and power lines findings that could affect the oil and gas industry as much as farmers and land owners.
and greenhouse gases vehicles must become dramatically more efficient regardless of how they are powered said Douglas M. Chapin principal of MPR Associates
In addition alternative fuels to petroleum must be readily available cost-effective and produced with low emissions of greenhouse gases.
Vehicles powered by electricity will not emit any greenhouse gases but the production of electricity and the additional load on the electric power grid are factors that must be considered.
However varying amounts of greenhouse gases are emitted during hydrogen production and the low-greenhouse gas methods of making hydrogen are more expensive
Prior to this recent testing which used sensitive gas chromatography/mass spectrometry researchers were unsure of the historical use of tobacco on the Pacific Northwest Coast.
and plant material--in response to greenhouse gas emissions over the twenty-first century than may previously have been thought suggests a study published online this week in Nature Geoscience.
Dr Huntingford and colleagues used computer simulations with 22 climate models to explore the response of tropical forests in The americas Africa and Asia to greenhouse-gas-induced climate change.
They will also impact the global community through changes in regulatory ecosystem services relating to emissions of greenhouse gases.
The soils in the northern land mass potentially can release significant amounts of greenhouse gases
and the current understanding is trapped that gas in vascular tissue is compressed by growth of ice crystals and water uptake when the tree freezes in colder months;
when the tissue subsequently thaws in the spring the compressed gas expands which generates the pressure that causes exudation.
Osmotic pressure which exists due to differences in sugar concentration between different components of the vascular tissue helps maintain stable gas bubbles
which govern the multiphase gas-liquid-ice environment the model incorporates the dynamics and effects of thawing sap dissolving gas bubbles and an osmotic pressure gradient between two components (vessels and fibers) in the tree's nonliving vascular tissue.
On the cellular level the model focuses on the transfer of pressure between vessels and fibers in the vascular cells.
They conclude that compression of gas effected by freezing in the previous season is important for pressure build up.
The effect of gas bubbles is also necessary to allow transfer of pressure which causes exudation.
While osmosis is not essential for the pressure generation itself it is seen to maintain gas bubbles
#New method for greenhouse gas predictionspulp and paper producers are among Canada's most important industries and also one of the largest producers of wastewater.
Estimating the greenhouse gas emissions in this wastewater has become a priority for the industry. Until now greenhouse gas emission estimates have been limited by the mathematical models used to predict them.
Researchers at Concordia University have developed recently a new dynamic method to better predict the emission content of these gases.
but dynamic models can estimate the variation in greenhouse gas emissions in response to changes in the wastewater management system.
Knowledge can lead to improved emission controlthe study compared steady-state and dynamic mathematical modelling predictions with actual values of greenhouse gas emissions in wastewater systems.
Both models gave accurate results of overall gas emissions. However only the dynamic model was able to estimate changes in emissions in response to a changing environment.
With this knowledge we can then recommend a strategy to reduce the emission of greenhouse gas
#Improving climate protection in the agricultural sectoragriculture is responsible for around ten to twelve percent of all greenhouse gases attributable to human activities.
A recent study has investigated--for the first time--the full range of factors that contribute to greenhouse gas emissions namely soil
The scientists recorded all relevant climate gas streams during the entire production process including methane nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide.
In the case of dairy farms they also factored in the purchase of soybean meal from South america and all related greenhouse gas emissions.
However greenhouse gases are emitted also during the manufacture of mineral nitrogen fertilizers and pesticides agricultural machines and equipment.
In contrast the greenhouse gas CO2 can be stored long term as humus in the soil and thus eliminated from the climate balance.
This demonstrates that the individual know-how of farm managers plays an important role in the greenhouse gas balance
and high greenhouse gas emissions adds HÃ lsbergen. We are now optimizing this model so that it can be used directly by climate change advisors in the agricultural sector.
The atmospheric signature of life on an exoplanet presumably would contain some mixture of oxygen and various other gases.
#Reduced sea ice disturbs balance of greenhouse gasesthe widespread reduction in Arctic sea ice is causing significant changes to the balance of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
According to the study the melting of sea ice in the Arctic has a tangible impact on the balance of greenhouse gases in this region both in terms of uptake and release.
