In 2010 coal oil and gas supplied more than 80%of the world's total primary energy supply
because we'll run out of available coal oil and gas supplies in the coming decades. However our study which compares long-term scenario results across a large suite of technologically-detailed models shows that fossil resource constraints are unlikely to limit greenhouse gas emissions in this century.
When oil is extracted from the camelina seeds using either solvent extraction or expeller pressing the oil is used then in fuel production.
The defatted meal that is produced during this process is high in protein and may be fed to livestock
Stein said that the variation in digestibility among the sources of camelina expellers might be due to genetic differences between the seeds or differences in the oil extraction procedures.
although wood is currently uncompetitive with natural gas-powered boilers in certain states it could compete with other fuel sources such as oil propane and coal.
oil coal and propane boilers in 37 states in the Midwest Northeast and South the target region of their study.
Those boilers generate the energy equivalent of 287 million barrels of oil a year. If all of the boilers would be converted to wood-burning ones they would consume about three times the wood available in the area
However as China began to import millions of tons of oilseed rape to crush for cooking oil the route opened for L. maculans to spread via contaminated seed between countries.
#Sofrito contains substances that reduce risk of cardiovascular diseasethe combination of tomato olive oil garlic and onion in a sofrito increases the amount of polyphenols and carotenoids.
tomatoes onions garlic and oil. The combination of these foods equals the bio-health compounds of each one separately.
With regard to oil scientists recommend using virgin olive oil instead of sunflower oil. In fact they are now looking for the ideal proportion of the four ingredients
and it would seem that the inclusion of 10%extra virgin olive oil gives very good results in the sofrito properties.
#Researchers warn against high emissions from oil palm expansion in Brazilexpanding millions of hectares of Brazilian land to produce palm oil for food
or indigenous areas the total amount of CO2 emissions from biodiesel made from palm oil produced in that region may exceed the carbon intensity of petroleum diesel
of which is produced from soybean oil. Oil palm has become an increasingly attractive crop for the production of biodiesel as it has a much higher yield than other crops requires barely any new technology to produce
More detailed work aims to gather the information palm oil producers need to make their plantations more mammal-friendly
#Key genes for increasing oil content in plant leaves identifiedscientists at the U s. Department of energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory have identified the key genes required for oil production and accumulation in plant leaves and other vegetative plant tissues.
Enhancing expression of these genes resulted in vastly increased oil content in leaves the most abundant sources of plant biomass-a finding that could have important implications for increasing the energy content of plant-based foods and renewable biofuel feedstocks.
Oil is twice as energy-dense as carbohydrates which make up the bulk of leaves stems and other vegetative plant matter.
If you want to cut calories from your diet you cut fat and oils. Conversely if you want to increase the caloric output of your biofuel
or feed for livestock you want more oil said Xu. But plants don't normally store much oil in their leaves and other vegetative tissues.
In nature oil storage is the job of seeds where the energy-dense compounds provide nourishment for developing plant embryos.
The idea behind Xu's studies was to find a way to reprogram plants to store oil in their more abundant forms of biomass.
The first step was to identify the genes responsible for oil production in vegetative plant tissues. Though oil isn't stored in these tissues almost all plant cells have the capacity to make oil.
But until these studies the pathway for oil biosynthesis in leaves was unknown. Many people assumed it was similar to
what happens in seeds but we tried to look also at different genes and enzymes said Xu.
Unraveling the genesthe scientists used a series of genetic tricks to test the effects of overexpressing
or disabling genes that enable cells to make certain enzymes involved in oil production. Pumping up the factors that normally increase oil production in seeds had no effect on oil production in leaves
and one of these when overexpressed in leaves caused growth and developmental problems in the plants.
Altering the expression of a different oil-producing enzyme however had dramatic effects on leaf oil production.
If you knock out (disable) the gene for an enzyme known as PDAT it doesn't affect oil synthesis in seeds
or cause any problems to plants but it dramatically decreases oil production and accumulation in leaves Xu said.
