and legumes--with particular interest in those with high protein content because the amino acids that make up proteins are a rich source of nitrogen.
High-protein soybeans turned out to be the best. To make the catalyst the team ground the soybeans into a powder mixed the powder with ammonium molybdate in water then dried
and heated the samples in the presence of inert argon gas. A subsequent high temperature treatment (carburization) induced a reaction between molybdenum
#while the yellow flesh variety have carotenes#essential chemical components for the diet#and in greater quantities than in the usual commercial varieties.
and characterize the key biological proteins responsible for iron transportation. That would give researchers targets to manipulate
A class of drugs called PPAR agonists that help regulate fat and glucose was considered promising by doctors who prescribed them for patients with metabolic syndrome--a collection of risk factors linked to heart disease
PPARS regulate genes involved in fat and glucose metabolism and when modified can help reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Milk is an important source of protein in Niger. Animals graze in rural areas but are brought to the city
#Mushrooms can provide as much Vitamin d as supplementsresearchers from Boston University School of medicine (BUSM) have discovered that eating mushrooms containing Vitamin D2 can be as effective at increasing
and maintaining Vitamin d levels (25-hydroxyvitamin D) as taking supplemental vitamin D2 or vitamin D3.
Vitamin d is crucial for good bone health and muscle strength; adequate amounts help the body maintain bone density reducing the risk of fracture osteomalacia osteoarthritis
The study to be presented consisted of 30 healthy adults who were randomized to take capsules containing 2000 International Units (IU) of vitamin D2 2000 IU of vitamin D3
or 2000 IU of mushroom powder containing vitamin D2 once a day for 12 weeks during the winter.
Baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D 25 (OH) D a measure to determine a person's Vitamin d status were not significantly different among the groups.
After 12 weeks of the Vitamin d supplements serum 25 (OH) D levels were not statistically significantly different than those who ingested 2000 IU of vitamin D2 in mushroom powder.
and contain vitamin D2 are a good source of Vitamin d that can improve the Vitamin d status of healthy adults.
Furthermore we found ingesting mushrooms containing vitamin D2 was as effective in raising and maintaining a healthy adult's Vitamin d status as ingesting a supplement that contained either vitamin D2
or vitamin D3 said Michael F Holick Phd MD the principal investigator of the abstract. The study is available on line concurrently in the journal Dermato-Endocrinology.
These results confirm other studies that have demonstrated that ingesting vitamin D2 either from fortified orange juice a supplement or a pharmaceutical formulation were all capable of increasing total circulating 25 (OH) D concentrations for at least 3 months and up to 6 years added Holick the senior
author of the study. According to Holick and his coauthors ingesting mushrooms containing vitamin D2 can be an effective strategy to enhance a persons'Vitamin d status. The observation that some mushrooms
when exposed to UVB light also produce vitamin D3 and vitamin D4 can also provide the consumer with at least two additional Vitamin ds he added.
In a second poster presentation the researchers were able to determine how mushrooms make vitamin D2
and found that the process is similar to what occurs in human skin after sun exposure.
They were also able to show that mushrooms not only produce vitamin D2 but can produce vitamin D3 and vitamin D4.
Although it has been reported previously that mushrooms have the ability to produce both vitamin D2 and vitamin D4 through our own research we were able to detect several types of Vitamin ds
and provitamin Ds in mushroom samples including vitamin D3 which is made also in human skin added Holick.
According to the researchers these abstracts as well as the on line published study demonstrate that mushrooms are another good natural food source for Vitamin d that can easily be found in ones'local grocery store.
Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Boston University Medical center. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length h
#Grains of sand from ancient supernova found in meteorites: Supernova may have been the one that triggered the formation of the solar systemit's a bit like learning the secrets of the family that lived in your house in the 1800s by examining dust particles they left behind in cracks in the floorboards.
The study led by investigator E. Mitchell Seymour Ph d. of the University of Michigan Health System studied the effects of a high fat American-style diet both with added grapes
Protein is expensive both financially and environmentally so the choice of protein source and amount in the diet are particularly important.
There are thousands of widely varying pet foods on the market. Many are formulated to appeal to the owners who think their pets need extremely high levels of protein and other nutrients.
Often they contain human-grade ingredients thus competing directly with the human food system which will have feed to a human population that is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050.