The researchers have studied the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane both in the tundra and in the Arctic ocean.
Changes in the balance of greenhouse gases can have major consequences because globally plants and the oceans absorb around half of the carbon dioxide that humans release into the air through the use of fossil fuels.
so will the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere says Dr Frans-Jan Parmentier a researcher at Lund University Sweden.
In addition to the changes on land the present study shows that there are a number of uncertainties surrounding the effects of the melting ice on the amount of greenhouse gases exchanged by the ocean through natural processes.
We know very little about how the shrinking sea ice cover disturbs the balance of greenhouse gases in the sea in the long term says Dr Parmentier.
when more greenhouse gases are sequestered than are released into the atmosphere explained Milne an energy assessment analyst at GCEP.
On the other hand biochar production that relies on forest ecosystems may result in a net increase in greenhouse gas emissions they cautioned.
and can travel large distances destroying infrastructure wreaking havoc on ecosystems releasing millions of tonnes of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and costing billions of dollars in damage.
Methane emissions normally are measured by putting sealed chambers on the ground to capture gas seeping
Pangala and colleagues have shown that these common adaptations in wetland trees are two-way conduits that also allow soil gas to escape to the atmosphere.
Zno is used widely in sunscreen products as gas sensors antibacterial agents optical and electrical devices and as pigments.
and oil cracking processes and is used also in gas sensors sunscreen products and cosmetic creams.
#Ozone depletion trumps greenhouse gas increase in jet-stream shiftdepletion of Antarctic ozone is a more important factor than increasing greenhouse gases in shifting the Southern hemisphere jet stream in a southward direction according to researchers
The jet stream is expected to shift back toward the north as ozone is replenished yet the greenhouse-gas effect could negate this.
and greenhouse gases they focus on one wind pattern but my previous research suggests that by looking at several different
which ozone and greenhouse gases influence the jet stream. The researchers used an algorithm to examine the relationship between daily weather patterns and the four wind patterns.
They found that the first wind pattern--which corresponded to an equatorward shift of the midlatitude westerlies--was associated with greenhouse gases.
In addition to finding that ozone is more important than greenhouse gases in influencing the jet-stream shift the scientists also found evidence for a mechanism by
which greenhouse gases influence the jet-stream shift. They learned that greenhouse gases may not directly influence the jet-stream shift
but rather may indirectly influence the shift by changing tropical convection or the vertical transfer of heat in large-scale cloud systems which in turn influences the jet shift.
and other possible mechanisms for how greenhouse gases and ozone influence the jet stream as well as Antarctic sea ice.
Also our results are consistent with climate models so this paper provides support that climate models are performing well at simulating the atmospheric response to ozone and greenhouse gases.
and methane throughout their lives but a new study pinpoints the cow-calf stage as a major contributor of greenhouse gases during beef production.
In a new paper for the Journal of Animal Science scientists estimate greenhouse gas emissions from beef cattle during different stages of life.
According to study co-author Frank Mitloehner an associate professor in the Department of Animal Science at UC Davis one source of greenhouse gases was surprising
If you look at everything that contributes to greenhouse gases through the beef supply chain then it is the cow-calf that produces the greatest greenhouse gases Mitloehner said.
Methane is one of the most important greenhouse gases. Methane has a greater capacity to trap heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide.
The beef industry has been paying close attention to greenhouse gas emissions in recent years. We are doing a lot to measure
#New research shows complexity of global warmingglobal warming from greenhouse gases affects rainfall patterns in the world differently than that from solar heating according to a study by an international team of scientists in the January 31 issue of Nature.
and future projection to the end of 21st century comparing natural changes from solar heating and volcanism with changes from human-made greenhouse gas emissions.
and from greenhouse gases have such different effects on global precipitation? Our climate model simulations show that this difference results from different sea surface temperature patterns.
When warming is increased due to greenhouse gases the gradient of sea surface temperature (SST) across the tropical Pacific weakens
But why does warming from greenhouse gases and from solar heating affect the tropical Pacific SST gradient differently?
