#Discovery may lead to lower doses of chemotherapy No matter what type of chemotherapy you attack a tumor with,
was conducted by Dr. Eran Perlson and Shani Gluska of TAU's Sackler Faculty of medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience,
Mass-Selected Photoelectron Circular Dichroism (MS-PECD) uses circularly polarised light produced by a laser to ionise the molecules using a couple of photons to knock an electron out of the chiral molecule to leave a positively charged ion behind.
By tracking the direction that the electrons take when they travel out of the molecule
which a small electrical potential is applied to the negatively charged electron and positively charged ion which draws them out in opposite directions.
and electron those reaching the detectors simultaneously are very likely to have come from the same molecule.
and matched with its partner electron. By combining these methods, it is possible to identify both the handedness of individual molecules and the proportion of left-and right-handed molecules in a mixture.
The research, Enantiomer Specific Analysis of Multi-Component Mixtures by Correlated Electron Imaging-Ion Mass Spectrometry
which rely on the dotsability to convert light into electrons. However, this phenomenon is understood not well,
The researchers created an algorithm that analyzes the percentage of photons absorbed by each filter,
said LHCB spokesperson Guy Wilkinson. t represents a way to aggregate quarks, namely the fundamental constituents of ordinary protons and neutrons,
and neutrons, are comprised of three fractionally charged objects called quarks, and that another category, mesons, are formed of quark-antiquark pairs.
Gell-Mann was awarded the Nobel prize in physics for this work in 1969. This quark model also allows the existence of other quark composite states,
such as pentaquarks composed of four quarks and an antiquark. Until now, however, no conclusive evidence for pentaquarks had been seen.
LHCB researchers looked for pentaquark states by examining the decay of a baryon known as? b (Lambda b) into three other particles, A j/?(
and conclude that they can only be explained by pentaquark states says LHCB physicist Tomasz Skwarnicki of Syracuse University. ore precisely the states must be formed of two up quarks,
one down quark, one charm quark and one anti-charm quark. Earlier experiments that have searched for pentaquarks have proved inconclusive.
The next step in the analysis will be to study how the quarks are bound together within the pentaquarks. he quarks could be tightly bound
plants that are exposed to sunlight use carefully organized nanoscale structures within their cells to rapidly separate charges pulling electrons away from the positively charged molecule that is left behind,
The polymer donor absorbs sunlight and passes electrons to the fullerene acceptor; the process generates electrical energy.
because the electrons sometimes hop back to the polymer spaghetti and are lost. The UCLA technology arranges the elements more neatly like small bundles of uncooked spaghetti with precisely placed meatballs.
The fullerenes inside the structure take electrons from the polymers and toss them to the outside fullerene
which can effectively keep the electrons away from the polymer for weeks. hen the charges never come back together,
UCLA Electron Imaging Center for Nanomachines imaged the assembled structure in a lab led by Hong Zhou.
During the program launch, Johannesburg Mayor Parks Tau said"This program will go a long way in improving IT skills and expertise in Johannesburg.
The aim of creating integrated circuits that use photons rather than electrons sometimes called integrated photonic circuits,
The cloak is very thinnly about a tenth the size of the wavelength of the photons it scatteringnd lossless
The key was to use a photocathodehe electrode that supplies electrons when illuminated by sunlightade from an array of gallium phosphide nanowires.
because electrons can travel over such a hierarchically buckled sheath as easily as they can traverse a straight sheath.
The hope of spintronics stems from its use of the spin of electrons to encode information rather than the transport of electrical charge of electrons.
To date, to be able read the spin of the electrons, which is either por own,
electrons have had to be held in place in a ferromagnetic insulator material, like yttrium iron garnet (YIG.
With the electrons held up momentarily, a heat gradient is applied to the material to set the spin of the electrons in motion again.
In this way, just like an electrical current is a stream of electrons moving through a conductor,
and provide greater control over the thermal gradients that needed to be applied to the material to start the current spin of the electrons.
and organic materials convert low energy photons into visible light that a solar cell can capture. Cadmium selenide nanocrystals with one kind of organic coating left produced violet light,
or pconvertedinto a higher energy photon that is readily absorbed by photovoltaic cells, generating electricity from light that would normally be wasted.
which capture the infrared photons, and organic molecules, which help combine the energy from these photons together into an upconverted photon.
