Even at one atom thick the hexagonal array of carbon atoms has proven its potential as a fascinating electronic material.
they're not doped by the carbon. And the graphene still looks very good. That's important because we want to be sure
Such'calcareous'microfossils are critical for using the radiocarbon technique to determine the age of the sediments
Some of the radiocarbon dating work was undertaken at the Natural Environment Research Council Radiocarbon Facility (Environment.
However creating the one-atom thick sheets of carbon known as graphene in a way that could be integrated easily into mass production methods has proven difficult.
When graphene is grown lattices of the carbon grains are formed randomly linked together at different angles of orientation in a hexagonal network.
A piece of charcoal found directly underneath the cache was dated radiocarbon to 4800 years ago.
Dickau's group radiocarbon dated charcoal from the base levels of the shelter and discovered it was occupied first more than 9000 years ago much earlier than Ranere originally proposed.
They are also the most carbon rich forests in the tropics with high carbon sequestration potential meaning their degradation
Scientists from Rice the Dutch firm Teijin Aramid the U s. Air force and Israel's Technion Institute this week unveiled a new carbon nanotube (CNT) fiber that looks
but behaves like both metal wires and strong carbon fibers. The research team includes academic government and industrial scientists from Rice;
The phenomenal properties of carbon nanotubes have enthralled scientists from the moment of their discovery in 1991.
The hollow tubes of pure carbon which are nearly as wide as a strand of DNA are about 100 times stronger than steel at one-sixth the weight.
Unfortunately carbon nanotubes are also the prima donna of nanomaterials; they are difficult to work with despite their exquisite potential.
and alignment of the carbon nanotubes in the fibers is said critical study co-author Yeshayahu Talmon director of Technion's Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute who began collaborating with Pasquali about five years ago.
and mixed prairie also had very wide carbon-to-nitrogen ratios in the harvested material--as much as 257 to 1 for miscanthus.
The present study shows that carbon not only leads the charge to make carbonate fluid but also helps to make silicate magma at significant depths.
Not only that this deep magma is the main agent to bring all the key ingredients for life--water and carbon--to the surface of the Earth.
They use powerful hydraulic presses to partially melt rocks of interest that contain tiny amounts of carbon to simulate
of which would reduce injector fouling carbon deposits and piston ring sticking common issues with some biodiesel formulations.
However a forest contributes more ecosystem services than timber production such as biological diversity carbon storage and berries.
By examining the role played by the occurrence of diverse tree species for six different ecosystem services (tree growth carbon storage berry production food for wildlife occurrence of dead wood
and the amount of pine to berry production while carbon storage was found in plots with more birch
and granulated activated carbon commonly used in nuclear cleanup. Graphene oxide introduced to simulated wastes coagulated within minutes quickly clumping the worst toxins Kalmykov said.
but greenhouse gas emissions will continue to grow in the absence of climate policies that promote lower carbon energy sources.
â#¢Natural gas replacing coal would reduce carbon emissions. But due to its lower cost natural gas would also replace some low-carbon energy such as renewable or nuclear energy.
Overall changes result in a smaller reduction than expected due to natural gas replacing these other low-carbon sources.
In a sense natural gas would become a larger slice of the energy pie. â#¢Abundant less expensive natural gas would lower energy prices across the board leading people to use more energy overall.
and revealed new pathways and information about how plants fix carbon. The findings published in Comparative analyses of C4
#Due to landscape fragmentation, Brazils rainforests are releasing more carbon dioxide than previously thoughtbecause of the deforestation of tropical rainforests in Brazil significantly more carbon has been lost than was assumed previously.
To estimate the additional carbon emissions at the forest edges the UFZ scientists developed a new approach that integrates the results from remote sensing ecology and forest modelling.
For their study they initially modelled the percentage loss of carbon in forest border after the deforestation of the surrounding area.
Tree mortality increases so that they can't store as much carbon as healthy trees in the centre of the forest the core area says Dr. Sandro PÃ tz the main author of the study.
This makes it possible to determine the percentage loss of carbon of forest fragments of different sizes.
Due to the changed microclimate at the forest edges more than 68 million tonnes of carbon are lost in ten years.