Adding long-wave absorbers that is heat-trapping greenhouse gases to the atmosphere decreases the usual temperature difference between the surface
While during past global warming from solar heating the steeper tropical east-west SST pattern has won out we suggest that with future warming from greenhouse gases the weaker gradient
#Emission trading schemes limit green consumerismschemes that aim to regulate greenhouse gas emissions can limit consumers'attempts to reduce their carbon footprints according to an economist at the University of East Anglia (UEA.
but it does not reduce greenhouse gas emissions said Dr Perino an environmental economist in the School of economics and member of the Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment (CSERGE) at UEA.
while this scheme reduces greenhouse gas emissions it only does so because the cap is lower than the amount regulated sectors would emit in its absence adding:
The two regional cap and trade schemes in North america the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative and the Western Climate Initiative follow the same basic design
and exposed material was etched away with argon gas. A focused ion beam system was used later to create even finer patterns down to 100-nanometer resolution without masks.
and used gas and liquid chromatography to analyze juice compounds. They found that orange juice from the fruit with HLB symptoms was often higher in limonin
if we continue increasing our emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. CO2 is the primary greenhouse gas emitted by human activity.
A simple way to measure climate sensitivity is to calculate how much the mean air temperature will rise
If we continue to emit greenhouse gases at our current rate we risk doubling that atmospheric CO2 level in roughly 2050.
We used a method that enables us to view the entire earth as one giant'laboratory'where humankind has been conducting a collective experiment through our emissions of greenhouse gases and particulates deforestation and other activities that affect climate.
Ozone was observed to be a more efficient greenhouse gas over hot regions like the tropics or relatively cloud-free regions like the Middle east.
The researchers found that the top 15 regional contributors to global ozone greenhouse gas levels were located predominantly in China
Bowman and Henze found considerable variability in how different types of emissions contribute to ozone's greenhouse gas effect.
and natural--industrial and transportation sources make up a quarter of the total greenhouse gas effect
They also found that nitrogen dioxide contributes about two-thirds of the ozone greenhouse gas effect compared to carbon monoxide and non-methane hydrocarbons.
One question that's getting a lot of interest in policy initiatives such as the United nations'Environment Programme Climate and Clean Air Coalition is controlling short-lived greenhouse gases like methane
The trends are consistent with the projected effects of increased concentrations of heat-trapping greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide released by the burning of fossil fuels.
life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and fossil fuel requirements--the researchers identified PV electricity for battery electric vehicles as the superior sun-to-wheels conversion method.
We estimate that using marginal lands for growing cellulosic biomass crops could provide up to 215 gallons of ethanol per acre with substantial greenhouse gas mitigation.
However this is the first study to provide an estimate for the greenhouse gas benefits as well as an assessment of the total potential for these lands to produce significant amounts of biomass he added.
Nitrous oxide is a greenhouse gas and nitrate can contaminate drinking water supplies and leads to coastal ocean problems.
and gas recovery and help reboot American mining of rare earth metals he said. Graphene oxide's large surface area defines its capacity to adsorb toxins Kalmykov said.
The researchers focused on removing radioactive isotopes of the actinides and lanthanides--the 30 rare earth elements in the periodic table--from liquids rather than solids or gases.
Many stars are known to be surrounded by disks of gas and dust and one of the closest beta-Pictoris (Î-Pic) was reported to have comets in 1987.
and Montgomery attributed to large clouds of gas emanating from the nuclei of comets as they neared their central stars.
and the climate shows that without new climate policies expanding the current bounty of inexpensive natural gas alone would not slow the growth of global greenhouse gas emissions worldwide over the long term according to a study appearing today in Nature.
Thinking Globallyrecent advances in gas production technology based on horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing--also known as fracking--have led to bountiful low-cost natural gas.
Because gas emits far less carbon dioxide than coal some researchers have linked the natural gas boom to recent reductions in greenhouse gas emissions in the United states
but we were surprised how little difference abundant gas made to total greenhouse gas emissions even though it was dramatically changing the global energy system said James Jae Edmonds PNNL's chief scientist at JGCRI.
Swapping out coal for natural gas in a simple model would cut greenhouse gas emissions a result many people expected to see.
Consequently the entire energy pie gets bigger. â#¢The main component of natural gas methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.
Abundant gas may have a lot of benefits--economic growth local air pollution energy security and so on. There's been some hope that slowing climate change could also be one of its benefits
Soil-stored carbon can slow the build up of carbon-based gases in the atmosphere a phenomenon believed to be a cause of global climate change.
