family of methods and approaches that had matured

Ko nno la et al. put forward a framework to clarify different roles of foresight within the system and their respective impacts and implications for policy and societal developments.

and innovation system and identifies the catalytic role of Foresight in this framework. The European system is sketched in terms of‘‘institutional arrangements''by depicting three (interrelated) arenas for the orientation, the programming and the performance of research.

it seems that Foresight has been evolving from a loose collection of approaches to a complex integrated framework with a number of levers for adaptation to specific purposes and contexts and gradually,

Innovation studies have pointed out how the dynamics of innovation systems are structured by the nature of the governing technological regimes that in turn co-evolve with socioeconomic and institutional framework conditions.

It builds on a framework developed by Barre'(2007) in The french Futuris project 24. We suggest to extend this concept to the European level

which can be mapped in the proposed framework (see Table 1). The arena of strategic orientation:

This strategic steering of research is performed also through other transnational (non EU) policy frameworks of research policy integration, namely the intergovernmental institutions, such as CERN and ESA.

each cell of the matrix shapes a specific framework for Foresight, -different thematic fields refer to different‘search regimes'characterising their mode

As a third new element we suggest to broaden the analytical framework (originally designed for purely scientific environments) towards the realm of technological knowledge,

Moreover, the combined analysis of scientific and technological knowledge brings a more original outcome in the sense that it provides an adequate framework for analysing researchers'coactivity,

and 12th 2009 in the framework of the ANR-OGM COBINA research project. 10 Decision announced by Ilse Aigner, federal ministry for agriculture, on April 14th 2009.

Examples are the EU FP6 Nanologue project14 where different products for different socio-technical scenarios were envisaged or the strategy articulation workshops in the framework of the Dutch Nanoned initiative (e g. 49 51.

The framework was illustrated by two cases: GMPLANTS and Nano-research. Both field dynamics were described using the selected parameters.

Howevermuch remains to be done to refine the framework to function as a sound base for tailoring research and innovation policy instruments.

Some relevantfieldcharacteristicswerenot adequately captured by the current framework. For instance in the field of nanotechnology the need to foster the forming of new value networks around nano-products

this paper proposes a reasonably validated framework which beyond its acknowledged limitations addresses directly the difficult issue of the design of Foresight activities fit for the emerging European research area (ERA.

Having illustrated the proposed framework all along this article with examples dealing with the European level, we suggest our methodology is applicable indeed for designing such ERA Foresight activities

Available from the Science and Technology studies Unit, University of York, UK, 2001.21 E. Grande, The state and interest groups in a framework of multilevel decision-making:

an analytical framework and key issues for research, Energy Policy 28 (9)( 2000) 625 640.32 A. Salo, T. Gustafsson, R. Ramanathan, Multicriteria methods for Technology foresight, Journal

The Scan process provides a framework with which we can regularly and systematically apply the pattern-recognition capabilities of up to 30 professionals to the task of identifying important potential changes in the business environment.

Scanning provides a framework with which a company can regularly and systematically marshal the pattern-recognition capabilities of a group of professionals to identify important changes in the business environment

They help clients think in new and different frameworks. For example, one abstract about Fair isaac and Co. known for generating algorithms to check consumer creditworthiness) points out that Fair

and bspeculativeq simply as a means of providing a perspective on a time frame for projected impacts.

The type of deficiencies that innovation policy seeks to correct include lack of integration also at the level of the policy framework itself,

However, the approach also emphasises the means by which framework conditions affect complex linkages within and between industries and the influence of social, economic and cultural factors.

and of communicating these to suppliers brings to the fore the idea of using foresight to create a common vision as a framework in

The paper elaborates a framework with key design dimensions related to foresight process and outcomes in order to characterise different kinds of foresight projects.

The framework is applied for the empirically based ex post analysis of selected foresight projects around the world

4 6). We elaborate further a foresight framework developed by Ko nno la et al. 7 to characterise different foresight projects

Section 2 elaborates the conceptual framework for the characterisation of different foresight projects. In Section 3, some national and international projects are examined and characterised within the framework,

of which results are discussed in view of impacts on policy-making. Section 4 provides some conclusions and discussion on the possible advantages of the proposed framework for the characterisation of foresight projects as contribution to the policy-making process. 2. Characteristics of foresight projects To understand the impacts of foresight in the system,

it is beneficial to identify different types of foresight activities. The design of foresight activities addressing societal challenges can benefit from the structured approaches that help to identify the expectations concerning the management of the foresight process

Along these lines Ko nno la et al. 7 have developed a framework for the purposes of strategic management of a foresight portfolio in a contract research organisation.

In this paper this framework is applied and elaborated for the purposes to characterise foresight projects conducted around the world in relation with major societal challenges.

The framework consists of four key design dimensions. The first dimension addresses the type of main outcomes of the foresight project referring to its different kinds of impacts on the policy and society at large.

Furthermore for classification purposes, the framework considers outcomes and future perspectives both referring to the outcome-related aspects of the project,

namely to provide necessary information for making the 2nd Korea S&t Framework plan. Consensual The‘‘Revision of 3rd Korean TF''has analysed the impacts of 19 megatrends & issues,

Information society calls, for instance, for a new legislative framework to recognize and protect the users of cyberspace.

and for attesting the developed framework and its usability. The projects are described shortly in Table 1. The conceptual dichotomies of the foresight dimensions defined in Section 2 provide a structure for the analysis assuming

The positioning of individual projects in the framework clarifies the methodological decisions and the rationales of stakeholder engagement.

Once the projects are positioned in the framework they provide an overview of the whole portfolio of foresight projects analysed that supports building the more holistic view of the selected activities.

"Today, with the i2010 policy framework, the EU aims to"promote the positive contribution that information

This paper contributes to this work by further elaborating the framework of Ko nno la et al. 7

. While the framework is suitable for both the ex-ante and ex post analysis of foresight projects,

The positioning of the projects in the framework (as depicted in Fig. 3 of this paper) helped characterise the projects and the related expectations on them.

We expect that the developed framework can facilitate the discussion about the expectations and the management of foresight projects and about its impact on policy-making and society at large.

Dawson also reformulates the Nonaka framework accordingly (Fig. 1), as representing movement between knowledge (which requires knowing agents,

and frameworks they are using, account for their practices. This is certainly explication, and allows (when things work well) for mutual understanding.

Nonaka's SECI framework has been applied, for instance, to understanding and guiding the shared knowledge creation of key actors (industry, academia and policymakers) in the context of Nordic foresight activities 21,22.

The SECI framework portrays the knowledge cycle of organisational learning as a dynamic interaction process.

some organise this information into lists or more structured frameworks even models; some allow for synthesising information into posits, views of alternative futures,

it is also a helpful and generic classification framework. Other frameworks may be designed for specific workshops,

and workshop participants themselves may be asked to or request to develop their own grouping of factors early on in the workshop.

The scenario framework can be a valuable tool for encouraging people from very different backgrounds to apply their knowledge in new ways.

and careful management of IT system designers who may lean more toward TKM frameworks. Again, the design of FTA needs to take into account the needs of KM

A Framework for Learning in Organizations, Institutions and Culture, Routledge, London, 1995.18 M. H. Boisot, Knowledge Asset:

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