Neoplasms and tumors

Adenocarcinoma (12)
Brain tumor (84)
Carcinoma (22)
Cyst (9)
Glioma (48)
Malignant tumor (7)
Melanoma (178)
Meningioma (6)
Mesothelioma (5)
Tumor (1275)

Synopsis: Health: Illness: Cancer, neoplasms and tumors: Neoplasms and tumors:

#Moffitt researchers discover mechanism leading to drug resistance metastasis in melanoma Moffitt Cancer Center researchers have discovered a mechanism that leads to resistance to targeted therapy in melanoma patients

resulting in more aggressive cells that can spread to other sites or cause regrowth of primary tumors.

leading to increased tumor cell growth, survival and migration. Drugs that target B-Raf or another protein in the same network called MEK have proved effective in clinical trials.

and a MEK inhibitor being the current standard of care for patients with B-Raf mutant melanoma.

They found that melanoma cells that are resistant to B-Raf inhibitors tend to be more aggressive and invasive,

thereby allowing the tumor to spread to a new organ site. They used a large screening approach

"said Keiran S. Smalley, Ph d.,scientific director of the Donald A. Adam Comprehensive Melanoma Research center of Excellence at Moffitt.

The research also showed that targeting Epha2 reduced the aggressive behavior of the melanoma cells.

#Enzymes believed to promote cancer actually suppress tumors Upending decades-old dogma, a team of scientists at the University of California,

tumor suppressors and that current clinical efforts to develop inhibitor-based drugs should instead focus on restoring the enzymes'activities.

The discovery that they are receptors for tumor-producing phorbol esters, plant-derived compounds that bind to and activate PKC,

or halt tumor development,"said Alexandra Newton, Phd, professor of pharmacology and the study's principal investigator,

rather, they act to suppress tumor growth. Using live cell imaging, first author Corina Antal, a graduate student in the Biomedical sciences program at UC San diego,

tumor growth in a mouse model was reduced, demonstrating that normal PKC activity inhibits cancer. One possible explanation, said the researchers,

When PKC is lost, oncogenic signaling increases, fueling tumor growth.""Inhibiting PKC has so far proved not only an unsuccessful strategy in a number of cancer clinical trials,

"How could this misconception of PKC promoting tumors have arisen? Long-term activation of PKCS by phorbol esters results in their degradation, said first author Antal.

In models of tumor promotion, a sub-threshold dose of a carcinogen is painted on mouse skin,

Thus, their tumor-promoting function may arise because a brake to oncogenic signaling has been removed

#UCLA study IDS two genes that boost risk for posttraumatic stress disorder Why do some people develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

. and colleagues in Germany and Canada have demonstrated a method for detecting"cell-free"tumor DNA in the bloodstream.

"could accurately distinguish prostate cancer from normal controls without prior knowledge of the genetic"signature"of the tumors,

including tumor cells, shed DNA into the bloodstream. But only recently has technology, notably"next-generation sequencing,

sequencing of cell-free DNA soon after therapy may be used to detect minimal residual disease in solid tumors,

Mitchell further predicted that liquid biopsies will quantify immediate tumor responses to therapy y

#CWRU researchers discover byproducts from bacteria awaken dormant T-cells and HIV viruses Dental and medical researchers from Case Western Reserve University found another reason to treat periodontal disease as soon as possible.

#Scientists Create Device for Extracting Tumor Cells from Blood An international group led by scientists at UCLA California Nanosystems Institute has developed a new method for effectively extracting

Circulating tumor cells are cancer cells that break away from tumors and travel in the blood, looking for places in the body to start growing new tumors called metastases.

Capturing these rare cells would allow doctors to detect and analyze the cancer so they could tailor treatment for individual patients.

a professor of molecular and medical pharmacology, used a device he invented to capture circulating tumor cells from blood samples.

000 times thinner than a human hair and are coated with antibodies that recognize circulating tumor cells.

the tumor cells stick to the nanowires like Velcro. Capturing the tumor cells was just part of the battle, though.

To analyze them, Tseng team needed to be able to separate the cells from the chip without damaging them.

and release (at 4 degrees Celsius) circulating tumor cells at their optimal purity. Polymer brushes on the Nanovelcro nanowires respond to the temperature changes by altering their physical properties

Unlike slower growing tumors locally advanced prostate cancer is an aggressive malignancy that is prone to metastasize

or blocks the levels of testosterone and other androgens (male hormones) that feed prostate cancer tumors.

