In the absence of contamination rice is stored an easily food that provides essential energy vitamins
The key to success Ghosh found is that vegetarian athletes must find ways within their diet to reach the acceptable macronutrient distribution for all athletes which he breaks down as carbohydrates (45-65 percent) fat (20-35 percent
) and protein (10-35 percent. Vegetarian athletes can meet their dietary needs from predominantly or exclusively plant-based sources when a variety of these foods are consumed daily
Vegetarians should find non-meat sources of iron creatine zinc Vitamin b12 Vitamin d and calcium because the main sources of these typically are animal products
But in general the current recommendation is 1. 4 to 2. 0 grams of protein per kilogram (g/kg) of body weight--about 1 gram per pound.
Ideally a bodybuilder should seek to eat that amount in increments of 20 to 25 grams of high-quality protein throughout the day to maximize protein synthesis in muscle in response to training.
This is important because it seems to indicate there is an upper cap of protein intake that seems to promote protein synthesis to the maximum level
and if you exceed this upper cap of protein level intake you will not be pushing protein synthesis any further Apong said.
In fact you're going to be oxidizing protein for energy production. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Institute of Food Technologists (IFT.
It is used as a basic raw material in producing starch oil protein alcohol food sweeteners and as a dietary staple.
It had been assumed that early farmers in northwest Europe had a diet full of animal protein. However these results suggest that the protein from cereal
and pulse crops is much higher than previously thought and that Neolithic crops were a staple part of their diet.
They also can be derived from cane sugar and seaweed for use as a low-calorie (1. 5--2 Kcal/g) food sweetener and supplement.
In her studies she found children like fat and sugar and somewhat surprisingly fruit is at the top of the list of food choices followed by starches meat and eggs dairy and vegetables.
or 40 times and their fecal fat and energy lost by the number of chews were measured.
and contribute protein a whole almond is probably the way you want to go Mattes said.
If you're interested in maximizing Vitamin e intake chopped almonds almond butter or almond oil may be a better choice.
studies on caloric content in kcal/g of carbohydrates (4) proteins (4) and fats (9) as they were found in foods
and metabolized by the body. Clemens did acknowledge many variables can impact how efficiently the body extracts energy from plant-based foods
and a diet high in foods that contain a lot of sugar and fat. Researchers looked at risk factors including diet levels of physical activity and smoking in a large Scottish study.
which is high in meat fat and sugar. The healthy dietary pattern was found to be associated with a decreased colorectal cancer risk
While the positive associations between a diet high in sugar and fat and colorectal cancer do not automatically imply'cause
Among the significant findings the research showed that rather than preventing fatty liver by blocking the inflammation liver fat content was increased actually in the first week of lactation.
In this process the cell produces MESSENGER RNA that copies the genetic information from the cell nucleus to serve as a template for protein synthesis
. In addition to the 1274 genes that take part in coding proteins they also identified 375 novel noncoding gene families on the bovine Y chromosome
They found 9. 198 genes that produced significantly different amounts or kinds of proteins at six different times.
and its downstream signals during the breast's transition to a biofactory that manufactures massive amounts of proteins fats
Dr. Nommsen-Rivers and her colleagues were able to use a noninvasive method to capture mammary gland RNA--a chain of molecules that are blueprints for making specified proteins--in samples of human breast milk.
and its downstream signals during the breast's transition to a biofactory that manufactures massive amounts of proteins fats
Dr. Nommsen-Rivers and her colleagues were able to use a noninvasive method to capture mammary gland RNA--a chain of molecules that are blueprints for making specified proteins--in samples of human breast milk.
When damaged many plants release hydrocarbons called volatile organic compounds similar to the compounds that cause the characteristic smell of freshly cut grass.
These volatile organic compounds are known to be attractive to parasitoid wasps that lay their eggs inside other insects killing them Plants appear to use this strategy to fight back against herbivorous insects by calling for their enemies'enemies.
In contrast herbivorous insects tend to avoid the herbivore-induced volatile organic compounds. Adult moths and butterflies avoid food plants that are under attack by conspecifics.
Turlings and colleagues propose that hungry S. littoralis caterpillars do the best of a bad job by moving towards volatile organic compounds released by damaged maize plants.