Previous research by Swanson showed that kittens fed vastly different protein: carbohydrate ratios all remained healthy.
For example animal protein can be replaced by plant protein which requires substantially less water and energy to produce.
Soy-based proteins are a common pet food ingredient and their production is estimated to be 6 to 20 times more efficient in terms of fossil fuel requirements.
and have decided a preference for protein and fat. Swanson said it would be helpful to develop a model that would estimate the environmental impact of pet foods
Most diseases of the brain such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's have shown an increased amount of toxic protein Berries seem to promote autophagy the brain's natural housekeeping mechanism thereby reducing the toxic accumulation said Poulose.
and tobacco the heat causes chemical reactions in the mixture which produce toxic volatile organic compounds (VOCS) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS).
Pesticides kill protein-rich insects that bustard chicks rely on for rapid growth to be able to migrate come fall.
The protein forms a chain a bit like a necklace that wraps around and protects the RNA the genetic material of the virus. This chain also recruits other proteins that are vital to the virus'ability to multiply
and cause disease. We have developed a very finely detailed picture of the shape of the protein
and all the nooks and crannies that it needs to present to other molecules to be able to function.
The nucleocapsid proteins bind together in a ringlike structure of four identical protein units and the ring is held together by contacts between the protein units a bit like people holding hands in a circle.
Co-lead Dr Tom Edwards also from Leeds'Faculty of Biological sciences said: The shape of the nucleocapsid protein has shown us important details of how the individual proteins in these rings are interacting.
This not only tells us how the virus works but importantly we think we can block that interaction
It would stop the protein wrapping up the RNA and would essentially kill the virus. We are now designing small molecules that could block ring formation
Plant lipids are the key to biofuel production and preliminary tests show that the composition of lipids in hydrogen sulfide-treated plants is the same as in untreated plants he said.
When plants grow to larger-than-normal size they typically do not produce more cells
Prof Jeffrey Palmer who led this study explained By using the tulip tree as a guide we are able to estimate that the ancestral angiosperm mitochondrial genome contained 41 protein genes 14 trna genes seven trna
genes sequestered from chloroplasts and more than 700 sites of protein editing. Based on this it appears that the genome has been more
People with apple-shaped bodies--when fat is concentrated mostly in the abdominal area--are more likely than those with pear-shaped bodies to develop kidney disease.
In a paper published online in Nature Neuroscience the U-M team shows that a particular protein called FIP200 governs this cleaning process in neural stem cells in mice.
--whose full name is focal adhesion kinase family interacting protein of 200 kd--in cellular biology for more than a decade.
In addition they will study the importance of p53 and p62 another key protein component for autophagy to neural stem cell self-renewal and differentiation in relation to FIP200.
and Yak-a-Men--have salts protein and other ingredients that help people recover from the effects of imprudent consumption of alcohol.
protein from beef chicken or shrimp; onions or chopped scallions; and sliced hard-boiled egg. Vendors often sell the soup from sidewalk carts during New orleans festivals
Previously it was not possible to resolve individual proteins on densely labeled heterogeneous surfaces such as those in plant cell walls
which target proteins are labeled with tags that fluoresce when activated by weak ultraviolet light. By keeping the intensity of the UV light sufficiently low researchers can photoactivate individual proteins to image them
and determine their location. We're the first to use PALM to study the interplay of enzyme activity
#Hepatitis a virus discovered to cloak itself in membranes hijacked from infected cellsviruses have historically been classified into one of two types--those with an outer lipid-containing envelope and those without an envelope.
Their study which includes molecular evidence that sorghum lacks the proteins toxic to people with celiac disease appears in ACS'Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.
Paola Pontieri and colleagues explain that those gluten proteins present in wheat and barley trigger an immune reaction in people with celiac disease that can cause abdominal pain and discomfort constipation diarrhea and other symptoms.
whether sorghum contains those toxic gluten proteins. They describe evidence from an analysis of the recently published sorghum genome the complete set of genes in the plant
and other sources that verify the absence of gluten proteins. The authors also report that sorghum has high nutritional value.
The organic cookies and yogurt were said to taste'lower in fat'than the regular variety
and digestible phosphorus. Fat content was held not constant across diets; the diets containing more corn germ also contained more fat.