In experiments lead selenide nanocrystals captured near-infrared photons, and the organic compound rubrene emitted visible yellow-orange photons.
The researchers noted that lead selenide nanocrystals and rubrene were relatively inefficient at upconversion. However, in experiments with a hybrid material made of cadmium selenide nanocrystals and the organic compound diphenylanthracene,
which absorbs green light and emits violet light, the investigators could boost upconversion up to a thousandfold by coating the nanocrystals with anthracene, a component of coal tar.
The scientists added that the ability to upconvert two low energy photons into one high-energy photon has potential applications in biological imaging, high-density data storage,
and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDS) L
#Google s Unified Privacy Policy Draws Threat Of $15m Fine In The netherlands The national data protection authority in The netherlands has warned Google that it could be fined up to $15 million
When a constant current is applied to an LED light bulb a constant stream of photons are emitted from the bulb
To make the ceramic nano-trusses Greer s lab uses a technique called two-photon interference lithography.
Thermoelectric materials can turn a temperature difference into electricity by exploiting the flow of electrons from a warmer area to a cooler one.
when sunlight strikes a solar cell it produces some very high-energy electrons but within a few trillionths of a second those electrons shed most of their energy as waste heat.
The Sharp team found a way to extract these electrons before they give up that energy thereby increasing the voltage output of their prototype solar cell.
It s far from a practical device it s too thin to absorb much sunlight
and for now it works only with a single wavelength of light but it s the first time that anyone has been able to generate electrical current using these high-energy electrons.
which create a shortcut for high-energy electrons to move out of the solar cell. Another way to achieve ultra-high efficiencies now is by stacking up different kinds of solar cells (see Exotic Highly Efficient Solar cells May Soon Get Cheaper)
Meanwhile MIT researchers are studying the transient behavior of electrons in organic materials to find inexpensive ways to make ultra-efficient solar cells.
which increase efficiency by helping electrons flow more freely out of the material, and they use copper rather than silver electrodes to save costs.
Pentaquark was predicted first to exist in the 1960s but, much like the Higgs boson particle before it,
"It represents a way to aggregate quarks, namely the fundamental constituents of ordinary protons and neutrons,
and neutrons, are comprised of three fractionally charged objects called quarks, and that another category, mesons, are formed of quark-antiquark pairs.
Gell-Mann was awarded the Nobel prize in physics for this work in 1969. This quark model also allows the existence of other quark composite states
such as pentaquarks composed of four quarks and an antiquark k
#Sugar trail may lead to early cancer detection NEW DELHI: In a breakthrough that could lead to a new protocol for cancer detection and treatment,
scientists have identified a glucose delivery mechanism which helps cancer cells to survive and grow. The discovery can help in early detection of not only pancreatic and prostrate cancer but many others like cancer of the breast and colon.
Their version of the device, the Nanofrazor, has been able to outperform conventional electron-beam lithography equipment used in the semiconductor manufacturing process and costs just $500
is a titanium alloy implant manufactured with Electron Beam Melt (EBM) technology. Due to its 3d printed nature, the implant can both be customized to the patient,
Using the momentum transferred from solar photons as they strike a large, thin, reflective sail would allow a spacecraft to accelerate continuously using only the sun energy.
physicists have shown now that the production of low energy electrons by radio-sensitizers made of carbon nanostructures hinges on a key physical mechanism referred to as plasmons-collective excitations of so-called valence electrons;
Previous studies have revealed that gold and platinum nanoparticles produce a large number of electrons via the plasmon excitation mechanism.
this phenomenon yields electrons with higher energy than pure metals, thus inducing greater biological damage. In this study, the authors analysed the spectra of secondary electrons emitted from a carbon nanoparticle composed of fullerite,
a crystalline form of C60 fullerene, irradiated by an ion beam consisting of fast protons. They quantified the electron yield in a broad kinetic energy range,
using several different theoretical and numerical approaches. They found that a medium with an embedded carbon nanoparticle results in a number of low energy electrons several times higher than that emitted by pure water.
This may lead to the development of novel types of sensitizers composed of metallic and carbon-based parts.
high conductivity for transporting electrons and a suitable pore architecture that allows for the rapid movement of ions from the electrolyte solution to the carbon surface."
and collecting the electrons that are emitted subsequently from the very top layer of the material.
the electrons in the material are pushed towards the middle of the spiral, and a large amount of blue light is produced.