This means that the additional loss of carbon in the entire rainforest of the Amazon due to the peripheral effects amounts to approx. 600 million tonnes in ten years.
For the first time the UFZ researchers also calculated how much this border effect would affect the storage of carbon in tropical forests worldwide.
Currently there are 830 billion tonnes of carbon in the atmosphere. Every year the carbon increases by four billion tonnes.
A quarter of this is caused by deforestation around the globe. Because the calculations of the UFZ model indicate that ten percent of the forest areas in the tropics worldwide lie at the edges of forests these degradation effects result in an increase of up to 0. 2 billion tonnes of carbon getting
into the atmosphere per year. This share has so far not been included in the carbon balance calculations.
It is forgotten a process in the global carbon circulation of the vegetation Huth states. This aspect has been included not directly in the calculations of the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
However this effect should urgently be taken into account the ecologist demands. The UFZ scientists'results are also interesting for practical aspects in climate protection policy.
because the relative loss of carbon is only minimal at the edges at that size.
Chinas economic boom thwarts its carbon emissions goalsefforts to reduce China's carbon dioxide emissions are being offset by the country's rampant economic growth according to new research from the University of East Anglia (UEA.
Research published today in Nature Climate Change reveals how carbon efficiency has improved in nearly all Chinese provinces.
According to the study China the world's largest producer of CO2 emissions increased its carbon intensity by 3 per cent during a period of unprecedented economic growth.
This was despite its pledge to reduce carbon intensity by up to 45 per cent by 2020 (relative to the 2005 level.
The less economically advantaged province of Guizhou achieved a 98 per cent gain in carbon efficiency but concurrent production increases led to a 125 per cent efficiency loss.
Consequently the net carbon efficiency of the province fell by 27 per cent. The most marked improvements occurred in the economically advanced coastal areas and the heavily industrialised inland regions.
While the implementation of new less wasteful technologies helped most provinces boost their carbon efficiency China's emissions-intensive capital projects offset those advances.
For example Inner Mongolia replaced many inefficient carbon-intensive factories with large-scale modern facilities. This resulted in metal smelting and cement production increasing 14-fold between 2002-2009.
Likewise the carbon efficiency of China's coal-fired power plants improved by 10 per cent
Official Chinese statistics for the first half of 2014 show an encouraging 5 per cent decrease in carbon intensity the most significant drop in many years.
and carbon to cycle in ecosystems but there was little evidence that human-induced loss of these animals has effects at the level of the whole ecosystem on services such as agricultural yield said Mark Bradford an Associate professor at the Yale
and the carbon availability than how hot or dry the climate is. This allows diverse microbial communities to thrive wherever the soil conditions are equally diverse.
#Floridas climate boosts soil-carbon storage, cuts greenhouse emissionswarm temperatures and a wet landscape increase soil's ability to store carbon
Soil-stored carbon can slow the build up of carbon-based gases in the atmosphere a phenomenon believed to be a cause of global climate change.
So it's vital to preserve soil carbon said Sabine Grunwald a UF soil and water science professor who led the research.
Soils serve as a natural container to hold carbon that would otherwise be emitted into the atmosphere as greenhouse gases that accelerate global climate change.
In addition to environmental stewardship landowners can make money by storing carbon. Participants in the state's Florida Stewardship Program are sitting on an estimated $300 million worth of carbon.
Because it's so wet Florida's soil has stored historically more carbon than any state except perhaps Alaska
which has not been studied extensively Grunwald said. With Florida's rapid population growth in the past 45 years from 5 million to about 18 million land use has changed considerably.
That change has caused carbon-rich wetlands to increase 140 percent while carbon-poor agricultural land decreased about 20 percent according to the study.
In the first study of its kind UF researchers reviewed data from 1251 soil samples collected across Florida from 1965 to 1996.
They studied carbon sequestration rates from 1965 to 2010. Researchers studied land use land cover and climate change to see how those factors affect the soil's ability to store carbon.
Organic carbon in soil includes dead plant and animal tissue and makes up most global soil carbon.
Land cover is what's On earth's surface whether it's dirt pavement water or trees among other things.
Land use means how people utilize public and private land such as agriculture forestry or conservation land.
Together land use land cover and climate change account for 46 percent of soil carbon sequestration the study showed.
