Tumor

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Tumor (1275)

Synopsis: Health: Illness: Cancer, neoplasms and tumors: Neoplasms and tumors: Tumor:

resulting in more aggressive cells that can spread to other sites or cause regrowth of primary tumors.

leading to increased tumor cell growth, survival and migration. Drugs that target B-Raf or another protein in the same network called MEK have proved effective in clinical trials.

thereby allowing the tumor to spread to a new organ site. They used a large screening approach

#Enzymes believed to promote cancer actually suppress tumors Upending decades-old dogma, a team of scientists at the University of California,

tumor suppressors and that current clinical efforts to develop inhibitor-based drugs should instead focus on restoring the enzymes'activities.

The discovery that they are receptors for tumor-producing phorbol esters, plant-derived compounds that bind to and activate PKC,

or halt tumor development,"said Alexandra Newton, Phd, professor of pharmacology and the study's principal investigator,

rather, they act to suppress tumor growth. Using live cell imaging, first author Corina Antal, a graduate student in the Biomedical sciences program at UC San diego,

tumor growth in a mouse model was reduced, demonstrating that normal PKC activity inhibits cancer. One possible explanation, said the researchers,

When PKC is lost, oncogenic signaling increases, fueling tumor growth.""Inhibiting PKC has so far proved not only an unsuccessful strategy in a number of cancer clinical trials,

"How could this misconception of PKC promoting tumors have arisen? Long-term activation of PKCS by phorbol esters results in their degradation, said first author Antal.

In models of tumor promotion, a sub-threshold dose of a carcinogen is painted on mouse skin,

Thus, their tumor-promoting function may arise because a brake to oncogenic signaling has been removed

#UCLA study IDS two genes that boost risk for posttraumatic stress disorder Why do some people develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

. and colleagues in Germany and Canada have demonstrated a method for detecting"cell-free"tumor DNA in the bloodstream.

"could accurately distinguish prostate cancer from normal controls without prior knowledge of the genetic"signature"of the tumors,

including tumor cells, shed DNA into the bloodstream. But only recently has technology, notably"next-generation sequencing,

sequencing of cell-free DNA soon after therapy may be used to detect minimal residual disease in solid tumors,

Mitchell further predicted that liquid biopsies will quantify immediate tumor responses to therapy y

#CWRU researchers discover byproducts from bacteria awaken dormant T-cells and HIV viruses Dental and medical researchers from Case Western Reserve University found another reason to treat periodontal disease as soon as possible.

#Scientists Create Device for Extracting Tumor Cells from Blood An international group led by scientists at UCLA California Nanosystems Institute has developed a new method for effectively extracting

Circulating tumor cells are cancer cells that break away from tumors and travel in the blood, looking for places in the body to start growing new tumors called metastases.

Capturing these rare cells would allow doctors to detect and analyze the cancer so they could tailor treatment for individual patients.

a professor of molecular and medical pharmacology, used a device he invented to capture circulating tumor cells from blood samples.

000 times thinner than a human hair and are coated with antibodies that recognize circulating tumor cells.

the tumor cells stick to the nanowires like Velcro. Capturing the tumor cells was just part of the battle, though.

To analyze them, Tseng team needed to be able to separate the cells from the chip without damaging them.

and release (at 4 degrees Celsius) circulating tumor cells at their optimal purity. Polymer brushes on the Nanovelcro nanowires respond to the temperature changes by altering their physical properties

Unlike slower growing tumors locally advanced prostate cancer is an aggressive malignancy that is prone to metastasize

or blocks the levels of testosterone and other androgens (male hormones) that feed prostate cancer tumors.

#Technology Detects Lingering Cancer cells During Breast Surgery Many patients undergoing lumpectomy surgery at NYU Langone Medical center for the removal of an early detected breast tumor the surgical option of choice for this diagnosis

--are benefitting from new intra-operative technology that detects microscopic amounts of cancer cells on removed tumor tissue not visible during or following surgical intervention.

It concluded that the utilization of Marginprobe was as much as three times more effective in finding additional cancer on the margins of removed tumor tissue,

and other assessment tools. e found that adjunctive use of the Marginprobe device in the operating room significantly improved surgeonsability to identify additional cancer cells on the margins of removed tumors,

By showing scientists precisely how tumor cells travel the tool may help them plot new strategies for preventing metastasis

There s still so much we don t know about exactly how tumor cells migrate through the body partly

The material resembles the human tissue that surrounds tumors when cancer cells break away and try to relocate elsewhere.

and begin to form deadly new tumors. Wong then replicated the processes in a small transparent chip that incorporates the artificial blood vessel and the surrounding simulated tissue material.