This is because the electrons are pushed to the outside of the spiral, which creates a destructive interference
The gold nano-spirals in this study were created using scanning electron-beam lithography-platinum or silver would also be suitable materials,
"At the highest temperatures, the electron temperature is much higher than that of acoustic vibrational modes of the graphene lattice,
Then Alex Pronschinske, Ph d.,first author on the paper and a postdoctoral researcher in Sykeslab, suggested that they measure the electrons emitted by the sample without prodding from X-rays in the photoelectron spectrometer.
He was interested particularly in the emission of low energy electrons, which have been shown to be very effective in radiation oncology
Because these electrons can travel only 1 to 2 nanometers human hair is about 60,000 nanometers widehey do not affect healthy tissue and organs nearby.
The team calculated the number of low energy electrons they expected would be emitted by the sample
They found that the gold-bonded iodine-125 emitted six times as many low energy electrons as plain iodine-125.
you get this big flux of low energy electrons coming out. he finding suggests a new avenue for radiation oncology:
and emit low energy electrons, destroying the tumor DNA. The gold-based nanoparticles would be flushed out of the body,
Instead of emitting large amounts of low energy electrons as the gold-bound iodine does, the titanium capsules inhibit radiation,
Researchers in Sykes'lab are now assessing precisely how the low energy electrons travel through biological fluids.
"Enhancement of low energy electron emission in 2-D radioactive films.""Nature Materials. http://dx. doi. org/10.1038/nmat4323.
In the natural world, chirality is an inherent property of many objects that range from spiral galaxies to elementary particles.
The electrons necessary for this reaction travel through the external circuit, generating an electric current. A supercapacitor is similar to a battery in that it can generate and store electric current,
#Electron Cryo-Microscopy Offers Extraordinary Details of Proteasome Complex Scientists have pioneered the use of a high-powered imaging technique to picture in exquisite detail one of the central proteins
Researchers used a technique called electron cryo-microscopy, or'CRYO EM'-imaging samples frozen to-180oc-to show the proteasome complex in such extraordinary detail that they could view a prototype drug bound to its active sites.
Electron cryo-microscopy is emerging as a complementary approach in cancer drug design to X-ray crystallography
They bombarded their samples with electrons and generated images using complex image-processing software. Senior study author Dr Edward Morris, Team Leader in Structural Electron microscopy at The Institute of Cancer Research, London, said:"
Michael Urbakh of the TAU School of Chemistry, both of the TAU-Tsinghua XIN Center, in collaboration with Prof.
Urbakh's group at TAU. Ming catalyzed the international collaboration.""The students from Tsinghua are remarkable.
The pulse generates an electric field as well as injecting electrons into the sample. By using a new theoretical approach developed by Dr. Kajita,
and it 200 times stronger than steel because of the way the atoms bond to form a hexagonal pattern (think of chicken wire) with a cloud of free electrons hovering above and below it,
A direct electron detector is the second component which has a much higher sensitivity than conventional camera film.
#Simpler Thermodynamic Approach Could Help Improve the Performance of Graphene-Based Nanoelectronic Devices The researchers found that the energy of ultrafast electrical currents passing through graphene is converted very efficiently into electron heat,
making graphene electrons behave just like a hot gas. he heat is distributed evenly over all electrons.
and electrons that propagate along a surface of a metal strip. At the end of the strip they are converted back to light once again.
This DOE component is structured a micro optical element designed to modulate the photon propagation within the skin tissue
even down to the level of very small packets of quantum energy (a single photon.
The electrons in the silicon layer are isolated so from the silicon lattice they become highly sensitive to incoming radiation.
It was predicted first to exist in the 1960s but, much like the Higgs boson particle before it,
In 1964, two physicists-Murray Gell Mann and George Zweig-independently proposed the existence of the subatomic particles known as quarks.
but it was Gell-Mann's name"quark"that stuck. This model also allowed for other quark states,
such as the pentaquark. This purely theoretical particle was composed of four quarks and an antiquark (the antimatter equivalent of an ordinary quark.
New states During the mid-2000s, several teams claimed to have detected pentaquarks, but their discoveries were undermined subsequently by other experiments."