In contrast overexpressing the gene for PDAT-that is getting cells to make more of this enzyme-resulted in a 60-fold increase in leaf oil production.
An important observation was that the excess oil did not mix with cellular membrane lipids
but was found in oil droplets within the leaf cells. These droplets were somewhat similar to those found in seeds only much much larger.
It was as if many small oil droplets like those found in seeds had fused together to form huge globules Xu said.
Bigger droplets may seem better but they're not explained Xu. Oil in these oversized droplets is broken easily down by other enzymes in the cells.
In seeds he said oil droplets are coated with a protein called oleosin which prevents the droplets from fusing together keeping them smaller
while also protecting the oil inside. What would happen in leaves the scientists wondered if they activated the gene for oleosin along with PDAT?
The result: Overexpression of the two genes together resulted in a 130-fold increase in production of leaf oil compared with control plants.
This time the oil accumulated in large clusters of tiny oleosin-coated oil droplets. Identifying the mechanismnext the scientists used radio-labeled carbon (C-14) to decipher the biochemical mechanism by which PDAT increases oil production.
They traced the uptake of C-14-labeled acetate into fatty acids the building blocks of membrane lipids and oils.
These studies showed that PDAT drastically increased the rate at which these fatty acids were made. Then the scientists decided to test the effects of overexpressing the newly identified oil-increasing genes (PDAT
and oleosin) in a variant of test plants that already had elevated an rate of fatty acid synthesis. In this case the genetic boost resulted in even greater oil production
and accumulation-170-fold compared with control plants-to the point where oil accounted for nearly 10 percent of the leaf's dry weight.
That potentially equals almost twice the oil yield by weight that you can get from canola seeds
which right now is one of the highest oil-yielding crops used for food and biodiesel production said Xu.
Burning plant biomass with such energy density to generate electricity would release 30 to 40 percent more energy
and the nutritional value of feed made from such energy-dense biomass would also be enhanced greatly.
And there are challenges in finding ways to extract oil from leaves so it can be converted to biofuels.
Xu is now collaborating with Brookhaven biochemist John Shanklin to explore the potential effect of overexpressing these key genes on oil production in dedicated biomass crops such as sugarcane.
Images showing the storage of oil in droplets were produced using microscopes housed at Brookhaven's Center for Functional Nanomaterials (CFN) also supported by BES.
while increasing intake of monounsaturated fats such as avocados and olive oil-Lower intake of animal protein and add more vegetable protein to your diet-Add more fiber to your diet by consuming whole grains vegetables
The work was funded by the BP-MIT Materials and Corrosion Center. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Massachusetts institute of technology.
Lou said ultrathin h-BN protection might find a place in turbines jet engines oil exploration
and industrial activities such as petroleum refining and coal-power production as well as where agricultural runoff is collected
The relative benefits of the electric vehicles the researchers found depend on vehicle efficiency associated with drive cycle diesel fuel price travel demand electric drive battery replacement
Wild cards in the study included the future costs of both diesel fuel and electricity and the potential cost of replacing an electric truck's battery pack
while only diesel fuel prices could have a similarly large effect on the future cost-competitiveness of diesel trucks.
Biodiesel yields carbon dioxide emissions about 1 percent greater than those from petroleum diesel. If there is any climate benefit to biofuels it occurs
Biofuels are presumed the replacement for the petroleum-based transportation fuels gasoline and diesel that dominate liquid fuel use.
The partnership funded from the energy company BP includes researchers from the University of California Berkeley;
It is an alternative to snacks that exist in the market that contain oils and saturated fats and therefore are high in calories says Noelia Betoret principal researcher and professor at the School of Agricultural engineering and Natural Environment.
Nootkatone is a component of the oil in grapefruit and has been on the U s. Food
and transform them into oils and fats for biodiesel production. Brown said that either the bacteria themselves
and dairy processing being particularly challenging for the researchers) and the industries of petroleum refining and glass manufacturing.
Ecofys focused on petroleum refining and glass manufacturing. Ecofys also designed benchmarks for the emissions trading system for industry in Europe.
