Synopsis:
5. medicine & health: 1. diseases: Diseases: Infectious diseases: Anthrax:
Livescience_2013 01801.txt
and ruled out several possible causes for the elk deaths including poachers anthrax lightning strikes epizootic hemorrhagic disease (an often-fatal virus known to affect deer and other ruminants) botulism poisonous plants
Livescience_2013 04657.txt
Tests have come back negative for anthrax a bacteria that exists naturally in the region and can kill large animals.
Livescience_2013 07438.txt
#What Is Anthrax? Anthrax is caused an infectious disease by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. The bacteria live in soil
and usually infect wild and domestic animals such as goats cattle and sheep. Anthrax outbreaks are fairly common worldwide and mostly affect agricultural workers.
Humans become sick with the disease by handling animal products such as wool hide or bone from animals infected with the anthrax bacterium.
The most common form of the disease cutaneous anthrax is contracted when bacteria spores enter the body through a cut or scrape on the skin.
Of the three forms of the disease cutaneous pulmonary and gastrointestinal cutaneous anthrax is the easiest to treat with antibiotics.
Anthrax can also be inhaled into the human respiratory tract this pulmonary method of infection is most common among those who process wool
and animal hides according to the U s. National Library of Medicine. Those with pulmonary anthrax are at risk of respiratory collapse
and suffer the highest mortality rate of any anthrax victims with 92 percent of cases resulting in death.
The third form of the disease gastrointestinal anthrax can occur when a person consumes the meat of an anthrax-infected animal.
This is the rarest form of anthrax in the United states but it can be deadly: Between 20 and 60 percent of all gastrointestinal-anthrax cases result in death according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC.
Anthrax and bioterrorism Anthrax can be created easily in a lab and is incredibly durable: Spores of anthrax bacteria can lie dormant for years before entering a living host where they reactivate
and multiply. These characteristics make anthrax an extremely dangerous bioterrorism weapon. Anthrax has been used in bioterrorism
and warfare since World war i when Scandinavia deployed anthrax against the Imperial Russian Army. It was used also by The british army during WORLD WAR II to weaken German livestock.
More recently anthrax has been used in bioterrorism attacks in both Japan and the United states. In 1993 a religious cult in Japan deployed anthrax against civilians in Tokyo
but the attack yielded no injuries or fatalities. In 2001 letters containing anthrax spores were mailed to several news-media offices
and two U s. senators resulting in the deaths of five people and the infection of 17 others.
Follow Elizabeth Palermo on Twitter@techepalermo. Follow Livescience@livescience. We're also on Facebook & Google+G
Livescience_2013 07444.txt
#What Is bonded Leather? If you've purchased a relatively cheap leather sofa leather-bound books
or an inexpensive belt you might own a bonded-leather item. But what is bonded leather?
Bonded leather consists of scraps from real leather hides that are mixed with polyurethane a type of plastic.
The material should include from 60 to 100 percent real natural leather such as cowhide according to manufacturing standards.
Livescience_2014 00124.txt
#In Africa, Anthrax Lures Animals to Their Death Areas contaminated with anthrax germs lure grazing animals like zebras
and intensity of anthrax outbreaks in order to better predict them. The anthrax bacterium Bacillus anthracis can cause symptoms ranging from itchy sores on the skin to breathing problems
and fever and can be fatal. About 95 percent of known anthrax infections in people are passed to humans through skin contact with livestock.
Grazing animals on the other hand are thought to get anthrax by ingesting the microbe. Scientists investigated zebra carcasses over a 115-square-mile 300 square kilometers) area at Etosha National park in Namibia from 2010 to 2013.
The anthrax bacterium is widespread in Namibia and is considered part of the park's natural ecosystem.
Most anthrax cases seen in Etosha are in zebras; the disease can kill grazing herbivores within days after the animal is exposed to a lethal dose.
See Images of the Namibia Zebras and the Carcass Sites I revisited a carcass site in 2007 from a zebra that
I had found dead of anthrax one year previously and saw a patch of lush green grass growing up through the skeleton in an area that was
This got me questioning the role of carcass sites for anthrax transmission. Would these areas be attractive to herbivores searching for high-quality food?
