In the new study, the researchers have shown how to alter the behaviour of nonmagnetic materials by removing some electrons using an interface coated with a thin layer of the carbon molecule C60,
which is also known as a uckyball The movement of electrons between the metal and the molecules allows the nonmagnetic material to overcome the Stoner Criterion
However, they also need to facilitate the easy movement of electrons. Until now, scientists have had to use separate manipulations to increase photon absorption and electron transfer.
The new electrode, described in Nature Communications, is made primarily from the semiconducting compound bismuth vanadate.
This increased the efficiency of both photon absorption and electron transport. It was found that as well as increasing the transport of electrons by creating efectsin the bismuth vanadate,
the nitrogen also lowered the energy needed to kick electrons into the state in which they were available to split water.
This meant that more solar energy could be used by the electrode. ow we understand what going on at the microscopic level,
grab, spin and nudge tiny particles around. The sonic tractor beam uses a 3d hologram with the shape of a cage or bottle in
while inside the cage, the pressure is close to zero. hen the particle is surrounded by high pressure,
and the particle moves with the trap, said Marzo. Because sound waves can travel through body tissues,
as controlling light with light is somewhat difficult as photons do not interact with other photons like electrons do said,
Resistance is useless One of the reasons optics has the potential to be faster is that it doesn have the limitation of the RC time constant, also known as tau,
rotate and manipulate particles. The research also introduces an olographic acoustic elements framework that permits the rapid generation of traps
similar to an ultrasound scanner but for manipulating particles Targeted drug delivery and moving your kidney stones around are among the applications the researchers think could emerge from their work.*
*Expanded polystyrene particles ranging from 0. 6 to 3. 1m diameter are levitated above single-sided arrays.
a) The particles can be translated along 3d paths at up to 25m#1 using different arrangements
such as ellipsoidal particles, can be rotated controllably at up to 128. p m. Scale bars represent 2m for the particle in a and 20m for the rest m
Under the process, the untreated water is filtered first though a membrane to remove larger particles.
and other components, has been designed to bind the salt particles as they pass through the membrane. Developed by University of Alexandria researchers Mona Naim, Mahmoud Elewa, Ahmed El-Shafei and Abeer Moneer,
#Optimal particle size for anticancer nanomedicines discovered Nanomedicines consisting of nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery to specific tissues
To develop next generation nanomedicines with superior anticancer attributes we must understand the correlation between their physicochemical properties--specifically particle size
Over the last 2-3 decades consensus has been reached that particle size plays a pivotal role in determining their biodistribution tumor penetration cellular internalization clearance from blood plasma and tissues as well as excretion from the body--all of
Our studies show clear evidence that there is an optimal particle size for anticancer nanomedicines resulting in the highest tumor retention.
Among the three nanoconjugates investigated the 50 nm particle size provided the optimal combination of deep tumor tissue penetration efficient cancer cell internalization as well as slow tumor clearance exhibits the highest efficacy against both
The researchers demonstrated the method using an ARCAM electron beam melting system (EBM) in which successive layers of a metal powder are fused together by an electron beam into a three-dimensional product.
By manipulating the process to precisely manage the solidification on a microscopic scale the researchers demonstrated 3-dimensional control of the microstructure
Rather than the light used in a traditional microscope this technique uses focused beams of electrons to illuminate a sample and form images with atomic resolution.
The instrument produces a large number of two-dimensional electron beam images which a computer then reconstructs into three-dimensional structure.
And since Earth's magnetic field protects life from energetic particles from the sun and cosmic rays both
and liquid cosmetics to keep small particles from clumping together. The synthetic coatings are called often polymer brushes because of their bristlelike appearance when attached to the particle surface.
To create the biological equivalent of a polymer brush the researchers turned to neurofilaments pipe cleaner-shaped proteins found in nerve cells.
Under a strong electric field the cathode emits tight high-speed beams of electrons through its sharp nanotube tips--a phenomenon called field emission.
The electrons then fly through the vacuum in the cavity and hit the phosphor screen into glowing.
Field emission electron sources catch scientists'attention due to its ability to provide intense electron beams that are about a thousand times denser than conventional thermionic cathode (like filaments in an incandescent light bulb.
and produce a much more directional and easily controllable stream of electrons. In recent years carbon nanotubes have emerged as a promising material of electron field emitters owing to their nanoscale needle shape and extraordinary properties of chemical stability thermal conductivity and mechanical strength.