They found higher average annual temperatures correlated with higher soil carbon sequestration specifically in crops mesic upland forest pineland
Among land-use types researchers also found sugarcane in the soils of the Everglades Agricultural area near Lake Okeechobee and wetlands stored the most soil carbon
and seed production collect insects survey mammals quantify carbon stocks and flows within the ecosystem take soil samples
Understanding the controls on water movement through biochar-amended soils is critical to explaining other frequently reported benefits of biochar such as nutrient retention carbon sequestration
#NASA, partners target megacities carbon emissionsdriving down busy Interstate 5 in Los angeles in a nondescript blue Toyota Prius Riley Duren of NASA's Jet propulsion laboratory Pasadena California is a man
The instruments in the Prius and airplane are just two of many elements of the Megacities Carbon Project an international multi-agency pilot initiative to develop
Duren is principal investigator for the LA component of the Megacities Carbon Project. He hopes to work with international partners to deploy a global urban carbon monitoring system that will eventually allow local policymakers to fully account for the many sources
and sinks or storage sites of carbon and how they change over time. Los angeles and Paris are pilot cities in the initiative.
Efforts are underway to add other cities around the world. When fully established in late 2014 the LA network will consist of 15 monitoring stations around the LA basin Most will use commercially available high-precision greenhouse gas analyzers to continuously sample local air.
There's an urgent need to get a handle on explosive growth in carbon emissions from fossil-fuel use by cities
In many cases we know very little about the carbon emissions of individual cities said LA Megacities Carbon Project Co-Principal investigator Charles Miller of JPL.
The United nations predicts that Earth's urban population will double by 2050 dramatically increasing the number and size of megacities and their carbon footprints.
Cities are serving as bellwethers of society's carbon emission trends. While many are experiencing growth in emissions others are leading the charge to reduce them.
These rapid changes in the carbon emissions from megacities represent both a mega-problem and an opportunity said Duren.
NASA's recently launched Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) satellite is capable of detecting the enhanced levels of carbon dioxide over the world's largest cities
The result will be independent accurate assessments of carbon emissions and a better understanding of the factors that affect them.
Toward an Urban Carbon Monitoring System With Some Challenging Twistsultimately the concept of a global carbon-monitoring system focused on the largest carbon emitters hinges on the ability to extend pilot efforts like those in LA and Paris
which both release and absorb carbon. Doing so requires more frequent and dense measurements and the ability to sense multiple species of greenhouse gases from Earth's surface and from space.
Another important method involves measuring radiocarbon isotopes. That's something scientists from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric administration (NOAA) will begin contributing to the LA Megacities effort in the coming months.
Directly monitoring the carbon emissions of entire countries probably won't be feasible for at least another decade
The project team is also working with scientists in Sao paulo to establish a companion effort there to study another unique urban carbon system.
A follow-on version of NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 that may ultimately fly on the International Space station is being designed with a city mode that will provide frequent maps of the carbon dioxide emissions of many of the world's largest emitters.
It may someday serve as part of an international constellation of carbon monitoring satellites providing frequent comprehensive mapping of greenhouse gases across entire cities and broader regions.
#Impact of temperature on belowground soil decompositionearth's soils store four times more carbon than the atmosphere
and small changes in soil carbon storage can have a big effect on atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations.
A new paper in the journal Nature Climate Change concludes that climate warming does not accelerate soil organic carbon decomposition or affect soil carbon storage despite increases in ecosystem productivity.
Creighton Litton and Susan Crow (University of Hawai`i at Manoa) and Dr. Greg Asner (Carnegie Institution for Science) shows that soil carbon storage was constant across a highly constrained 5 degrees
From these results they concluded that long-term warming in tropical montane forests will accelerate carbon cycling
but is unlikely to cause net losses of soil carbon. Given our findings we expect that warming alone that is in the absence of other changes such as drying
or increased fire will not accelerate the loss of carbon from mineral soils says Giardina. This means that tropical soils will not become a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere.
The effects of warming on soil carbon storage are quantified poorly because it is difficult to assess how temperature change impacts processes below the soil surface.
This allowed them to isolate the effects of changing temperature on ecosystem carbon storage and flux.