"The pentaquark is not just any new particleit represents a way to aggregate quarks, namely the fundamental constituents of ordinary protons and neutrons,
"Photonic"and"spintronic"computing is the principle of transferring information by light or electron spin.
which influences the ordering of electrons and nuclei in atoms and molecules. The discovered property is observed usually in materials containing heavy elements,
This chirality means that silicon-based detectors are able to detect the spin of electrons and light,
Nand works by moving electrons back and forth to an isolated part of the transistors known as their"floating gates"to represent the ones and zeros of binary code.
The problem was that electron microscopes work by shooting electrons at the speed of light through a biological sample suspended in a vacuum;
when hit by the powerful stream of electrons. So scientists turned to using very low electron doses analogous to taking a photo in very low light
which minimizes the damage but leaves the image grainy. To reduce this blur, the team developed a new camera that records a movie of the wiggling sample under the microscope.
Another challenge was that earlier digital cameras used in CRYO EM detected light not electrons. So when the electron passed through the sample the signal had to be translated into light signals,
and resolution was lost in the process. his combination of the bad detector, blurring from the motion and radiation damage,
where the sample was being destroyed by the electrons, made it all a very difficult process,
To circumvent the problem of translating electrons into light, Cheng and Agard brought together a team
and developed a camera that detects electrons directly. The researchers collaborated with the electron microscopy company Gatan
As the beam hits these molecules, it can produce photons that have a different frequency from the laser light.
#New subatomic particle, the pentaquark, discovered Data from the Large hadron collider (LHC) outside Geneva appears to have proved the existence of particles made of five quarks, solving a 50-year-old puzzle about the building blocks of matter,
Quarks are the tiny ingredients of subatomic particles such as protons and neutrons, which are made of three quarks.
The less common and more unstable mesons, particles found in cosmic rays, have four. A five-quark version,
or"pentaquark",has been sought, but never found, ever since Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig theorised the existence of such subatomic particles in 1964.
said a telltale"bump"seen in a graph of billions of particle collisions could only be explained by a five-quark particle."
Analysis of the collisions has already proved the existence of the Higgs boson a particle that gives mass to matter,
"What we want to do now is to look for other five-quark particles and try and understand more about their nature,
In this process, electrons are released as a waste product. By providing an electrode for the microorganisms to donate their electrons to
the electrons can be harvested as electricity. Research has shown that plant-growth isn compromised by harvesting electricity,
so plants keep on growing while electricity is produced concurrently. Just imagine, a house with a roof full of plant/tree life powering your home.
photons from the sun will strike the sail and push it forwards, similar to how a sail On earth catches the wind.
and are created when the energy from the laser ionises the air and releases extra energy in the form of photons
'It represents a way to aggregate quarks, namely the fundamental constituents of ordinary protons and neutrons,
'Back in 1964 American physicist, Murray Gell-Mann proposed the existence of subatomic particles called quarks.
if they were made up of other even tinier particles-quarks. The physicists studied the way in
made up of four quarks and an antiquark, which is the antimatter equivalent of a quark, the BBC reported.
It has taken until now to prove his idea true. The findings have been submitted to the journal Physical Review Letters.
''More precisely the states must be formed of two up quarks, one down quark, one charm quark and one anti-charm quark.'
showing a meson particle-one quark and one antiquark-and a baryon, made up of three quarks weakly bonded together+5 The experts described the previous searches as looking for silhouettes in the dark,
whereas LHCB conducted the search with the lights on. This illustration shows an alternative layout for the pentaquark,
showing a meson particle-one quark and one antiquark-and a baryon, made up of three quarks weakly bonded together Using the LHC allowed experts to look at data from four different perspectives, giving them a multidimensional view of the transformation of subatomic particles.
All these perspectives pointed to the same conclusion the presence of pentaquarks. Wilkinson told The Guardian:'
The world's largest atom-smashing machine is most famous for proving the existence of the Higgs boson.
but its power has now been increased to a record-breaking 13 tera-electron volts (Tev)- up from 7 Tev at the time it managed to detect the Higgs boson in 2013.
'It took 50 years to find the Higgs boson and 20 years to build this machine,
or in public access mode where anyone with the hardware can soak up some electrons (controlled via an app).
Electron movement is controlled via quantum wells (a quantum well is a layer of material that constricts the movements of electrons to particular dimensions to ensure energy arrives where it meant to go).
and have reached efficiencies that are already comparable to organic LEDS in terms of quantum efficiency (photons emitted per electron injected).
and then be able to control, the flow of electrons through tiny snippets of the material.
and therefore the ease with which electrons can hop and slide from one layer to the next.
as the plotted electron density. In the present case, the researchers used fields up to 45 Tesla that were available at the National High Magnetic field Laboratory in Tallahassee.