Highly crystalline single-walled carbon nanotubes (HCSWCNT) have nearly zero defects in the carbon network on the surface Shimoi explained.
because each nucleotide has a slightly different distribution of electrons the negatively charged parts of the atoms.
The research team was able to confirm for the first time the long-term implications of solar-driven electron impact on the upper middle atmosphere ozone.
Electrons from space: Auroras and ozone lossaccording to the research study conducted by the Finnish Meteorological Institute University of Otago
and The british Antarctic Survey the electrons similar to those behind the aurora cause significant solar cycle variation in the polar mesosphere ozone.
when more electrons enter the atmosphere. These results are only the first step but an important one allowing us to better understand the long-term impacts of this type of solar activity
Earth's radiation belts are regions in near-Earth space that contain vast quantities of solar energetic electrons trapped there by Earth's magnetic field.
During magnetic storms which are driven solar wind the electrons accelerate to high speeds and enter the atmosphere in the polar regions.
In the atmosphere the electrons ionize gas molecules leading to the production of ozone-depleting catalyst gases.
Based on currently available satellite observations electron precipitation may during solar storms lasting a few days reduce ozone in the upper atmosphere (60-80 km) as much as 90 per cent on a momentary basis
because the parallel alignment of adjacent electron spins in the iron atoms generates a strong internal magnetic field.
Almost all known superconductors on the other hand form pairs of anti-aligned electrons and exclude magnetic field lines from their interiors.
Manufacturing defects such as particles of metal and dust can pierce the separator and trigger shorting as Sony discovered in 2006.
Smart separatorin the last couple of years we've been thinking about building a smart separator that can detect shorting before the dendrites reach the cathode said Cui a member of the photon science faculty at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
Naturally found in a spherical shape NTU Singapore developed a simple method to turn titanium dioxide particles into tiny nanotubes that are a thousand times thinner than the diameter of a human hair.
which electrons and ions can transfer in and out of the batteries. However Prof Chen's new cross-linked titanium dioxide nanotube-based electrodes eliminate the need for these additives
The experiments were conducted at room temperature with particles of pure silver less than 10 nanometers across--less than one-thousandth of the width of a human hair.
--but inside each particle the atoms stay perfectly lined up like bricks in a wall.
Technically the particles'deformation is pseudoelastic meaning that the material returns to its original shape after the stresses are removed--like a squeezed rubber ball--as opposed to plasticity as in a deformable lump of clay that retains a new shape.
For example in circuits where electrical contacts need to withstand rotational reconfiguration particles designed to maximize this effect might prove useful using noble metals
The findings could also help explain a number of anomalous results seen in other research on small particles Li says.
#Revving up fluorescence for superfast LEDS Duke university researchers have made fluorescent molecules emit photons of light 1000 times faster than normal--setting a speed record
In an LED atoms can be forced to emit roughly 10 million photons in the blink of an eye.
To make future light-based communications using LEDS practical researchers must get photon-emitting materials up to speed.
In a new study engineers from Duke increased the photon emission rate of fluorescent molecules to record levels by sandwiching them between metal nanocubes and a gold film.
which studies the interaction between electromagnetic fields and free electrons in metal. In the experiment her group manufactured 75-nanometer silver nanocubes
When fluorescent molecules are placed near intensified light the molecules emit photons at a faster rate through an effect called Purcell enhancement.
We could also make fast sources of single photons that could be used for quantum cryptography.
Many of his experiments depend on observing light in the form of photons--the particle complement of light waves
--and sometimes only one photon at a time, using"smart"detectors that can count the number of individual photons in a pulse.
when counting the number of photons in a light pulse, can really only count up to zero,
which sub-wavelength interference (to be defined below) has been pushed using thermal light and small-photon-number light detection.
by considering light as consisting of particles and using the correlations between those particles The JQI experiment starts out with a laser beam,
but it purposely degrades the coherence of the light by sending it through a moving disk of ground glass.
those for which each"click"denoting an arrival tells us only that more than zero photons have arrived?
we can arrange that the probability of more than one photon is very low, so a click tells us that with good accuracy that indeed just one photon has arrived.