#Scientists view protein origami to help understand, prevent certain diseasesscientists using sophisticated imaging techniques have observed a molecular protein folding process that may help medical researchers understand
and treat diseases such as Alzheimer's Lou Gehrig's and cancer. The study reported this month in the journal Cell verifies a process that scientists knew existed
Rye explained that individual amino acids get linked together like beads on a string as a protein is made in the cell.
but in a living cell the process is complicated by the presence of many proteins in a concentrated environment.
The constraints on getting that protein to fold up into a good'origami'structure are a lot more demanding he said.
So there are special protein machines known as molecular chaperones in the cell that help proteins fold.
But how the molecular chaperones help protein fold when it isn't folding well by itself has been the nagging question for researchers.
and just sort of buzz along inside a cell driving a protein folding reaction every few seconds Rye said.
The many chemical reactions that are essential to life rely on the exact three-dimensional shape of folded proteins he said.
In the cell enzymes for example are specialized proteins that help speed biological processes along by binding molecules and bringing them together in just the right way.
And the proteins--those little beads on the string that are designed to fold up like origami--are folded to position all these beads in three-dimensional space to perfectly wrap around those molecules
--if the protein doesn't get folded up right--the chemical reaction can't be done. And if it's essential the cell dies
and all of that depends on the proteins being folded in the right way. When a protein doesn't fold
or folds incorrectly it turns into an aggregate which Rye described as white goo that looks kind of like a mayonnaise like crud in the test tube.
and cancer also are linked to protein folding disorders. One of the main roles for the molecular chaperones is preventing those protein misfolding events that lead to aggregation
and not letting a cell get poisoned by badly folded or aggregated proteins he said.
Rye's team focused on a key molecular chaperone--the HSP60. They're called HSP for'heat shock protein
'because when the cell is stressed with heat the proteins get unstable and start to fall apart
This particular chaperone takes unfolded protein and goes through a chemical reaction to bind the unfolded protein
and literally puts it inside a little'box'Rye said. He added that the mystery had long been how the folding worked
The HSP60 chaperone is designed to recognize proteins that are folded not from the ones that are.
and parts of the molecule moved to peel the chaperone box away from the bound protein--or gift in the box.
But the bound protein was kept inside the package where it could then initiate a folding reaction.
and grabbing hold of the substrate protein and helping hold it inside the cavity. The first thing we saw was a large amount of an unfolded protein inside of this cavity he said.
Even though we knew from lots and lots of other studies that it had to go in there nobody had seen ever it like this before.
We can also see the nonnative protein interacting with parts of the box that no one had seen ever before.
I think we got a glimpse of a protein in the process of folding which we actually can compare to other structures.
when we need to like for a patient who has one of the protein folding diseases he said.
#Scientists view protein origami to help understand, prevent certain diseasesscientists using sophisticated imaging techniques have observed a molecular protein folding process that may help medical researchers understand
and treat diseases such as Alzheimer's Lou Gehrig's and cancer. The study reported this month in the journal Cell verifies a process that scientists knew existed
Rye explained that individual amino acids get linked together like beads on a string as a protein is made in the cell.
but in a living cell the process is complicated by the presence of many proteins in a concentrated environment.
The constraints on getting that protein to fold up into a good'origami'structure are a lot more demanding he said.
So there are special protein machines known as molecular chaperones in the cell that help proteins fold.
But how the molecular chaperones help protein fold when it isn't folding well by itself has been the nagging question for researchers.
and just sort of buzz along inside a cell driving a protein folding reaction every few seconds Rye said.
The many chemical reactions that are essential to life rely on the exact three-dimensional shape of folded proteins he said.
In the cell enzymes for example are specialized proteins that help speed biological processes along by binding molecules and bringing them together in just the right way.
And the proteins--those little beads on the string that are designed to fold up like origami--are folded to position all these beads in three-dimensional space to perfectly wrap around those molecules
--if the protein doesn't get folded up right--the chemical reaction can't be done. And if it's essential the cell dies
and all of that depends on the proteins being folded in the right way. When a protein doesn't fold
or folds incorrectly it turns into an aggregate which Rye described as white goo that looks kind of like a mayonnaise like crud in the test tube.
and cancer also are linked to protein folding disorders. One of the main roles for the molecular chaperones is preventing those protein misfolding events that lead to aggregation
and not letting a cell get poisoned by badly folded or aggregated proteins he said.