Soils serve as a natural container to hold carbon that would otherwise be emitted into the atmosphere as greenhouse gases that accelerate global climate change.
#Causes of California drought linked to climate changethe extreme atmospheric conditions associated with California's crippling drought are far more likely to occur under today's global warming conditions than in the climate that existed before humans emitted large amounts of greenhouse gases.
and statistical techniques to show that a persistent region of high atmospheric pressure hovering over the Pacific ocean that diverted storms away from California was much more likely to form in the presence of modern greenhouse gas concentrations.
Our research finds that extreme atmospheric high pressure in this region--which is linked strongly to unusually low precipitation in California--is much more likely to occur today than prior to the human emission of greenhouse gases that began during the Industrial revolution in the 1800s said Diffenbaugh an associate professor of environmental Earth
which the atmosphere is growing increasingly warm due to human emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
In the other set of experiments greenhouse gases were kept at a level similar to those that existed just prior to the Industrial revolution.
We've demonstrated with high statistical confidence that the large-scale atmospheric conditions similar to those associated with the Triple R are far more likely to occur now than in the climate before we emitted large amounts of greenhouse gases Rajaratnam said.
and reduced greenhouse gas emissions said lead author Rebecca Barnes an assistant professor of environmental science at Colorado College who began the research while serving as a postdoctoral research associate at Rice.
and can be influenced dramatically by high winds the team expects to see a substantial increase In front Range fire activity in the low and mid-elevations in the coming years as temperatures continue to warm a result of rising greenhouses gases in Earth's atmosphere.
In his trunk a luggage-sized air-sampling instrument sniffs the outside air through a small tube to measure the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane.
and his team build confidence in greenhouse gas measurements taken from aircraft and satellites which can cover large areas more effectively.
A NASA aircraft soon appears overhead carrying a prototype satellite instrument that records high-resolution images of methane that scientists can use to identify gas plumes.
The pilot buzzes the landfill several times to capture images of the invisible gas then the plane departs
Cities and their power plants are the largest sources of human-produced greenhouse gas emissions and are the largest human contributors to climate change.
When fully established in late 2014 the LA network will consist of 15 monitoring stations around the LA basin Most will use commercially available high-precision greenhouse gas analyzers to continuously sample local air.
The LA megacity sprawls across five counties 150 municipalities many freeways landfills oil wells gas pipelines America's largest seaport mountains and even dairies all within an area
The Megacities project combines direct surface measurements of urban greenhouse gases from instruments located in air sampling stations atop radio towers
Other instruments track winds and vertical motion of the atmosphere--both of which are key to interpreting the greenhouse gas measurements.
Doing so requires more frequent and dense measurements and the ability to sense multiple species of greenhouse gases from Earth's surface and from space.
Measuring greenhouse gas emissions from cities is a significant challenge said James Whetstone special assistant to the director for greenhouse gas measurements at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST
and demonstrate the performance of advanced greenhouse gas measurement methods that can be applied to cities and metropolitan areas.
but that are needed to independently quantify progress toward greenhouse gas emission targets Whetstone added. The pilot effort in LA and companion efforts in Paris build upon existing research infrastructure and collaborations with smaller cities.
In addition to hosting the gas analyzers these super-sites also use natural sunlight to track carbon dioxide methane carbon monoxide and other gases in columns of the atmosphere over LA.
Satellites such as NASA's OCO-2 and Japan's Greenhouse Gases Satellite (GOSAT) periodically sample the air over Los angeles and a subset of other cities around the world.
It may someday serve as part of an international constellation of carbon monitoring satellites providing frequent comprehensive mapping of greenhouse gases across entire cities and broader regions.
and atmospheric moisture future satellites will also use'chemical cameras'to map the distributions of greenhouse gases
and small changes in soil carbon storage can have a big effect on atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations.
And while climate warming will continue with the addition of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere due to human activities (fossil fuel combustion land-use clearing) previous assumptions about a positive soil carbon cycling feedback to future warming
The imperfections have unique electronic properties that the researchers were able to exploit to increase sensitivity to absorbed gas molecules by 300 times.
But Salehi-Khojin and his colleagues showed that these imperfections are important to the working of graphene-based gas sensors.