#Technology Detects Lingering Cancer cells During Breast Surgery Many patients undergoing lumpectomy surgery at NYU Langone Medical center for the removal of an early detected breast tumor the surgical option of choice for this diagnosis

--are benefitting from new intra-operative technology that detects microscopic amounts of cancer cells on removed tumor tissue not visible during or following surgical intervention.

It concluded that the utilization of Marginprobe was as much as three times more effective in finding additional cancer on the margins of removed tumor tissue,

and other assessment tools. e found that adjunctive use of the Marginprobe device in the operating room significantly improved surgeonsability to identify additional cancer cells on the margins of removed tumors,

It causes lung diseases like the malignant form of cancer called mesothelioma. Yet asbestos is still with us.

#Cell phones and risk of brain tumor The ordinance, called the Right to Know law, will start to require retailers to give customers a handout,

Although Moskowitz said that it is"highly probable"that long-term cell phone use causes brain tumors,

In 2011, the World health organization classified the kind of low energy radiation that cell phones emit as"possibly carcinogenic"because of a link between cell phone use and a type of malignant brain tumor called glioma and a benign brain tumor called acoustic neuroma.

Both types of brain tumors are rare. About 5 in 10,000 adults are diagnosed with glioma in the United states every year,

whereas about 10 in a million people develop acoustic neuromas every year. Although THE WHO classification sounds ominous, it puts cell phones on the same level of cancer risk as caffeine and pickled vegetables.

Many large studies have failed to detect an association between cell phone use and brain tumors. One study of nearly 360,000 adults in Denmark did not find an increase in the number of brain tumors even among those who had been using a cell phone for at least 13 years.

However, as Samet said, THE WHO panel took into account studies that suggested that those who used cell phones did have higher rates of certain brain tumors.

The Interphone study is the largest study to date looking at cell phones and brain tumors. It involves 13 countries,

including Canada, the United kingdom, Denmark and Japan. Researchers asked more than 7, 000 people who had been diagnosed with a brain tumor

and 14,000 healthy people about their previous cell phone use. The study found no association between cell phone use

and glioma rates except in the group of participants who reported using their cell phone for at least 1, 640 hours in their lifetime without a headset.

Those participants were 40%more likely than those who never used a cell phone to have a glioma.

However authors of the Interphone study stated that people with brain tumors might be more likely than healthy people to exaggerate their cell phone use

and brain tumor risk in the study might not be real.""It's quite plausible that there would be excess reporting in people who suffered a life-threatening disease.

Another set of studies by researchers in Sweden also looked at reported cell phone use among people diagnosed with glioma

A recent analysis found that people who used a mobile phone were 30%more likely to have a glioma,

had 40%to 70%higher glioma risk.""There are individual studies and findings that do produce a risk,

Another argument against the possibility that cell phones cause cancer is that there has not been an increase in the incidence of brain tumors in the United states,

Although there has been an increase in brain tumors among 20 to 29-year-old females in the United states,

In addition to the lack of strong evidence showing a link between cell phone use and brain tumors,

000 people who were diagnosed with brain tumors at 10 to 24 years of age with 2, 000 healthy young people.

By showing scientists precisely how tumor cells travel the tool may help them plot new strategies for preventing metastasis

There s still so much we don t know about exactly how tumor cells migrate through the body partly

The material resembles the human tissue that surrounds tumors when cancer cells break away and try to relocate elsewhere.

and begin to form deadly new tumors. Wong then replicated the processes in a small transparent chip that incorporates the artificial blood vessel and the surrounding simulated tissue material.

Cancer researchers should now have a much clearer look at the complex physical and biochemical interplay involved in leaving a tumor moving through surrounding tissue and approaching a blood vessel.

Cancer cells would have a tough time leaving the original tumor site if it weren t for their ability to enter our bloodstream

This switch is driven by p53 the well-documented tumor-suppressing protein. Researchers showed that increasing the level of p53 in scar-forming cells significantly reduced scarring

or apoptosis which reduces the likelihood that they will go on to form tumors.####As luck would have it that was the first gene

#Why cancer researchers are excited about this amoeba A type of amoeba that lives in soil has a gene that is very similar to a tumor-fighting gene found in humans.