But then if we design the light so that its limited coherence time is larger than the recovery time of our stupid detectors,
it is possible for the detector to tell us that a specific number of photons were recorded, perhaps 3 or 10,
This improved counting the number of photons, or equivalently the intensity of the light at various places at the measuring screen, ensures that the set of correlations between the two detectors does result in an interference-like pattern in those correlations.
and electron clouds to create a pressure gauge. Bao foresees many potential applications for this pressure-sensing technology.
In addition to Ghadiri, Leman, Zhao, Curtiss and Maryanoff, other contributors to the study, n vivo efficacy of HDL-like nanolipid particles containing multivalent peptide mimetics of apolipoprotein A-1,
For the very first time a general strategy to manufacture inorganic nanoparticles with user-specified 3d shapes has been achieved to produce particles as small as 25 nanometers or less with remarkable precision (less than 5 nanometers.
Just as any expanding material can be shaped inside a mold to take on a defined 3d form the Wyss team set out to grow inorganic particles within the confined hollow spaces of stiff DNA NANOSTRUCTURES.
and height of the particle able to be controlled independently. Next researchers fabricated varied 3d polygonal shapes spheres and more ambitious structures such as a 3d Y-shaped nanoparticle and another structure comprising a cuboid shape sandwiched between two spheres proving that structurally-diverse
For particles that would better serve their purpose by being as electrically conducive as possible such as in very small nanocomputers
or ripples, of electrons that exist on the surfaces of materials, and in particular metals such as gold.
coveted for their ability to let electrons flow without resistance. While testing his latest candidate the semimetal tungsten ditelluride (WTE2) he noticed a peculiar result.
The research team proposed that WTE2 owes its lack of saturation to the nearly perfect balance of electrons and electron holes
which are empty docks for traveling electrons. Because of its structure WTE2 only exhibits magnetoresistance when the magnetic field is applied in a certain direction This could be very useful in scanners where multiple WTE2 devices could be used to detect the position of magnetic fields Ali said.
#Discovery of new subatomic particle, type of meson, to transform understanding of fundamental force of nature The discovery of a new particle will transform our understanding of the fundamental force of nature that binds the nuclei of atoms researchers argue.
Led by scientists from the University of Warwick the discovery of the new particle will help provide greater understanding of the strong interaction the fundamental force of nature found within the protons of an atom's nucleus. Named Ds3*(2860) the particle
a new type of meson 1 was discovered by analysing data collected with the LHCB detector at CERN's Large hadron collider (LHC) 2. The new particle is bound together in a similar way to protons.
Due to this similarity the Warwick researchers argue that scientists will now be able to study the particle to further understand strong interactions.
and also for holding electrons in orbit around an atom's nucleus. The strong interaction is the force that binds quarks the subatomic particles that form protons within atoms together.
It is so strong that the binding energy of the proton gives a much larger contribution to the mass through Einstein's equation E=mc2 than the quarks themselves. 3 Due in part to the forces'relative simplicity scientists have previously been able to solve the equations behind gravity
The new particle is ideal for this purpose because it is known the first that both contains a charm quark
and has spin 3. There are six quarks known to physicists; Up Down Strange Charm Beauty and Top.
Protons and neutrons are composed of up and down quarks but particles produced in accelerators such as the LHC can contain the unstable heavier quarks.
In addition some of these particles have higher spin values than the naturally occurring stable particles.
Because the Ds3*(2860) particle contains a heavy charm quark it is easier for theorists to calculate its properties.
And because it has spin 3 there can be no ambiguity about what the particle is adds Professor Gershon.
Therefore it provides a benchmark for future theoretical calculations. Improvements in these calculations will transform our understanding of how nuclei are bound together.
Spin is one of the labels used by physicists to distinguish between particles. It is a concept that arises in quantum mechanics that can be thought of as being similar to angular momentum:
in this sense higher spin corresponds to the quarks orbiting each other faster than those with a lower spin.
Warwick Ph d. student Daniel Craik who worked on the study adds Perhaps the most exciting part of this new result is that it could be the first of many similar discoveries with LHC data.
why there is more matter than antimatter in the Universe. Notes 1 The Ds3*(2860) particle is a meson that contains a charm antiquark and a strange quark.
The subscript 3 denotes that it has spin 3 while the number 2860 in parentheses is the mass of the particle in the units of Mev/c2 that are favoured by particle physicists.