Cancer researchers should now have a much clearer look at the complex physical and biochemical interplay involved in leaving a tumor moving through surrounding tissue and approaching a blood vessel.

Cancer cells would have a tough time leaving the original tumor site if it weren t for their ability to enter our bloodstream

This switch is driven by p53 the well-documented tumor-suppressing protein. Researchers showed that increasing the level of p53 in scar-forming cells significantly reduced scarring

or apoptosis which reduces the likelihood that they will go on to form tumors.####As luck would have it that was the first gene

#Why cancer researchers are excited about this amoeba A type of amoeba that lives in soil has a gene that is very similar to a tumor-fighting gene found in humans.

When it s healthy it stops tumors from growing. But the gene is prone to mutations

If you look at tumors across the boardâ and that doesn t mean just breast cancer or prostate cancerâ you find that PTEN is the most generally mutated gene.

And when you mutate PTEN in mice you cause tumors says David Soll biology professor

and perform the same tumor-suppressing role. There are at least two close relatives of PTEN the researchers are currently studying.

Somewhere there may be a backup system what we call redundancy that might be the basis for better identifying tumors

or stop cancer from spreading from the original tumor site to other parts of the body

When two Gas6 proteins link with two Axls the signals that are generated enable cancer cells to leave the original tumor site migrate to other parts of the body and form new cancer nodules.

They had actually been trying to study how the extra production of galectin-1 by tumor cells affects cancer ability to grow

the tumors were eradicated. That because the irst respondersof the body immune systemalled natural killer or NK cellspotted the tumor cells almost immediately and killed them.

But when the tumor cells made their usual amounts of galectin-1, the immune cells couldn recognize the cancerous cells as dangerous.

That meant that the immune system couldn trigger the body second line of defensealled T cellsntil the tumors had grown too large for the body to beat.

Published online in the journal, Cancer Research, the findings open the door to research on the effect of blocking galectin-1 in patients with gliomas,

TUMOR TENDRILS n this case, we found that over-expression of galectin-1 inhibits the innate immune system,

and this allows the tumor to grow enough to evade any possible effective T cell response.

The tiny tendrils of tumor that extend into brain tissue from a glioma are what make them so dangerous.

Even when a neurosurgeon removes the bulk of the tumor, small invasive areas escape detection and keep growing, unchecked by the body.

Galectin-1 may help other types of tumor evade the innate NK cells, too. The new research suggests that in the brain unique environment,

galectin-1 creates an immunosuppressive effect immediately around tumor cells. The brain cancer cells seem to have evolved the ability to express their galectin-1 genes far more than normal

to allow the tumor to keep growing. Most brain tumor immune research has focused on triggering the action of the adaptive immune systemhose cells control the process that allows the body to kill invaders from outside or within.

or even weeks to reach full forcenough time for incipient tumors to grow too large for immune cells to eliminate solid tumor growth.

or a human tumor biopsy? we have to slice the tissue very thin, separately image each slice with a microscope,

especially if you look to map long axons or sparse cell populations such as stem cells or tumor cells,

Using the techniques on a biopsy from a human skin tumor, the researchers were able to view the distribution of individual tumor cells within a tissue mass.

In the future, Gradinaru says, the methods could be used in the clinic for the rapid detection of cancer cells in biopsy samples.

#2 drugs work better than 1 to stop cancer A new combination drug dramatically slows tumor growth in mice with few side effects.

either individually or together. y combining the two molecules into one we got much greater potency against several diseases and completely unique effects in terms of blocking tumor growth and metastasis. LUNG AND BREAST TUMORS Both

They then tested it against human lung and breast tumors, both in vitro and in mice.

This reduced lung and breast tumor growth by 70 to 83 percent. MINIMAL SIDE EFFECTS his represents a new mechanism to control blood vessel and tumor growth,

Hammock says, who notes that there were minimal side effects, including no cardiovascular or gastrointestinal effects. his is particularly important

and killed tumors grown from these cells in mice, report researchers. Understanding how the virus kills cancer may lead to new treatments.

because there are multiple signaling pathways that promote tumor growth and develop resistance to treatment, says Craig Meyers, professor of microbiology and immunology at the Penn State College of Medicine.