When it s healthy it stops tumors from growing. But the gene is prone to mutations

If you look at tumors across the boardâ and that doesn t mean just breast cancer or prostate cancerâ you find that PTEN is the most generally mutated gene.

And when you mutate PTEN in mice you cause tumors says David Soll biology professor

and perform the same tumor-suppressing role. There are at least two close relatives of PTEN the researchers are currently studying.

Somewhere there may be a backup system what we call redundancy that might be the basis for better identifying tumors

or stop cancer from spreading from the original tumor site to other parts of the body

When two Gas6 proteins link with two Axls the signals that are generated enable cancer cells to leave the original tumor site migrate to other parts of the body and form new cancer nodules.

#Coated cells act like camo for deadly brain tumors Brain tumors are able to go undetected by the immune system

The discovery, made in mice and rats, shows the key role the protein galectin-1 plays in some of the most dangerous brain tumors, called high grade malignant gliomas.

They had actually been trying to study how the extra production of galectin-1 by tumor cells affects cancer ability to grow

the tumors were eradicated. That because the irst respondersof the body immune systemalled natural killer or NK cellspotted the tumor cells almost immediately and killed them.

But when the tumor cells made their usual amounts of galectin-1, the immune cells couldn recognize the cancerous cells as dangerous.

That meant that the immune system couldn trigger the body second line of defensealled T cellsntil the tumors had grown too large for the body to beat.

Published online in the journal, Cancer Research, the findings open the door to research on the effect of blocking galectin-1 in patients with gliomas,

says team leader Pedro Lowenstein, professor of neurosurgery at University of Michigan. his is an incredibly novel and exciting development,

TUMOR TENDRILS n this case, we found that over-expression of galectin-1 inhibits the innate immune system,

and this allows the tumor to grow enough to evade any possible effective T cell response.

because glioma researchers everywhere had assumed the extra protein had more to do with the insidious ability of gliomas to invade the brain,

Gliomas which make up about 80 percent of all malignant brain tumors, include anaplastic oligodendrogliomas, anaplastic astrocytomas,

and glioblastoma multiforme. More than 24,000 people in the US are diagnosed with a primary malignant brain tumor each year.

The tiny tendrils of tumor that extend into brain tissue from a glioma are what make them so dangerous.

Even when a neurosurgeon removes the bulk of the tumor, small invasive areas escape detection and keep growing, unchecked by the body.

Helping the innate immune system to recognize early stages of cancer growth, and sound the alarm for the body defense system to act

Galectin-1 may help other types of tumor evade the innate NK cells, too. The new research suggests that in the brain unique environment,

galectin-1 creates an immunosuppressive effect immediately around tumor cells. The brain cancer cells seem to have evolved the ability to express their galectin-1 genes far more than normal

to allow the tumor to keep growing. Most brain tumor immune research has focused on triggering the action of the adaptive immune systemhose cells control the process that allows the body to kill invaders from outside or within.

But that system take days or even weeks to reach full forcenough time for incipient tumors to grow too large for immune cells to eliminate solid tumor growth.

The new research suggests the importance of enhancing the ability of the innate immune system arly warningsentinels to spot glioma cells as early as possible.

Maria Castro is a co-team leader of the study. Graduate student Gregory J. Baker is the first author.

or a human tumor biopsy? we have to slice the tissue very thin, separately image each slice with a microscope,

especially if you look to map long axons or sparse cell populations such as stem cells or tumor cells,

Using the techniques on a biopsy from a human skin tumor, the researchers were able to view the distribution of individual tumor cells within a tissue mass.

In the future, Gradinaru says, the methods could be used in the clinic for the rapid detection of cancer cells in biopsy samples.

#2 drugs work better than 1 to stop cancer A new combination drug dramatically slows tumor growth in mice with few side effects.

either individually or together. y combining the two molecules into one we got much greater potency against several diseases and completely unique effects in terms of blocking tumor growth and metastasis. LUNG AND BREAST TUMORS Both

They then tested it against human lung and breast tumors, both in vitro and in mice.

This reduced lung and breast tumor growth by 70 to 83 percent. MINIMAL SIDE EFFECTS his represents a new mechanism to control blood vessel and tumor growth,

Hammock says, who notes that there were minimal side effects, including no cardiovascular or gastrointestinal effects. his is particularly important

and killed tumors grown from these cells in mice, report researchers. Understanding how the virus kills cancer may lead to new treatments.

because there are multiple signaling pathways that promote tumor growth and develop resistance to treatment, says Craig Meyers, professor of microbiology and immunology at the Penn State College of Medicine.