Corn and cotton have been modified genetically to produce pest-killing proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis or Bt for short.
Its gene product makes repair proteins that mend DNA. The higher the level of DNA damage the more p53 becomes activated.
#Better-educated parents feed children fewer fats and less sugarthe level of education of parents has an influence on the frequency with
A lot of the value of cattle at that time had to do with the fat they had because the primary lighting source people had was made candles of tallow
and Texas longhorns have very low fat content. Ranchers began fencing off the range and importing breeds from Europe that had higher fat content.
and the quantity of lipids per cell (essential for obtaining fuel). Their study shows that one type of marine algae that has received little attention till now--dinoflagellate microalgae--is highly suitable for cultivation with the aim of producing biodiesel.
and protein pulp that is not converted into biodiesel) and using air pumps and more efficient cultivation materials.
and expresses a protein that transports citric acid from root tips into the soil which binds to
He added that the extra gene copies had a cumulative effect of coding for more protein that transports aluminum-binding citric acid into the soil.
It is rich in protein which usually makes up around 40%of the nutritional components of the seeds
and protein the researchers looked to monitor bioactivity between the peptides derived from the meals of soybean and various types of human cancer cells.
The meat forms a cheap and accessible source of protein for poor people as well as a source of income
Published in the April issue of the Journal of Lipid Research and featured on the cover their early study found that mice that were fed these tomatoes in freeze-dried ground form had less inflammation
This is one of the first examples of a peptide that acts like the main protein in good cholesterol
Specifically for the study the team genetically engineered tomatoes to produce 6f a small peptide that mimics the action of apoa-1 the chief protein in high density-lipoprotein lipoprotein (HDL or good cholesterol.
and was degraded then to natural amino acids before being absorbed into the blood as is the case with the other peptides and proteins in the tomato.
It seems likely that the mechanism of action of the peptide-enhanced tomatoes involves altering lipid metabolism in the intestine
study findsthe American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Heart Association recommend that all children drink low fat
or skimmed milk after the age of 2 to reduce their saturated fat intake and ward off excess weight gain.
Researchers asked the parents/primary caregivers of almost 11000 children about their milk consumption--skimmed 1%semi-skimmed 2%milk fat full fat
so that they could calculate the fat and sugar intake from these sources. The children were weighed also
#For smokers, low levels of Vitamin d may lead to cancernew research appearing online today in Clinical Chemistry the journal of AACC shows that decreased levels of Vitamin d may predispose smokers to developing tobacco-related cancer.
This study illustrates that simple Vitamin d blood tests and supplements have the potential to improve smokers'health.
In this paper Afzal et al. measured plasma Vitamin d levels in blood samples collected in 1981-1983 from 10000 Danes from the general population.
The authors determined that the median Vitamin d concentration among these participants was only 14.8 ng/ml
These results show for the first time that the risk of tobacco-related cancers as a group is associated with lower concentrations of Vitamin d.
The data also indicate that tobacco smoke chemicals may influence Vitamin d metabolism and function while Vitamin d may conversely modify the carcinogenicity of tobacco smoke chemicals.
If further research confirms this it would be consistent with previous studies demonstrating the anti-tumorigenic effects of Vitamin d derivatives as well as the correlation of Vitamin d deficiency with favorable cancer-forming conditions and increased susceptibility to tobacco smoke carcinogens.
Interestingly though low Vitamin d levels were connected not with risk of other cancer types. Our analyses show that the association between lower concentrations of plasma Vitamin d
and higher risk of cancer may be driven by tobacco-related cancer as a group which has not been shown before stated author Børge G. Nordestgaard MD DMSC in the paper.
This is important for future studies investigating the association between plasma Vitamin d and risk of cancer.
Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by American Association for Clinical Chemistry (AACC.
The study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute is the first to examine the relationship between high-fat and low-fat dairy consumption following a diagnosis of breast cancer and long-term breast cancer survival.
Estrogenic hormones reside primarily in fat so levels are higher in high-fat than in low-fat dairy products.
The researchers studied a cohort of women who were diagnosed with early-stage invasive breast cancer between 1997 and 2000 primarily from Kaiser permanente's Northern California region (83 percent) and the Utah Cancer Registry (12 percent.
and butter most often and they consumed relatively limited amounts of low-fat dairy desserts low-fat cheese and high-fat yogurt.