As a graphical representation of the fractal structure of the energy spectrum for electrons in a magnetic field,
The field forced electrons at the edge of the material to move in opposite directions, and in separate lanes, according their spin.
In contrast to the unidirectional current flow of electrons in a regular metal, a material that behaves as a opological insulatorwould be useful in several spintronic applications.
While the famous Schrödinger equation (which gives the wave functions mentioned above) describes the behavior of electrons in most materials,
electron behavior in graphene is ltrarelativisticand therefore is described better using the lesser-known Dirac equation.
where electron velocity is subrelativistic, electrons in graphene composites configured with just the right alignment can flow at significantly greater speeds,
and need to be described with a different formalism. Furthermore, when many layers of graphene are stacked properly together (with associated greater strength),
by applying stronger or weaker currents to the light within the phase shifter, the number of electrons within each light path changeshich, in turn,
seeing that the use of organic film as the electron transport in past LED production resulted in a decreased photoluminescence and an inaccurate color reproduction.
just as in silicon, the electrons orbiting within titanium-trisulfide can be pushed easily up into the conduction band,
Its achievable bandgap also makes silicon highly absorptive to incoming energy sources like photons, and today most solar cells are based on silicon.
#New material combines photons for big solar energy gains An innovative new approach to solar energy from University of California Riverside could dramatically increase the amount of light available to contemporary solar panel designs.
They created an all-new hybrid material that takes two photons of 980-nanometer infrared light shone onto it and p convertsthem into one photon of 550-nanometer orange yellow light.
This photon has almost double the energy of the originals and more importantly, it exists in a form that existing solar panels can absorb.
which takes these long wavelength photons and combines them. The resulting, lower-wavelength photons can move on to be absorbed by the transistors of the solar panel as normal,
just as though it has been that color upon first arrival. The overall costs of solar power lie much more in installation, maintenance,
The ability to accurately convert photons between wavelengths could have a wide range of applications, from medical imaging to optical data storage,
said, t is essentially as little as you can go with these single-electron gadgets. The revelation will enhance the continuous endeavors of researchers over the world to utilize semiconductor materials to construct quantum computing frameworks. consider this to be a truly imperative result for our long haul objective,
Qubits are the basic unit of data in quantum computing. e composed dots to emanate photons
when single electrons hop from a higher to a lower energy level over the dual dot.
These dual quantum dots are zero-dimensional as far as the electrons are concerned they are caught in each of the three spatial dimensions
A single electron caught in a semiconductor nanostructure can structure the most fundamental of building blocks for a quantum computer.
researchers need to create a versatile architecture that permits full control over individual electrons in computational arrays p
or the interaction between light and free electrons on a metal's surface. When exposed to light,
the free electrons get excited and begin to oscillate, generating heat. Once the light is off, the oscillations and the heating stop.
The light was able to heat electrons at the interface of the gold films and DNA solution ramping temperatures up staggeringly fast at approximately 13°C per second.
When a photon hits a silicon atom inside a solar cell, the excess energy frees up an electron that is later used to generate electricity.
Occasionally, though, the electron simply recombines with a silicon atom, effectively wasting the energy provided by the photon.
Recombination is proportional to the surface area of the silicon and the needles on the surface of dark silicon raise surface area so much that about half of the freed electrons are lost"in this way.
Now, a team of researchers led by assistant professor Hele Savin has managed to get around the issue, and in so doing, it has increased the record efficiency of black silicon cells by almost four percentage points, up to 22.1 percent.
These two changes meant that only four percent of the freed up electrons recombined, as opposed to the previous 50 percent.
due to its inherent ability to maintain excitation levels that allow the freer flow of electrons.
That is, just as graphene is able to rapidly emit electrons when excited by lasers as the electrons remain at an elevated state,
it also provides a similar capability for efficient photon release in an electrically-heated situation."
"At the highest temperatures, the electron temperature is much higher than that of acoustic vibrational modes of the graphene lattice,
so that less energy is needed to attain temperatures needed for visible light emission, "said Myung-Ho Bae, a senior researcher at KRISS."
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011