Rye's team focused on a key molecular chaperone--the HSP60. They're called HSP for'heat shock protein
'because when the cell is stressed with heat the proteins get unstable and start to fall apart
This particular chaperone takes unfolded protein and goes through a chemical reaction to bind the unfolded protein
and literally puts it inside a little'box'Rye said. He added that the mystery had long been how the folding worked
The HSP60 chaperone is designed to recognize proteins that are folded not from the ones that are.
and parts of the molecule moved to peel the chaperone box away from the bound protein--or gift in the box.
But the bound protein was kept inside the package where it could then initiate a folding reaction.
and grabbing hold of the substrate protein and helping hold it inside the cavity. The first thing we saw was a large amount of an unfolded protein inside of this cavity he said.
Even though we knew from lots and lots of other studies that it had to go in there nobody had seen ever it like this before.
We can also see the nonnative protein interacting with parts of the box that no one had seen ever before.
I think we got a glimpse of a protein in the process of folding which we actually can compare to other structures.
when we need to like for a patient who has one of the protein folding diseases he said.
what proteins are transferred by the fungus into the wheat plants and recognized by the protein encoded by the Sr35 gene.
This will help researchers to better understand the molecular mechanisms behind infection and develop new approaches for controlling this devastating pathogen.
or given fat balls enriched with Vitamin e--a vitamin commonly present in bird food such as nuts and seeds.
We also know that warmer grasslands have grasses with less protein and we now know that warmer grasslands have smaller grazers.
It all lines up to suggest that climate change will cause grasses to have less protein
grasses in the southern Great plains have less protein than grasses in the northern Great plains because of the warmer climate.
and weight gain for both is limited typically by protein intake. If the same reduction in weight gain applies to cattle as bison every temperature increase of one
The reduction would come from either the cost of protein supplements needed to maintain similar weight gains before climate change or from a loss of income because of reduced weights.
He tagged these with fluorescing proteins and found under the microscope that these transcription factors accumulated in the nuclei of the pollen tubes as they grew in the pistil.
because it is responsible for the secretion of a protein called a thionin For the thionin
Was it because the animals got fat from eating too much or was it something else?
and protein but the sources were said different Kavanagh. The high-fructose group's diet was made from flour butter pork fat eggs and fructose (the main ingredient in corn syrup) similar to
while the control group's diet was made from healthy complex carbohydrates and soy protein. Every week the research team weighed both groups
because most doctors and scientists have thought that it was the fat in and around tissues in the body that caused the health problems.
and other grains that contain gluten-related proteins. Boye's team sought to expand dietary options for CD
Boye also noted that canary seeds have more protein than other common cereals are rich in other nutrients
or BPA causes increased inflammation in fat tissues after birth which can lead to obesity and metabolic syndrome.
and CD68 expression was raised in the visceral fat of both obese groups and CD68 expression also was raised in the subcutaneous fat in normal weight BPA-exposed female offspring Veiga-Lopez reported.
She said these results suggest that prenatal BPA exposure and postnatal diet may interact to modulate inflammatory mechanisms in fat deposits.
In a symbiotic relationship L. gongylophorous provides food for the leaf-cutter ant Atta cephalotes by developing fruiting bodies rich in fats amino acids and other nutrients.
In addition to providing nitrogen and key vitamins the bacteria appear to help the fungus access energy-rich cellulose by breaking apart other plant polymers that encase it such as hemicellulose.
and proteins involved in each of these branch pathways and this might help us manipulate the discrete functions this hormone regulates Ecker says.
Now we can see that by altering the expression of one protein ethylene produces cascading waves of gene activation that profoundly alters the biology of the plant.
what happens in Arabidopsis after ethylene gas causes activation of EIN3 a master transcription factor--a protein that controls gene expression--that Ecker had discovered
EIN3 and a related protein EIL1 are required for the response to ethylene gas; without these proteins ethylene has no effect on the plant.