Treatment of breast cancer differs by patient due to differences in tumors. Some tumors contain protein receptors that are activated by the hormones estrogen or progesterone.

Others respond to another protein called human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, or HER2. Each of these is treated differently.

The researchers then injected AAV2 into human breast cancer cell line-derived tumors in mice without functioning immune systems.

Tumor sizes decreased in the treated mice, areas of cell death were visible and all AAV2 treated mice survived through the study,

since tumor necrosisr deathn response to therapy is used also as the measure of an effective chemotherapeutic,

It also has the potential to inspect food and even scan for tumors. Junichiro Kono a physicist at Rice university says the potential to replace magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology in screening for cancer

With this technology you could conceivably design a handheld terahertz detection camera that images tumors in real time with pinpoint accuracy.

Prolonged fasting also lowered levels of IGF-1, a growth-factor hormone that Longo and others have linked to aging, tumor progression,

and preventing tumor growth. Fu says his findings could also provide insights into how embryonic stem cells differentiate in the body. ur work suggests that physical signals in the cell environment are important in neural patterning,

#Melanoma in families linked to mutations in one gene The discovery that mutations in a specific gene are responsible for a hereditary form of melanoma could make it easier to detect and treat,

are extremely likely to develop melanoma, new research shows. These mutations deactivate the POT1 gene. his finding significantly increases our understanding of why some families have a high incidence of melanoma,

says Tim Bishop of the School of medicine at the University of Leeds and a senior co-author of the study published in Nature Genetics. ince this gene has previously been identified as a target for the development of new drugs, in the future,

Known genetic mutations account for approximately 40 percent of all occurrences of inherited forms of melanoma. The team set out to identify the hereditary mutations that account for the other 60 percent by sequencing part of the genome of 184 patients with hereditary melanoma caused by unknown mutations.

They found that the inactivation of POT1 caused by these mutations leads to longer and potentially unprotected telomeres

and brain tumors. ur research is making a real difference to understanding what causes melanoma and ultimately therefore how to prevent

and treat melanoma and is a prime example of how genomics can transform public health, says Julia Newton Bishop,

and patience from the families that suffer from these devastating, inherited forms of melanoma. Cancer Research UK and the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute funded the work.

precisely measuring living and dying tumor tissue, researchers report. The findings are the first roof of principlethat 3d MRI technology accurately measures tumor viability and death.

Researchers hope to prove that the technology, when used before and after chemotherapy, is faster and better than current tools for predicting patient survival.

where it is among the top-three causes of cancer death in the world. ur high-precision 3d images of tumors provide better information to patients about

whether chemoembolization has started to kill their tumors so that physicians can make more well-informed treatment recommendations,

chemotherapy aimed directly at a tumor. Dead and live tissue Unlike standard methods to assess tumor response, based on two-dimensional images and tumor size,

the 3d technology distinguishes between dead and live tissue, giving an accurate assessment of tumor cell death.

The new technology builds on standard two-dimensional imaging and uses computer analytics to evaluate the amount of so-called contrast dye absorbed by tumor tissue.

The dye is injected into patients before their MRI scan to enhance image production. Researchers say live tissue will absorb more dye than dead tissue, affecting image brightness,

Geschwind, a professor of radiology, says that knowing the true extent of tumor response to chemoembolization is particularly important for patients with moderate to advanced disease,

whose liver tumors might initially be too large or too numerous to surgically remove. In the first study, researchers compared the standard imaging method and the newly developed technology in 17 Baltimore men and women with advanced liver cancer.

as well as the new 3d method, to compare the radiologistsanalyses with pathologic review of tumor samples after therapy and surgical removal.

when predicting the amount of dead tumor tissue found by pathologists. The standard 2d method deviated by as much as 40 percent from actual values.