The scientists propose that where ecosystem carbon is unprotected such as at the surface in plant debris its decomposition
However when carbon is protected in the soil decomposer organisms have reduced access to that carbon and so decomposition or storage show little temperature sensitivity.
And while climate warming will continue with the addition of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere due to human activities (fossil fuel combustion land-use clearing) previous assumptions about a positive soil carbon cycling feedback to future warming
While soil carbon storage and turnover was insensitive to warming the decomposition of coarse wood
which means that the capacity of tropical ecosystems to retain carbon will depend on the balance of changes within each ecosystem.
In particular a delay in when leaves change color could affect how much carbon an ecosystem removes from the atmosphere
and taking carbon out of the atmosphere Medvigy said. The longer you have green leaves the more carbon dioxide you can take out of the atmosphere.
The growth trends at stand level are relevant for the forestry industry in terms of productivity carbon sequestration
The material is made of graphene nanoribbons atom-thick strips of carbon created by splitting nanotubes a process also invented by the Tour lab
In other words how much carbon the plant had invested in the leaf. In addition the researchers measured the density of the leaves'vein networks a measure of the amount of water a plant can transpire and the rate at
which it can acquire carbon. There is a spectrum between fast-and slow-growing species said Blonder.
The research is based on probable sequences of events indicated by radiocarbon and Bayesian dating which suggest that Vuoksi was created a few decades before the culture in the area changed.
Acid-free approach leads to strong conductive carbon threadsthe very idea of fibers made of carbon nanotubes is neat
The single-walled carbon nanotubes in new fibers created at Rice line up like a fistful of uncooked spaghetti through a process designed by chemist Angel Martã and his colleagues.
Left to their own devices carbon nanotubes form clumps that are perfectly wrong for turning into the kind of strong conductive fibers needed for projects ranging from nanoscale electronics to macro-scale power grids Earlier research at Rice by chemist
A process revealed last year by Martã and lead authors Chengmin Jiang a graduate student and Avishek Saha a Rice alumnus starts with negatively charging carbon nanotubes by infusing them with potassium a metal and turning
but gave the process a spin with a different preparation so now we're the first to make neat fibers of pure carbon nanotube electrolytes.
whether methane losses from well pads and pipelines outweigh the lower carbon dioxide emissions said Jackson.
In addition to devastating impacts on forest-dependent people and biodiversity the illegal conversion of tropical forests for commercial agriculture is estimated to produce 1. 47 gigatonnes of carbon each year--equivalent to 25%of the EU's annual fossil fuel
The mosquitoes do so in part by sensing the carbon dioxide in human breath. When we exhale our breath contains four to five percent more carbon dioxide than the surrounding air
which protects us from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun. Ocean Acidificationfor the first time this Bulletin contains a section on ocean acidification prepared in collaboration with the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP) of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC
http://ds. data. jma. go. jp/gmd/wdcgg) The summary on ocean acidification was produced jointly by the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP) of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO
Physicists find 2-D form pays no heed to defectsdefects damage the ideal properties of many two-dimensional materials like carbon-based graphene.
Carbon and zinc may boost positive conductivity while potassium may increase negative conductivity; the researchers believe phosphorus may be a promising anode material for batteries.
and land use changes and for calculating carbon balances. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Helmholtz Centre For Environmental Research-UFZ.
#Agricultural revolution in Africa could increase global carbon emissionsproductivity-boosting agricultural innovations in Africa could lead to an increase in global deforestation rates
and carbon emissions a Purdue University study finds. Historically improvements in agricultural technology have conserved land and decreased carbon emissions at the global level:
Gaining better yields in one area lessens the need to clear other areas for crops sidestepping a land conversion process that can significantly raise the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere.
Increasing productivity in Africa--a carbon-rich region with low agricultural yields--could have negative effects on the environment especially
Hertel and fellow researchers Navin Ramankutty and Uris Baldos developed a novel economic framework to analyze the effects of regional improvements in agricultural technology on global rates of land use and carbon emissions.
and diminish carbon emissions compared with an alternative scenario without crop innovations. The global effects of a green revolution in Africa however are less certain Hertel said.
If the future global economy remains as fragmented as it has been historically--a world of very distinct agricultural markets--then a green revolution in Africa will lower global carbon emissions he said.