Treatment of breast cancer differs by patient due to differences in tumors. Some tumors contain protein receptors that are activated by the hormones estrogen or progesterone.

Others respond to another protein called human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, or HER2. Each of these is treated differently.

The researchers then injected AAV2 into human breast cancer cell line-derived tumors in mice without functioning immune systems.

Tumor sizes decreased in the treated mice, areas of cell death were visible and all AAV2 treated mice survived through the study,

since tumor necrosisr deathn response to therapy is used also as the measure of an effective chemotherapeutic,

It also has the potential to inspect food and even scan for tumors. Junichiro Kono a physicist at Rice university says the potential to replace magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology in screening for cancer

With this technology you could conceivably design a handheld terahertz detection camera that images tumors in real time with pinpoint accuracy.

Prolonged fasting also lowered levels of IGF-1, a growth-factor hormone that Longo and others have linked to aging, tumor progression,

and preventing tumor growth. Fu says his findings could also provide insights into how embryonic stem cells differentiate in the body. ur work suggests that physical signals in the cell environment are important in neural patterning,

precisely measuring living and dying tumor tissue, researchers report. The findings are the first roof of principlethat 3d MRI technology accurately measures tumor viability and death.

Researchers hope to prove that the technology, when used before and after chemotherapy, is faster and better than current tools for predicting patient survival.

where it is among the top-three causes of cancer death in the world. ur high-precision 3d images of tumors provide better information to patients about

whether chemoembolization has started to kill their tumors so that physicians can make more well-informed treatment recommendations,

chemotherapy aimed directly at a tumor. Dead and live tissue Unlike standard methods to assess tumor response, based on two-dimensional images and tumor size,

the 3d technology distinguishes between dead and live tissue, giving an accurate assessment of tumor cell death.

The new technology builds on standard two-dimensional imaging and uses computer analytics to evaluate the amount of so-called contrast dye absorbed by tumor tissue.

The dye is injected into patients before their MRI scan to enhance image production. Researchers say live tissue will absorb more dye than dead tissue, affecting image brightness,

Geschwind, a professor of radiology, says that knowing the true extent of tumor response to chemoembolization is particularly important for patients with moderate to advanced disease,

whose liver tumors might initially be too large or too numerous to surgically remove. In the first study, researchers compared the standard imaging method and the newly developed technology in 17 Baltimore men and women with advanced liver cancer.

as well as the new 3d method, to compare the radiologistsanalyses with pathologic review of tumor samples after therapy and surgical removal.

when predicting the amount of dead tumor tissue found by pathologists. The standard 2d method deviated by as much as 40 percent from actual values.

In a series of additional studies, researchers used the standard and new imaging techniques to analyze the MRI scans of more than 300 liver tumors in some 123 other men and women

and each received pre-and post-chemoembolization MRI scans to assess the effects of therapy on the tumors.

such as labeling targets outside the bloodstream, detecting tumors, and monitoring the gastrointestinal system. To create the nanoscale organisms,

#Algae cell switch also controls tumor growth Original Studyposted by Layne Cameron-Michigan State on October 15 2014 Scientists have discovered that a protein called CHT7 is a likely repressor of cellular quiescence

and oil production also wields control of cellular growth and tumor growth in humans. Christoph Benning professor of biochemistry and molecular biology at Michigan State university and his colleagues unearthed the protein's potential

In terms of human medicine this discovery gives scientists a promising new model to study tumor suppression and growth.

and grow uncontrollably that's exactly what we want to understandsays Benning. hat is the first step of tumor growth. he study appears in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences h

or a human tumor biopsy#e have to slice the tissue very thin separately image each slice with a microscope

or sparse cell populations such as stem cells or tumor cellsshe says. The new approach builds off a technique known as CLARITY that was developed previously by Gradinaru

Using the techniques on a biopsy from a human skin tumor the researchers were able to view the distribution of individual tumor cells within a tissue mass.

The knowledge of how mutations drive evolution can inform our understanding of how tumors resist chemotherapeutics

map cerebral activity to help identify tumors in preparation for surgery, or even create better brain-computer interfaces.

whose main use case is letting surgeons physically eelanomalies such as tumors in CT SCANS, could also revolutionize everything from advertising to architecture.