In a series of additional studies, researchers used the standard and new imaging techniques to analyze the MRI scans of more than 300 liver tumors in some 123 other men and women

and each received pre-and post-chemoembolization MRI scans to assess the effects of therapy on the tumors.

such as labeling targets outside the bloodstream, detecting tumors, and monitoring the gastrointestinal system. To create the nanoscale organisms,

#Algae cell switch also controls tumor growth Original Studyposted by Layne Cameron-Michigan State on October 15 2014 Scientists have discovered that a protein called CHT7 is a likely repressor of cellular quiescence

and oil production also wields control of cellular growth and tumor growth in humans. Christoph Benning professor of biochemistry and molecular biology at Michigan State university and his colleagues unearthed the protein's potential

In terms of human medicine this discovery gives scientists a promising new model to study tumor suppression and growth.

and grow uncontrollably that's exactly what we want to understandsays Benning. hat is the first step of tumor growth. he study appears in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences h

or a human tumor biopsy#e have to slice the tissue very thin separately image each slice with a microscope

or sparse cell populations such as stem cells or tumor cellsshe says. The new approach builds off a technique known as CLARITY that was developed previously by Gradinaru

Using the techniques on a biopsy from a human skin tumor the researchers were able to view the distribution of individual tumor cells within a tissue mass.

The knowledge of how mutations drive evolution can inform our understanding of how tumors resist chemotherapeutics

map cerebral activity to help identify tumors in preparation for surgery, or even create better brain-computer interfaces.

whose main use case is letting surgeons physically eelanomalies such as tumors in CT SCANS, could also revolutionize everything from advertising to architecture.

IBM wants computers to help doctors understand how a tumor affects a patient down to their DNA.

The usual procedure for surgery requires doctors to remove tumors and neighboring tissue which may or may not have cancer cells.

Cancer tumor cells shed microvesicles containing proteins and RNA fragments, called exosomes, into cerebral spinal fluid, blood, and urine.

"We have never really been able to detect the genetic components of a tumor by blood

He is one of the lead researchers in a multicenter clinical study using new exosomal diagnostic tests developed by New york city-based Exosome Diagnostics to identify a genetic mutation found exclusively in glioma, the most common form of brain cancer.

surgeons are able to biopsy tumors to diagnose and monitor the state of the disease.

For brain cancers like glioma, however, multiple biopsies can be life threatening. Bob Carter head of neurosurgery at the University of California, San diego, says well-preserved RNA in blood

tumors only show up on imaging scans once they are at least one millimeter in diameter and comprise about 100,

000 tumor cells. By that time, it may be too late for an early intervention. On the flip side, MRIS can also yield false positives.

Hochberg says individuals who have been treated with conventional radiation therapy often have benign residual tissue from dying tumor cells that have been killed by the treatment but

This tissue is mistaken often for tumor growth on a MRI scan.""You would identify to the patient that the drug is not working

"On the other hand, having an easily accessible biomarker for glioma would give you a clear response. There are 18 U s. hospitals participating in the clinical trial,

if the nature of a prostate tumor is severe enough to warrant radical treatment or removal without ever performing a biopsy."

where the gene is thought to play a role in tumor-cell survival. his is a great example of the potential of precision medicine,

A summary of their work in human tumor cells and mice will be published on Feb 9 in the journal Nature Communications. y laboratory research on cargo transport inside the cells of patients with autism has led to a new strategy

the researchers examined NHE9 in tumor cells from several patients. Cells with low levels of NHE9 grew the slowest, the team found,

. And this was confirmed when the tumor cells, which were manipulated to have high or low NHE9, were transplanted into the brains of mice.

and helps tumors become more robust so they grow and move faster. It is also found at elevated levels in more than one-half of patients with glioblastomas.

Lab-grown tumor cells were killed more readily when treated with both a drug countering NHE proteins

or understand how cancer cells are organized in a metastasizing tumor, or how immune cells are configured in an autoimmune attack,

other possible applications for this technique include studying tumor metastasis and angiogenesis (growth of blood vessels to nourish a tumor),

or visualizing how immune cells attack specific organs during autoimmune disease i

#Gene Breakthrough Sparks Fear of Homemade Morphine Scientists on Monday said they had unlocked a pathway for producing opiates from genetically engineered yeast

The device taking this fantastic electronic voyage may soon be able to zap tumors, repair damaged spinal cords or even connect parts of the brain like an artificial synapse.

which could allow clinicians to spot rare circulating tumor cells in a patient sample. The device could also distinguish red blood cells from white blood cells,

Researchers could identify which individual cellsrom a tumor or a strain of bacteriaurvive a drug treatment and study them further, something that's not possible with current culture-and-stain tests,

say, within cancerous tumors u

#Eye drops could dissolve cataracts Cataracts cloud the eyes of tens of millions of people around the world and nearly 17.2%of Americans over the age of 40.

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