Watching the grazers For this study the researchers analyzed 35 sites that tested positive for anthrax
The researchers also used motion-triggered cameras at 13 anthrax-affected carcass sites and 13 sites without carcasses to monitor the grazing activity of herbivores such as elephants wildebeest and zebras.
Zebra like anthrax grasses The scientists found that the soil fertilized by the carcasses they studied was rich with nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen.
The scientists also discovered that anthrax spores were found on grasses up to two years after the zebras had died.
This research has important implications for our understanding of anthrax in grazing wildlife and livestock Turner said.
We know a lot about weather cues associated with anthrax outbreaks and there are a lot of hypotheses about how animal behavior may contribute to differences in anthrax incidence among species
and among age and sex classes within a species . However this is the first study to look for the pathogen on grasses
and to determine how different grazing animals respond to these infectious anthrax carcass sites. It remains uncertain
whether anthrax carcass sites are more attractive to herbivores than regular carcass sites are. Because anthrax prevents blood from clotting the researchers suspect that the anthrax-ridden carcasses might release more nutrients into the soil than regular carcasses do
thus making them more attractive to herbivores. It's possible Turner said. Whether it would be easy to detect
and intensity of anthrax and to find out if the locations and timing of these outbreaks can be predicted.
because there really weren't any data available about how these sites may contribute to anthrax transmission over time Turner said.
and anthrax mortality records in this system. In addition Turner noted she would like to conduct a parallel study in the United states to see how North american herbivores respond to carcass sites.
In the U s. in addition to the anthrax bacterium this would include transmission of the prion causing chronic wasting disease.
Nature 01070.txt
Anthrax case closed: Federal authorities in the United states announced on 19 february the conclusion of their investigation into the 2001 anthrax attacks,
which killed five people. They determined that biodefence researcher Bruce Ivins was the sole perpetrator;
Nature 01919.txt
Anthrax report The US National Academy of Sciences has delayed releasing a long-awaited report on the investigation into the 2001 anthrax attacks, after a request by the Federal bureau of investigation (FBI.
Nature 02429.txt
The pathogens include bacteria and viruses that cause smallpox, the plague, anthrax, Ebola and foot-and-mouth disease.
Nature 03070.txt
The DHS says that the NBAF is needed to develop countermeasures against bioterrorism a threat that resonates less now than it did immediately after the anthrax attacks on the United states in 2001.
popsci_2013 01600.txt
THREATEN ANTHRAX OF GENERAL GULF OF TONKIN OF COLIN POWELL AND JOHN KERRY CON'S!
THREATEN ANTHRAX OF GENERAL GULF OF TONKIN OF COLIN POWELL AND JOHN KERRY CON'S!
popsci_2013 01638.txt
THREATEN ANTHRAX OF GENERAL GULF OF TONKIN OF COLIN POWELL AND JOHN KERRY CON'S!
THREATEN ANTHRAX OF GENERAL GULF OF TONKIN OF COLIN POWELL AND JOHN KERRY CON'S!
popsci_2013 02683.txt
THREATEN ANTHRAX OFGENERAL GULF OF TONKIN OFCOLIN POWELL AND JOHN KERRY CON'S! MOCK HORTON ADOLPHHITLER NASA BOEING REMOTESATELITE OR NORAD HARRP TOO NOMEON HARRPP CONTROLS MUNITION DRONESAPOCALYPSE NOW!
THREATEN ANTHRAX OFGENERAL GULF OF TONKIN OFCOLIN POWELL AND JOHN KERRY CON'S! MOCK HORTON ADOLPHHITLER NASA BOEING REMOTESATELITE OR NORAD HARRP TOO NOMEON HARRPP CONTROLS MUNITION DRONESAPOCALYPSE NOW!
ScienceDaily_2014 03067.txt
The first tetracyclines discovered in the late 1940s ushered in a new class of powerful antibacterial agents to treat high-mortality diseases among them anthrax and plague as well as such bacterial infections as chlamydia syphilis and Lyme disease.
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