IBM wants computers to help doctors understand how a tumor affects a patient down to their DNA.

The usual procedure for surgery requires doctors to remove tumors and neighboring tissue which may or may not have cancer cells.

Cancer tumor cells shed microvesicles containing proteins and RNA fragments, called exosomes, into cerebral spinal fluid, blood, and urine.

"We have never really been able to detect the genetic components of a tumor by blood

surgeons are able to biopsy tumors to diagnose and monitor the state of the disease.

tumors only show up on imaging scans once they are at least one millimeter in diameter and comprise about 100,

000 tumor cells. By that time, it may be too late for an early intervention. On the flip side, MRIS can also yield false positives.

Hochberg says individuals who have been treated with conventional radiation therapy often have benign residual tissue from dying tumor cells that have been killed by the treatment but

This tissue is mistaken often for tumor growth on a MRI scan.""You would identify to the patient that the drug is not working

if the nature of a prostate tumor is severe enough to warrant radical treatment or removal without ever performing a biopsy."

where the gene is thought to play a role in tumor-cell survival. his is a great example of the potential of precision medicine,

A summary of their work in human tumor cells and mice will be published on Feb 9 in the journal Nature Communications. y laboratory research on cargo transport inside the cells of patients with autism has led to a new strategy

the researchers examined NHE9 in tumor cells from several patients. Cells with low levels of NHE9 grew the slowest, the team found,

. And this was confirmed when the tumor cells, which were manipulated to have high or low NHE9, were transplanted into the brains of mice.

and helps tumors become more robust so they grow and move faster. It is also found at elevated levels in more than one-half of patients with glioblastomas.

Lab-grown tumor cells were killed more readily when treated with both a drug countering NHE proteins

or understand how cancer cells are organized in a metastasizing tumor, or how immune cells are configured in an autoimmune attack,

other possible applications for this technique include studying tumor metastasis and angiogenesis (growth of blood vessels to nourish a tumor),

or visualizing how immune cells attack specific organs during autoimmune disease i

#Gene Breakthrough Sparks Fear of Homemade Morphine Scientists on Monday said they had unlocked a pathway for producing opiates from genetically engineered yeast

The device taking this fantastic electronic voyage may soon be able to zap tumors, repair damaged spinal cords or even connect parts of the brain like an artificial synapse.

which could allow clinicians to spot rare circulating tumor cells in a patient sample. The device could also distinguish red blood cells from white blood cells,

Researchers could identify which individual cellsrom a tumor or a strain of bacteriaurvive a drug treatment and study them further, something that's not possible with current culture-and-stain tests,

say, within cancerous tumors u

#Eye drops could dissolve cataracts Cataracts cloud the eyes of tens of millions of people around the world and nearly 17.2%of Americans over the age of 40.

Such particles could help scientists to track specific molecules produced in the body monitor a tumor s environment

These particles could also be used to evaluate the level of oxygen radicals in a patient s tumor which can reveal valuable information about how aggressive the tumor is.

We think we may be able to reveal information about the tumor environment with these kinds of probes

These tumors known as metastases are treated usually with surgery followed by chemotherapy but the cancer often returns.

A new study from MIT Brigham and Women s Hospital and Johns hopkins university suggests that delivering chemotherapy directly into the brain cavity may offer a better way to treat tumors that have metastasized to the brain.

We re showing we get much higher degrees of tumor cell death when we deliver the drug locally.

To make sure that enough reaches a tumor very large quantities must be given often producing side effects.

Zone of influenceworking with mice implanted with tumors similar to human brain metastases the researchers found that TMZ delivered directly to the brain prolonged survival by several days compared with TMZ administered by injection.

They also found higher rates of apoptosis or programmed cell death in tumor cells near the capsules.

For example it could be developed as a method of locating tumor cells within the body by identifying their surface texture perhaps in combination with other characteristics.

#Fast modeling of cancer mutations Sequencing the genomes of tumor cells has revealed thousands of genetic mutations linked with cancer.

what their role is in tumor progression. If we can actually understand the biology we can then go in

The researchers administered these mice with lentiviruses targeting three different genes allowing them to see how each gene cooperates with Kras to influence tumor growth.