The study found an association between high-fat dairy and breast cancer mortality but no association with low-fat dairy products and breast cancer outcomes.
and whether the dairy products were full fat low fat or nonfat. Of the total sample 349 women had a recurrence of breast cancer
abdominal obesity high blood pressure high blood sugar and unhealthy cholesterol and lipid levels. Having this disorder greatly increases a person's chances of developing heart disease
It may be the calcium it may be the proteins. Whatever the mechanism evidence suggests that dairy products are effective in attaining
and they may not know they have problems with their weight blood pressure lipids or blood sugar she said.
#Goats milk with antimicrobial lysozyme speeds recovery from diarrheamilk from goats that were modified genetically to produce higher levels of a human antimicrobial protein has proved effective in treating diarrhea in young pigs demonstrating the potential for food products from transgenic animals to one
day also benefit human health report researchers at the University of California Davis. The study is the first on record to show that goats'milk carrying elevated levels of the antimicrobial lysozyme a protein found in human breast milk can successfully treat diarrhea
In this study Murray and colleagues fed young pigs milk from goats that were modified genetically to produce in their milk higher levels of lysozyme a protein that naturally occurs in the tears saliva and milk of all mammals.
Explaining that baleen is composed of keratin#the same protein that makes hair and fingernails#Werth also describes how the protein forms large continually growing plates each with an internal fibrous core sandwiched between smooth outer plates.
Whales usually carry 300 of these structures on each side of their mouths#arranged perpendicular to the direction of water flowing into the mouth
and won't emit volatile organic compounds. When exposed to the right microbes they will break down in 180 days in any landfill or backyard.
#Untangling lifes originsresearchers in the Evolutionary Bioinformatics Laboratory at the University of Illinois in collaboration with German scientists have been using bioinformatics techniques to probe the world of proteins for answers to questions about the origins of life.
Proteins are formed from chains of amino acids and fold into three-dimensional structures that determine their function.
and molecular dynamics looking back to when proteins first appeared approximately 3. 8 billion years ago to determine changes in folding speed over time.
To do this they looked at all known protein structures as defined in the Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database
In a previous study researchers in Caetano-Anoll s's group used SCOP and genomic information to reconstruct phylogenomic trees that describe the history of the protein world.
In contrast the leaves of these new trees are protein domains which are compact evolutionary units of structure and function.
Proteins are usually complex combinations of several domains. We have a world of about 90000 of these structures
or folds because they are determined by the way the protein chains fold on themselves. To date approximately 1300 folds have been characterized.
For the current study the researchers identified protein sequences in the genomes that had the same folding structure as known proteins.
when proteins became part of a particular organism. This allowed them to map protein structures and organisms onto a timeline.
Directly calculating the folding speed for all of these proteins would be impossible with today's technology so the researchers took advantage of the fact that a protein always folds at the same points
and used a measure called Size Modified Contact Order (SMCO). Contact order is the ability of a protein to establish links between segments of the polypeptide chain.
When points that are close together on the chain come together they generally form helical structures; when distant points come together they form beta strands that interact with each other
The measure is normalized (size modified) to take protein length which affects folding speed into account.
What we see is said an hourglass Caetano-Anoll s. At the beginning proteins seem not to be folding so fast.
what he calls the Big bang in protein evolution. Approximately 1. 5 billion years ago more complex domain structures and multi-domain proteins emerged with the appearance of multicellular organisms.
Amino acid chains which make up proteins also became shorter at this point in time. Why does speed folding matter?
If the protein does not fold in the vast majority of cases it will not have a function.
So folding implies functionality. And speed of folding implies speed of achieving that functionality he explained.
For a cell that's very important because if proteins are very slow folders there is a time lag to
Moreover proteins that fold rapidly are more likely to fold correctly. Protein misfolding has been linked with diseases such as Alzheimer's.
Caetano-Anoll s said however that this research makes an important contribution to understanding how molecules work.
and in particular sports stars in advertising unhealthy or High Fat Salt and Sugar (HFSS) products.
when you look at the level of cells proteins and genes human and bee brains function very similarly.
Transcripts are often like a recipe for making proteins and a collection of all the transcripts in a cell is called a transcriptome.