%The team also determined that at most of the sampling points the oil content in the biomass of the male tree was greater than that in the biomass of the female tree.
Also at any given sampling point the concentration of some oil constituents may be higher in the oil from the female trees
whereas the concentration of other oil constituents may be high in the oil of male trees Zheljazkov said.
It could be useful for powering devices for use in extreme environments such as oil drilling the military and space.
and is used commonly in muds for oil drilling in modern construction in medical applications and as a binder by iron and steel foundries.
A Mediterranean diet typically consists of higher levels of olive oil vegetables fruit and fish. A higher adherence to the diet means higher daily intakes of fruit and vegetables and fish and reduced intakes of meat and dairy products.
and cereals) and fish with olive oil as the primary source of monounsaturated fat (MUSF) and low to moderate intake of wine as well as low intake of red meat poultry
We're hoping that biofuels made in such an efficient way can eventually replace current petroleum-based fuels said Xiaoxia Nina Lin assistant professor of chemical engineering and leader of the research.
or more of biomass annually enough to produce biofuels that could displace 30 percent or more of our current petroleum production.
Moreover by engineering the bacteria differently they believe their system could produce a variety of petroleum-based chemicals in a sustainable way.
and oil spillssome time around 37000 BCE a massive volcano erupted in the Campanian region of Italy blanketing much of Europe with ash stunting plant growth
and the oil spilling underwater in the 2010 Deepwater horizon disaster. In all these events a fluid rises into a density-stratified environment like the atmosphere or the ocean.
Predicting Ash and Oil Flowsbaines thinks his work could be used to estimate how much ash is pouring out of a volcano
or how fast oil is gushing from a hole in the sea floor. Baines is now working with volcanologists in Britain to apply his model to historic eruptions like the Campanian event
or canola oil supplemental lipids from algae sources and amino acid supplements such as taurine. An amino acid used in energy drinks taurine plays a critical role in the metabolism of fats stress responses
which omega-3-deficient oils like corn and soy oil became prevalent and farm animals moved from eating grass to grain.
The discovery that regulation of the Shell gene will enable breeders to boost palm oil yields by nearly one-third is excellent news for the rainforest
and its champions worldwide says Datuk Dr. Choo Yuen May the Director General of the Malaysian Palm oil Board (MPOB) an agency of the Malaysian federal government.
and oil yield explains Dr. Rajinder Singh of the MPOB first author of the Nature paper describing the Shell gene.
Palm oil also has the best energy balance of any commercial product currently used in biofuel applications yielding about 9 times the energy required to produce it according to Dr. Martienssen.
Tenera palms contain one mutant and one normal version or allele of Shell an optimum combination that results in 30%more oil per land area than dura palms.
Accurate genotyping for enhanced oil yields will optimize and help stabilize the acreage devoted to oil palm plantations providing an opportunity for the conservation of rainforest reserves Martienssen explains.
The government halted the conversion of new forest land for agriculture including palm oil in the 1990s.
To meet increased demand for palm oil the government converted colonial rubber and cocoa plantations to oil palm plantations.
It comprises nearly 35000 genes including the full set of oil biosynthesis genes and other transcriptional regulators highly expressed in the oil-rich palm fruit.
The researchers also created a draft sequence of the South american oil palm E. oleifera. Both palm species are in the Arecaceae family of flowering plants which fossil evidence dates to the Cretaceous period an estimated 140 to 200 million years ago.
It is used as a basic raw material in producing starch oil protein alcohol food sweeteners and as a dietary staple.
because similar studies have shown that oil and gas development affect prairie chickens Sandercock said. With wind power development the researchers had unexpected the result of female survival rates increasing after wind turbines were installed potentially
But they're massive compared with the petroleum-based pitch used in current carbon fiber.
The researchers fed two groups of pregnant sheep corn oil either with nothing added to it
and lowers the nation's dependence on foreign oil he said. But the cost in water may outweigh those concerns.
while decreasing reliance on imported oil it is important to recognize the tradeoffs Alvarez said.