They created a micron-sized individual graphene grain boundary in order to probe its electronic properties and study its role in gas sensing.
Their first discovery was that gas molecules are attracted to the grain boundary and accumulate there rather than on the graphene crystal making it the ideal spot for sensing gas molecules.
A grain boundary's electrical properties attract molecules to its surface. A theoretical chemistry group at UIC led by Petr Kral was able to explain this attraction and additional electronic properties of the grain boundary.
Gas molecules accumulate on the grain boundary; there is a charge transfer; and because these channels are paralleled all together all the channels abruptly open or close.
With the grain boundary's strong attraction for gas molecules and the extraordinarily sharp response to any charge transfer such an electronic nose might be able to detect even a single gas molecule Salehi-Khojin believes
The concentrations of these gases in the atmosphere have been rising steadily over the last century.
Society is certain to extract more gas and oil due to fracking said Stanford environmental scientist Robert Jackson who led the new study.
Fracking requires more water than conventional gas drilling; but when natural gas is used in place of coal
From mining to generation coal power consumes more than twice the water per megawatt-hour generated than unconventional gas does.
and gas drilling with potential health threats arising from increases in volatile organic compounds and air toxics.
While the increased gas supply reduces air pollution in U s. cities downwind from coal-fired power plants we still don't know
Gas and chemicals from humanmade fractures thousands of meters underground very rarely seep upward to drinking-water aquifers the study says.
and gas--shows the importance of state policies. Wastewater disposal is one of the biggest issues associated with fracking said co-author Avner Vengosh a professor of geochemistry at Duke university.
#15 years of carbon dioxide emissions On earth mappedworld leaders face multiple barriers in their efforts to reach agreement on greenhouse gas emission policies.
These maps provide a scientific independent assessment of the planet's greenhouse gas emissions--something policy-makers can use
With this system we are taking a big step toward creating a global monitoring system for greenhouse gases something that is needed as the world considers how best to meet greenhouse gas reductions said Kevin Robert Gurney lead investigator and associate professor
and show that independent scientific monitoring of greenhouse gases is possible. The research team combined information from space-based nighttime lights a new population database national statistics on fuel use
whether strategies to reduce greenhouse gases are said effective Jennifer Morgan Director of the Climate and Energy Program at World Resources Institute.
Record greenhouse gas levels impact atmosphere and oceans, WMO report findsthe amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere reached a new record high in 2013 propelled by a surge in levels
This is according to the World meteorological organization's annual Greenhouse Gas Bulletin which injected even greater urgency into the need for concerted international action against accelerating and potentially devastating climate change.
The Greenhouse Gas Bulletin showed that between 1990 and 2013 there was a 34%increase in radiative forcing--the warming effect on our climate--because of long-lived greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) methane and nitrous oxide.
The WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin reports on atmospheric concentrations--and not emissions--of greenhouse gases.
The Greenhouse Gas Bulletin shows that far from falling the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere actually increased last year at the fastest rate for nearly 30 years.
and other greenhouse gases across the board he said. We are running out of time.
The Greenhouse Gas Bulletin provides a scientific base for decision-making. We have the knowledge and we have the tools for action to try keep temperature increases within 2â°C to give our planet a chance
The inclusion of a section on ocean acidification in this issue of WMO's Greenhouse Gas Bulletin is needed appropriate
Atmospheric Concentrationscarbon dioxide accounted for 80%of the 34%increase in radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse gases from 1990 to 2013 according to the U s National Oceanic and Atmospheric administration (NOAA) Annual Greenhouse Gas Index.
Methane is the second most important long-lived greenhouse gas. Approximately 40%of methane is emitted into the atmosphere by natural sources (e g. wetlands
The WMO Global Atmosphere Watch Programme (www. wmo. int/gaw) coordinates systematic observations and analysis of greenhouse gases and other trace species. Fifty countries
contributed data for the Greenhouse Gas Bulletin. Measurement data are reported by participating countries and archived and distributed by the World Data centre for Greenhouse Gases (WDCGG) at the Japan Meteorological Agency.
http://ds. data. jma. go. jp/gmd/wdcgg) The summary on ocean acidification was produced jointly by the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP) of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO
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