Once the tumors develop the researchers can study how aggressive they are how fast they grow

The researchers found that the mice in this study developed very similar tumors to those seen previously in mice with those genes deleted using traditional methods.

whose role in lung cancer is understood not as well revealed that APC loss also drives tumor progression.

Tumors without that gene became much less differentiated and more similar to embryonic cells. To verify these results the researchers also used mice with APC deleted by traditional methods

and found the same types of tumors. This is#a wonderful new example of the power of the CRISPR approach says Anton Berns a professor of molecular genetics at The netherlands Cancer Institute.

and brain to model tumors in those regions the researchers say. This method also offers new ways to seek personalized treatments for cancer patients depending on the types of mutations found in their tumors the researchers say.

They envision using this technique to create mice with tumors carrying the same genetic profile as a patient then testing different drugs on them to see which have the best effect.

This opens up a whole new field of being personalized able to do oncology where you can model human mutations

and start treating tumors based on these mutations Papagiannakopoulos says. The research was funded by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute the Ludwig Center for Molecular Oncology at MIT and the National Cancer Institute u

and bind with particular molecules within the body such as markers for tumor cells or other disease agents.

For example the coating could have a molecule that binds to a specific type of tumor cells;

so you could see the spatial macroscopic outlines of a tumor he says. The next step for the team is to test the new nanoparticles in a variety of biological settings.

What that means for the tumor and what that means for the health of the patient those are long-term questions still to be answered says Matthew Vander Heiden an associate professor of biology a member of MIT s Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research

These findings led us to hypothesize that the increase in branched chain amino acids is due to the presence of an early pancreatic tumor.

They suspect that pancreatic tumors may be trying to feed their own appetite for amino acids that they need to build cancerous cells.

The findings may also allow scientists to pursue new treatments that would work by targeting tumor metabolism

and cutting off a tumor s nutrient supply Vander Heiden says. MIT s contribution to this research was funded by the Lustgarten Foundation the National institutes of health the Burroughs Wellcome Fund and the Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation n

Their device, about the size of a dime, could be used to detect the extremely rare tumor cells that circulate in cancer patientsblood,

whether a tumor is going to spread. Separating cells with sound offers a gentler alternative to existing cell-sorting technologies,

To test whether the device could be useful for detecting circulating tumor cells, the researchers tried to separate breast cancer cells known as MCF-7 cells from white blood cells.

the researchers plan to test it with blood samples from cancer patients to see how well it can detect circulating tumor cells in clinical settings.

A 1-milliliter sample of blood may contain only a few tumor cells. f you can detect these rare circulating tumor cells,

Dao says. his method is a step forward for detection of circulating tumor cells in the body.

However delivering these small RNAS to solid tumors remains a significant challenge as the RNAS must target the correct cells

and shrink tumor growth. Their research offers promise for personalized RNA combination therapies to improve therapeutic response.

and tumor-suppressor gene p53 is deleted researchers injected mice with RNA-carrying nanoparticles. This mouse model reflects many of the hallmarks of human lung cancer

They found that delivery of mir-34a a p53-regulated mirna slowed tumor growth as did delivery of sikras a KRAS-targeting sirna.

Instead of just slowing tumor growth this combination therapy caused tumors to regress and shrink to about 50 percent of their original size.

It is appreciated widely that the major hurdle in this field is efficient delivery to solid tumors outside of the liver

#New analysis reveals tumor weaknesses Scientists have known for decades that cancer can be caused by genetic mutations

Analyzing these modifications can provide important clues to the type of tumor a patient has

#A new way to model cancer Sequencing the genomes of tumor cells has revealed thousands of mutations associated with cancer.

In a study appearing in the Aug 6 issue of Nature the researchers generated liver tumors in adult mice by disrupting the tumor suppressor genes p53 and pten.

The sequencing of human tumors has revealed hundreds of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in different combinations.

and pten the researchers were able to disrupt those two genes in about 3 percent of liver cells enough to produce liver tumors within three months.

Using CRISPR to generate tumors should allow scientists to more rapidly study how different genetic mutations interact to produce cancers as well as the effects of potential drugs on tumors with a specific genetic profile.

Enhanced potential of this powerful technology will be realized with improved delivery methods the testing of#CRISPR/Cas9 efficiency in other organs and tissues and the use of CRISPR/Cas9 in tumor-prone backgrounds.

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