The study carried out by the Zoological Society of London (ZSL) describes how forests converted to palm oil plantations are causing threatened forest dwelling frogs to vanish resulting in an overall loss of habitat that is important for the conservation of threatened frog
and if palm oil plantations continue to take over the peat swamp frog along with its forest home could be a thing of the past.
ZSL together with collaborators from Queen Mary University of London Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia and University of Malaya continues to work closely with Malaysian palm oil producers in determining
Grewell and his colleagues report a third application for ultrasound in biofuel production showing that they can accelerate transesterification the main chemical reaction for converting oil to biodiesel.
In one case the researchers found that subjecting soybean oil to ultrasound transformed it into biodiesel in less than a minute rather than the 45 minutes it normally takes.
and starved with glycerin a co-product of biodiesel production could prodfuce high yields of oil that could be extracted
the timber was discovered to go back to between 12846 BP**and 13782 BP. With the support of the building-site management to date the WSL researchers have managed to salvage some 200 pine-tree stumps which they have had transported in truckloads to the WSL.
This dataset contains dated tree rings going back to 12594 BP. The finds that have been made up to now in Zurich are from the period from 12700 BP to 14100 BP.
Through meticulous comparison of tree-ring patterns efforts are now being made to identify the overlaps needed for precise dating.
)**BP=Before Present: a time-scale that is used in archaeology geology and other sciences to date events in the past.
To counteract this problem producers have included saturated fats such as corn germ beef tallow palm kernel oil and glycerol in diets containing DDGS
For this study corn germ beef tallow palm kernel oil and glycerol were added each to a diet containing DDGS.
The oils are also for industrial processes such as making soaps cosmetics perfumes paints and biofuels.
This study provides the first evidence that early limited formula (ELF) can provide important benefits to some newborns said lead author Valerie Flaherman MD MPH an assistant professor of pediatrics and epidemiology and biostatistics
but ELF is a different way to envision using it said Flaherman. Rather than giving full bottles of formula that make it hard for the baby to return to the breast ELF is a small amount of supplementation with a clear end point that alleviates some of the stress new mothers feel about producing enough milk.
Breastfeeding is known to offer wide-ranging preventive health benefits for babies reducing their risk for infections
The babies were assigned randomly either to receive early limited formula (ELF) which consisted of one-third of an ounce of infant formula by syringe following each breastfeeding
So as not to interfere with breastfeeding 8 to 12 times a day the ELF babies were given only small amounts of formula.
The ELF babies stopped the formula when their mothers began producing mature milk approximately two to five days after birth.
However only 10 percent of the ELF babies had received formula in the last 24 hours compared with 47 percent of the control group.
and fish olive oil and grass-fed animal protein while taking supplements containing the antioxidant polyphenol from fish oil grape seed extract and vitamins.
The Mediet is characterized by a high consumption of fruits vegetables legumes olive oil nuts and whole grain;
The five-year study looks at 7447 participants assigned to one of three intervention diets (two Mediets enriched with extra virgin olive oil or mixed nuts or a control low-fat diet.
Concern over methane is mounting due to leaks associated with rapidly expanding unconventional oil and gas extraction and the potential for large-scale release of methane from the Arctic as ice cover continues to melt
and land use change and our energy choices (such as biofuels oil sands and shale gas). In this talk we discuss the drivers affecting water sustainability
EBI which provided the funding for this research is a collaborative partnership between BP the funding agency UC Berkeley Berkeley Lab and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
#Microalgae produce more oil faster for energy, food or productsscientists have described technology that accelerates microalgae's ability to produce many different types of renewable oils for fuels chemicals foods
Walter Rakitsky Ph d explained that microalgae are the original oil producers on earth and that all of the oil-producing machinery present in higher plants resides within these single-cell organisms.
Solazyme's breakthrough biotechnology platform unlocks the power of microalgae achieving over 80 percent oil within each individual cell at commercial scale
while changing the triglyceride oil paradigm by their ability to tailor the oil profiles by carbon chain and saturation.