#Stressed proteins can cause blood clots for hoursnew research from Rice university Baylor College of Medicine (BCM)
and brain could cause a common protein to change shape and form dangerous blood clots. The scientists were surprised to find that the proteins could remain in the dangerous clot-initiating shape for up to five hours before returning to their normal healthy shape.
The study--the first of its kind--focused on a protein called von Willebrand factor or VWF a key player in clot formation.
A team led by Rice physicist Ching-Hwa Kiang found that shear forces like those found in small arteries of patients with atherosclerosis cause snippets of nonclotting VWF to change into a clot-forming shape for hours at a time.
Kiang associate professor of physics and astronomy and of bioengineering studies the forces involved in protein folding.
Proteins are the workhorses of biology. Tens of thousands are produced each second in every living cell and each of these folds into a characteristic shape within moments of its creation.
Despite its ubiquity protein folding is an immensely complex process that is shrouded in mystery. Kiang is a pioneer in the use of atomic force microscopes (AFM) to shed light on the fundamental physical processes involved in protein folding.
The AFM has a tiny needle with a tip measuring just a few atoms across. The needle is suspended from a tiny arm that bobs up and down over a surface.
and pull apart individual protein molecules. By stretching these like rubber bands her team has shown it can measure the precise physical forces that hold them in their folded shape.
It's a long protein and one end remains anchored to the cell while the rest unfurls from the wall like a streamer.
We didn't know how the conformation of the PVWF protein changed. That is why Dr. Kiang's research is so important
They also determined how long the protein remained partially unfurled before relaxing into its natural shape. The next step will be to design new experiments that allow us to monitor the proteins as they bind to platelets
and initiate clot formation Kiang said. That will tell us even more about the physical properties of the proteins
and provide more clues about potential therapies. The research was supported by the National institutes of health the National Science Foundation the Alliance for Nanohealth the Welch Foundation the Mary R. Gibson Foundation and the Everett Hinkson Fund.
and dispatching proteins into the nucleus and the cytoplasm. These police proteins are armed with police sketches of the parasites in the form of small RNA transcripts.
The new plot twistit struck Reenan and lead author Selena Gell that this policing system
because it is lower in fat and cholesterol and perceived to be lower in additives.
Rats were fed a high-fat diet that induced a low-grade reno-lipotoxicity that is kidney damage associated with lipids.
This was characterized by elevations in plasma urea and protein in the urine. The researchers found increased deposits of triglycerides (TG)( especially saturated fatty acids) increased signs of oxidative stress and depleted copper levels in the kidneys.
Coprolites also showed that fish mostly anchovies did provide the primary protein in the diet but not the calories.
and yellow orange or purple color with a pleasant-tasting slightly acidic aromatic pulp rich in vitamins and minerals.
#Organic tomatoes accumulate more Vitamin c, sugars than conventionally grown fruittomatoes grown on organic farms accumulate higher concentrations of sugars Vitamin c
and compounds associated with oxidative stress compared to those grown on conventional farms according to research published February 20 in the open access journal PLOS ONE by Maria Raquel Alcantara Miranda and colleagues from the Federal University
They suggest that this increased stress may be the reason organic tomatoes had higher levels sugars Vitamin c and pigment molecules like lycopene an antioxidant compound--all of
and sizes of lesions due to colorectal cancer and an increased number of cells that express the protein IL-10 which acts to regulate the body's inflammatory response Resistant starch may also have implications for the prevention
Advantages of using plants to produce therapeutic proteins include the ability to produce large quantities quickly and cheaply the absence of human pathogens the stability of the proteins and the ease with
Another was establishing good manufacturing practices for biologically active proteins expressed in transgenic plants. Story Source:
#Thigh fat may be to blame for older adults who slow downa new study from Wake Forest Baptist Medical center shows that an increase in fat throughout the thigh is predictive of mobility loss in otherwise healthy
As people age they are more likely to gain fat in and around their muscles and we speculated that gaining fat in the leg muscle itself would be slowed related to walking speed.
The researchers used data from the National Institute on Aging's Health Aging and Body Composition (Health ABC) study a prospective cohort of several thousand initially well-functioning white and black adults aged 70-79.
whether changes in thigh intermuscular fat or thigh muscle area were more predictive of slowed walking speed.
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