The value of 2860 Mev/c2 corresponds to approximately 3 times the mass of the proton. 2 The particle was discovered in the decay chain Bs0#D0k-p+where the Bs0 D0 K
-and p+mesons contain respectively a bottom antiquark and a strange quark a charm antiquark and an up quark an up antiquark and a strange quark and a down antiquark and an up quark.
The Ds3*(2860) particle is observed as a peak in the mass of combinations of the D0 and K-mesons.
The distributions of the angles between the D0 K-and p+particles allow the spin of the Ds3*(2860) meson to be determined unambiguously. 3 Quarks are bound by the strong interaction into one of two types of particles:
baryons such as the proton are composed of three quarks; mesons are composed of one quark and one antiquark where an antiquark is the antimatter version of a quark.
Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by University of Warwick. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
Journal References l
#Discovery may lead to lower doses of chemotherapy No matter what type of chemotherapy you attack a tumor with,
many cancer cells resort to the same survival tactic: They start eating themselves. Scientists at Brigham Young University discovered the two proteins that pair up
This reveals the nature and concentration of particles suspended in the plasma from which it is possible to derive information on the composition of the steel sample.
"What we have shown in the Science study is that we now have the means to obtain real-time images of processes happening on the surface of intact HIV particles,
Dr. Blanchard adapted an imaging technique that uses fluorescence to measure distance on molecular scale--single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smfret) imaging--to study viral particles.
"There are 10-20 such envelope trimers on the surface of each HIV particle, and they mutate rapidly,
which contained beacons that did not alter the biology of the particles. Then they watched.
They saw that the gp120 proteins'virus particles changed shape constantly and that the timing and nature of their movements were both similar and distinct."
"Many scientists believe that the particles remain in one conformation until they come across a CD4-positive cell.
These large complex molecules form slimy biofilms and bind waterborne organic matter into larger particles in which disease-causing microorganisms can become embedded
First the polymers act like glue binding together waterborne organic material into larger particles in
as many complex interactions occur in the cloudlike plume of laser-generated vapor particles. Guan and her team designed a new experimental setup that can quantify
they saw clear evidence of a phase explosion--a mixture of liquid and vaporized particles thrown out by the laser impact.
and showed that the majority of particles had a diameter of approximately 2. 36 micrometers--small enough to be breathed in.
was conducted by Dr. Eran Perlson and Shani Gluska of TAU's Sackler Faculty of medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience,
and used live cell imaging to track the path taken by the virus particles. The researchers"saw"the virus hijack the"train"transporting cell components along a neuron and drove it straight into the spinal cord.
In this so-called low battery, the electrodes are suspensions of tiny particles carried by a liquid
it is composed of a similar semisolid, colloidal suspension of particles. Chiang and Carter refer to this as a emisolid battery. impler manufacturing processthis approach greatly simplifies manufacturing,
Having the electrode in the form of tiny suspended particles instead of consolidated slabs greatly reduces the path length for charged particles as they move through the material a property known as ortuosity.
Mass-Selected Photoelectron Circular Dichroism (MS-PECD) uses circularly polarised light produced by a laser to ionise the molecules using a couple of photons to knock an electron out of the chiral molecule to leave a positively charged ion behind.
By tracking the direction that the electrons take when they travel out of the molecule
which a small electrical potential is applied to the negatively charged electron and positively charged ion which draws them out in opposite directions.
and electron those reaching the detectors simultaneously are very likely to have come from the same molecule.
and matched with its partner electron. By combining these methods, it is possible to identify both the handedness of individual molecules and the proportion of left-and right-handed molecules in a mixture.
The research, Enantiomer Specific Analysis of Multi-Component Mixtures by Correlated Electron Imaging-Ion Mass Spectrometry
which rely on the dotsability to convert light into electrons. However, this phenomenon is understood not well,
The researchers created an algorithm that analyzes the percentage of photons absorbed by each filter,
#CERN Reports Observation of Pentaquark Particles Physicists at CERN Large hadron collider have reported the discovery of a class of particles known as pentaquarks. he pentaquark is not just any new particle,
said LHCB spokesperson Guy Wilkinson. t represents a way to aggregate quarks, namely the fundamental constituents of ordinary protons and neutrons,
the protons and neutrons from which wee all made, is constituted. Our understanding of the structure of matter was revolutionized in 1964 when American physicist
Murray Gell-Mann, proposed that a category of particles known as baryons, which includes protons and neutrons, are comprised of three fractionally charged objects called quarks,
and that another category, mesons, are formed of quark-antiquark pairs. Gell-Mann was awarded the Nobel prize in physics for this work in 1969.