But if markets become more integrated faster agricultural innovation in Africa could raise global carbon emissions in the coming decades.
4 million acres) and global carbon emissions by 267 million metric tons. The sharp differences between the global impacts of a prospective African green revolution and those of previous green revolutions can be traced to several factors Hertel said.
The area converted would likely be carbon intensive and have a low emissions efficiency--that is crop yields would be low relative to the carbon emissions released by converting the land to crops.
But the potential negative effects of an African green revolution will diminish over time Hertel said.
and decrease carbon emissions especially if yields improved quickly. The most carbon-rich land however should be protected immediately from conversion to cropland he said.
We need to prevent regions in Africa that are rich in carbon and biodiversity from being cleared for agriculture to avoid increasing emissions he said.
Boosting yields brings many benefits but increasing global food supplies while minimizing the environmental footprint of agriculture remains a major challenge.
carbon storage and the albedo effect. The lost carbon storage capacity caused by forest conversion has exacerbated global warming.
Meanwhile the disappearance of dark-colored forests has helped also offset temperature increases through the so-called albedo effect.
and increased albedo may have entirely offset the warming caused by the loss of forest-based carbon storage capacity.
In particular the GEDI data will provide us with global-scale insights into how much carbon is being stored in the forest biomass.
By revealing the 3-D architecture of forests in unprecedented detail GEDI will provide crucial information about the impact that trees have on the amount of carbon in the atmosphere.
Although it is established well that trees absorb carbon and store it long-term scientists have not quantified exactly how much carbon forests contain.
As a result it's not possible to determine how much carbon would be released if a forest were destroyed nor how well emissions could be countered by planting new trees.
One of the most poorly quantified components of the carbon cycle is the net balance between forest disturbance
and internal structure of the forest at the fine scale required to accurately estimate their carbon content said Bryan Blair the deputy principal investigator for GEDI at Goddard.
and in turn how much carbon they are storing. By combining these findings with spatially comprehensive maps from other satellites showing where development
This will come at a high price warn the authors as the deforestation will increase carbon emissions as well as biodiversity loss
Documenting carbon sequestration in Borneoit's that time of year again--the dry season in southeastern Asia when the Haze Wave begins.
Deforestation from an ill-fated plan to convert nearly 2. 5 million acres of Kalimantan peat swamp forest into rice paddies has contributed to Indonesia becoming the third-largest emitter of carbon according to professor Mark Cochrane a senior scientist at the Geospatial
and modeling to help the Indonesian Forest Research and development Agency assess the progress being made to reduce carbon emissions from Borneo's ancient peat swamp forest.
He collaborates with carbon emissions expert Robert Yokelson a chemistry professor from the University of Montana.
The grant is part of NASA's global carbon monitoring program which is part of an international focus on reducing emissions due to deforestation.
and releases carbon. Once the logging companies completed their work the indigenous people and a host of new settlers were left to figure out how to survive in this altered environment.
Cochrane estimates that the peat contains 20 times as much carbon as the forest trees themselves did.
and degradation or REDD offers monetary rewards to countries that reduce their carbon emissions according to Cochrane.
However progress in carbon sequestration must be documented by a third party he explains. That's the challenge:
which will allow a third party to reliably estimate how much carbon is being lost and subsequently how that number has decreased over time he explains.
Areas with carbon-rich ecosystems with key wilderness habitats such as tropical forests were identified as those where new roads would cause the most environmental damage with the lease human benefit particularly areas where few roads currently exist.
Instead the scientists used samples of cheetah hair to determine the stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen.
whose photosynthesis contains intermediate products with three carbon atoms (C3). In contrast grasses exhibit a C4 photosynthesis. These food webs can be differentiated with the help of the involved carbon isotopes.
Herbivores typically only belong to one food web and the isotope ratio hence deposits in their body tissue.
and modeling suggest that about 54 gigatons of carbon is converted into terrestrial plant biomass each year the researchers report.
Given the importance of poplar trees not just for their role in the ecosystem for instance in capturing carbon
and other non-food crops and in agricultural waste can be used to make advanced biofuels that could substantially reduce the use of the fossil fuels responsible for the release of nearly 9 billion metric tons of excess carbon into the atmosphere each year.
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