We wanted to know how ethylene is actually doing its job Ecker says. Once the plant responds to ethylene by activating EIN3
We found that about half of the genomic targets of the EIN3 protein are found in other hormone signaling pathways.
Successes and failures from the first billion acressince 1996 farmers worldwide have planted more than a billion acres (400 million hectares) of genetically modified corn and cotton that produce insecticidal proteins from the bacterium
Bt proteins used for decades in sprays by organic farmers kill some devastating pests but are considered environmentally friendly and harmless to people.
However some scientists feared that widespread use of these proteins in genetically modified crops would spur rapid evolution of resistance in pests.
Same pest same crop same Bt protein but very different outcomes. He explained that in the southwestern U s. scientists from the EPA academia industry
After sample extraction ancient organic compounds were identified by a combination of state-of-the-art chemical techniques including infrared spectrometry gas chromatography-mass spectrometry solid phase microextraction ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography
The amount of harmful fat particles in the blood also declined says Lieselotte Cloetens a biomedical nutrition researcher at Lund University.
or gut environment than people who eat the more typicalwestern diet that is high in fat
#Saturated fats do not yield better bacona recent paper published in the Journal of Animal Science suggests producers may want to adjust pig diets
Some producers believe that feeding pigs saturated fats will undo the fat-softening effects of DDGS.
Firmer fat means longer-lasting pork. But researchers from the University of Illinois found that including saturated fats in DDGS diets makes no difference in fat quality.
The researchers formulated six corn-soybean meal diets to test the effects of saturated fat additives on carcass fat quality in pigs.
Five of these diets contained DDGS. According to the researchers pork produced from pigs fed DDGS have reduced shelf life and increased susceptibility to oxidative damage.
and those fatty acids are deposited into the fat of the animal said Hans-Henrik Stein study co-author
According to Stein high levels of unsaturated fats make pork belly fat too soft to slice for bacon.
To counteract this problem producers have included saturated fats such as corn germ beef tallow palm kernel oil and glycerol in diets containing DDGS
in order to make the fat firmer. For this study corn germ beef tallow palm kernel oil and glycerol were added each to a diet containing DDGS.
The researchers compared the performance of pigs fed each of these diets to the performance of pigs fed a diet containing DDGS with no saturated fats added
and a control diet containing corn-soybean meal but no DDGS. Firmness of fat was tested by measuring the distance of belly flop.
This was done by draping the belly of the carcasses over a metal rod with the skin facing down.
The larger the distance was the firmer the fat. The researchers found that pigs fed the control diet containing no DDGS had greater belly flop distances than the pigs fed the other diets.
This led researchers to conclude that adding saturated fats to diets containing DDGS has no effect on the fat quality of pigs.
#KISS ME DEADLY proteins may help improve crop yieldsdartmouth College researchers have identified a new regulator for plant hormone signaling--the KISS
ME DEADLY family of proteins (KMDS)# that may help to improve production of fruits vegetables and grains.
GNVS can efficiently deliver a variety of therapeutic agents including DNA RNA (DIR-GNVS) proteins
University of Louisville researchers have uncovered how to create nanoparticles using natural lipids derived from grapefruit
The researchers demonstrated that GNVS can transport various therapeutic agents including anticancer drugs DNA/RNA and proteins such as antibodies.
Treatment of animals with GNVS seemed to cause less adverse effects than treatment with drugs encapsulated in synthetic lipids.
because a larger quantity of lipids can be derived from this fruit. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by University of Louisville.
Similar to the chloroplasts in green plants that carry out photosynthesis our artificial photosynthetic system is composed of two semiconductor light absorbers an interfacial layer for charge transport
In natural photosynthesis the energy of absorbed sunlight produces energized charge-carriers that execute chemical reactions in separate regions of the chloroplast Yang says.
We've integrated our nanowire nanoscale heterostructure into a functional system that mimics the integration in chloroplasts
When sunlight is absorbed by pigment molecules in a chloroplast an energized electron is generated that moves from molecule to molecule through a transport chain until ultimately it drives the conversion of carbon dioxide into carbohydrate sugars.
the results of the experiments are affected significantly by organisms'initial fitness and lipid reserves. To eliminate these effects
The scientists sprayed protein markers on the sweet alyssum and later captured insects and spiders at a distance from the flower plots.