This quark model also allows the existence of other quark composite states, such as pentaquarks composed of four quarks and an antiquark.
Until now, however, no conclusive evidence for pentaquarks had been seen. LHCB researchers looked for pentaquark states by examining the decay of a baryon known as?
b (Lambda b) into three other particles, A j/?(/-J-psi), a proton and a charged kaon.
Studying the spectrum of masses of the J/?/and the proton revealed that intermediate states were involved sometimes in their production.
These have been named Pc (4450)+ and Pc (4380), +the former being clearly visible as a peak in the data,
with the latter being required to describe the data fully. enefiting from the large data set provided by the LHC,
and the excellent precision of our detector, we have examined all possibilities for these signals, and conclude that they can only be explained by pentaquark states says LHCB physicist Tomasz Skwarnicki of Syracuse University. ore precisely the states must be formed of two up quarks,
one down quark, one charm quark and one anti-charm quark. Earlier experiments that have searched for pentaquarks have proved inconclusive.
Where the LHCB experiment differs is that it has been able to look for pentaquarks from many perspectives,
The next step in the analysis will be to study how the quarks are bound together within the pentaquarks. he quarks could be tightly bound
which the meson and baryon feel a residual strong force similar to the one binding protons and neutrons to form nuclei.
plants that are exposed to sunlight use carefully organized nanoscale structures within their cells to rapidly separate charges pulling electrons away from the positively charged molecule that is left behind,
The polymer donor absorbs sunlight and passes electrons to the fullerene acceptor; the process generates electrical energy.
because the electrons sometimes hop back to the polymer spaghetti and are lost. The UCLA technology arranges the elements more neatly like small bundles of uncooked spaghetti with precisely placed meatballs.
The fullerenes inside the structure take electrons from the polymers and toss them to the outside fullerene
which can effectively keep the electrons away from the polymer for weeks. hen the charges never come back together,
UCLA Electron Imaging Center for Nanomachines imaged the assembled structure in a lab led by Hong Zhou.
maybe they could use our particles as well, Brandl says. hen we came up with the idea to use our particles to remove toxic chemicals, pollutants,
or hormones from water, because we saw that the particles aggregate once you irradiate them with UV LIGHT. trap for ater-fearingpollutionthe researchers synthesized polymers from polyethylene glycol,
a widely used compound found in laxatives, toothpaste, and eye drops and approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a food additive,
the stabilizing outer shell of the particles is shed, and now nrichedby the pollutants they form larger aggregates that can then be removed through filtration, sedimentation,
During the program launch, Johannesburg Mayor Parks Tau said"This program will go a long way in improving IT skills and expertise in Johannesburg.
including molten salt reactors, thorium, fast neutron reactors, pebble bed reactors and fusion. Some of these could be potentially safer and more effective than conventional designs e
#Knitted Supercapacitors to Power Smart Shirts Researchers from Drexel University in collaboration with the U s. Naval academy, have invented a way to embed activated carbon particles into different types of yarn to form a knitted textile that can store
the ionic liquid was mixed with carbon particles, and when the yarn was swelled partially, pressure was applied to it
The aim of creating integrated circuits that use photons rather than electrons sometimes called integrated photonic circuits,
The cloak is very thinnly about a tenth the size of the wavelength of the photons it scatteringnd lossless
The key was to use a photocathodehe electrode that supplies electrons when illuminated by sunlightade from an array of gallium phosphide nanowires.
By adding platinum particles, its catalytic properties improved hydrogen production even more, report the researchers. At the same time, the nanowires allowed a drastic reduction in the use of Gap material
because electrons can travel over such a hierarchically buckled sheath as easily as they can traverse a straight sheath.
The hope of spintronics stems from its use of the spin of electrons to encode information rather than the transport of electrical charge of electrons.
To date, to be able read the spin of the electrons, which is either por own,
electrons have had to be held in place in a ferromagnetic insulator material, like yttrium iron garnet (YIG.
With the electrons held up momentarily, a heat gradient is applied to the material to set the spin of the electrons in motion again.
In this way, just like an electrical current is a stream of electrons moving through a conductor,
and provide greater control over the thermal gradients that needed to be applied to the material to start the current spin of the electrons.
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