Many of the insects and spiders tested positive for the proteins proving that they had visited the flowers.
The scientists sprayed protein markers on the sweet alyssum and later captured insects and spiders at a distance from the flower plots.
Many of the insects and spiders tested positive for the proteins proving that they had visited the flowers.
Within the HA protein of novel H7n9 viruses there was a leucine residue at position 226
The researchers who sequenced it say that 97 percent of the genome consists of genes--bits of DNA that code for proteins--and small pieces of DNA that control those genes.
Noncoding DNA is DNA that doesn't code for any proteins. This includes mobile elements called jumping genes that have the ability to copy
which for genes feeds into the machinery that makes proteins. But Herrera-Estrella Albert and their colleagues argue that organisms may not bulk up on genetic junk for reasons of benefit.
and function and so produce more of a given gene product--a protein for example he said.
and birds focusing on the gene that codes for the viral hemagglutinin (HA) protein. After comparing HA genetic sequences in five key locations that control the viruses'interactions with infected hosts the researchers calculated an antigenic index for each strain.
The researchers also took into account the patterns of attachment of the HA protein to sugar molecules called glycans.
the ability to burn sugar and fat and the ability to switch between slow-and fast-twitch muscle fibers.
To do this they turned to two different mouse models each specially engineered to produce distinct but related proteins that turn muscle-specific genes on and off.
This protein collaborates with PPARÎ/Î'to turn on micrornas. That's why marathon mice are fitter
The diet restricted foods high in the sugar-binding protein lectin generally regarded as a healthy nutrient.
and fish olive oil and grass-fed animal protein while taking supplements containing the antioxidant polyphenol from fish oil grape seed extract and vitamins.
Antioxidants are thought to slow cell aging. These findings represent a fundamental paradigm shift in how the diseases of the'Western Diet'should be treated said Steven R. Gundry M d. lead author
This signal can also turn on honey bee immunity genes that code for antimicrobial proteins. According to Berenbaum three other honey constituents were effective inducers of these detoxification enzymes.
That's the conclusion of 12 leading plant biologists from around the world whose laboratories recently discovered important properties of plant transport proteins that collectively could have a profound impact on global agriculture.
These membrane transporters are a class of specialized proteins that plants use to take up nutrients from the soil transport sugar
and lack sufficient protein and carbohydrates in their diets the biologists write in their paper.
because their diets lack required micronutrients such as iron zinc and Vitamin a. These dietary deficiencies have an enormous negative impact on global health resulting in increased susceptibility to infection
Along with growing urbanization increased demand for protein in developing countries coupled with impending climate change
From their recent findings the plant biologists now understand how transport proteins control processes that allow roots to tolerate toxic aluminum.
Other recent transport protein developments described by the biologists have been shown to increase the storage of iron
The biologists said crops could be made more efficient in using water through discoveries in plant transport proteins that regulate the stomatal pores in the epidermis of leaves where plants lose more than 90 percent of their water through transpiration.
A recent discovery of protein transporters that move sugar throughout the plant has been used to develop rice plants that confer pest resistance to crops the biologists said providing a novel way to simplify the engineering of crops with high yields and pest resistance
This is important because now we have the potential to develop therapies that can block the activity of Type 1 pericytes to form fat
Using an in vitro model they showed that Type 1 pericytes form fat while Type 2 pericytes form muscle.
When Type 1 pericytes were injected into the disease model they formed fat not muscle. When Type 2 pericytes were injected into the disease model nothing happened.
Then comparing the karrikin-bound KAI2 protein to the structure of an unbound KAI2 protein allowed the researchers to speculate how KAI2 allows a seed to perceive karrikin in its environment.
when karrikin binds to the KAI2 protein it causes a change in its shape. The studies'other lead investigator Salk research associate
and plant geneticist Zuyu Zheng says this karrikin-induced shape change may send a new signal to other proteins in the seeds.
These other protein players he says together with karrikin and KAI2 generate the signal causing seed germination at the right place and time after a wildfire.
More research is needed to understand exactly how the change in shape of the KAI2 protein activates a genetic pathway that regulates germination says Chory the Howard H. and Maryam R. Newman Chair in Plant Biology and a Howard Hughes Medical
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