The ability to produce multiple oils in a matter of days out of one plant location using standard industrial fermentation is a game-changer.
Solazyme's patented microalgae strains have become the workhorses of a growing industry focused on producing commercial quantities of microalgal oil for energy and food applications.
Rakitsky is with Solazyme Inc. of South San francisco Calif. one of the largest and most successful of those companies
In a keynote talk at the ACS meeting Rakitsky described Solazyme's technology platform that enables the company to produce multiple oils from heart-healthy high-oleic oils for food to oils that are tailored to have specific performance
and oils that are the highest-value cuts of the barrel for advanced fuels. The benefits of these oils far surpass those of other oils that are currently available today.
For the first time in history we have unlocked the ability to completely design and tailor oils he said.
This breakthrough allows us to create oils optimized for everything from high-performance jet and diesel fuel to renewable chemicals to skin-care products and heart-healthy food oils.
These oils could replace or enhance the properties of oils derived from the world's three dominant sources:
petroleum plants and animals. Producing custom-tailored oils starts with optimizing the algae to produce the right kind of oil
and from there the flexibility of the fermentation platform really comes into play. Solazyme is able to produce all of these oils in one location simply by switching out the strain of microalgae they use Rakitsky explained.
Unlike other algal oil production processes in which algae grow in open ponds Solazyme grows microalgae in total darkness in the same kind of fermentation vats used to produce vinegar medicines and scores of other products.
Instead of sunlight energy for the microalgae's growth comes from low-cost plant-based sugars. This gives the company a completely consistent repeatable industrial process to produce tailored oil at scale Sugar from traditional sources such as sugarcane
and corn has advantages for growing microalgae especially their abundance and relatively low cost Rakitsky said.
The company's first fit-for-purpose commercial-scale production plant is under construction with their partner Bunge next to a sugarcane mill in Brazil.
Initial production capacity will be 110000 tons of microalgal oil annually expanding up to 330700 tons. In addition the company has a production agreement with ADM in Clinton Iowa for 22000 tons of oil expandable to 110000 tons.
Ultimately cellulosic sources of sugars from non-food plants or plant waste materials like grasses or corn stover may take over as those technologies reach the right scale
and cost structures. Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by American Chemical Society (ACS.
The potential for profit and environmental benefits are why so many automobile oil and energy companies are working on hydrogen fuel cell vehicles as the transportation of the future Zhang said.
and petroleum-based substrates are not very eco-friendly. For instance if cells fabricated on glass were to break during manufacturing
or petroleum-based substrates said Kippelen. The group plans to achieve this by optimizing the optical properties of the solar cell's electrode.
and power lines findings that could affect the oil and gas industry as much as farmers and land owners.
You have some of those areas that because of petroleum extraction stockyards or other human activity the chickens just won't said use Boal.
and bioethanol (obtained from monoculture of palm oil sugar cane maize etc.)have presented problems that make them less attractive.
The study is based on Flynn's research of a plant-based diet she developed that emphasizes cooking with olive oil
As part of the study participants attended six weeks of cooking classes where instructors prepared quick and easy plant-based recipes that incorporated ingredients like olive oil whole grain pasta
Soybean meal is a bi-product following oil extraction from soybean seeds. It is rich in protein
#Petroleum use, greenhouse gas emissions of automobiles could drop 80 percent by 2050: U s. reporta new National Research Council report finds that by the year 2050 the U s. may be able to reduce petroleum consumption
and greenhouse gas emissions by 80 percent for light-duty vehicles--cars and small trucks--via a combination of more efficient vehicles;
To reach the 2050 goals for reducing petroleum use and greenhouse gases vehicles must become dramatically more efficient regardless of how they are powered said Douglas M. Chapin principal of MPR Associates
In addition alternative fuels to petroleum must be readily available cost-effective and produced with low emissions of greenhouse gases.
and reductions in petroleum use and greenhouse gas emissions exceed the additional costs of the transition over and above
and appropriate refueling infrastructure created they have great potential for reducing petroleum consumption. While corn-grain ethanol
and could lead to large reductions in both petroleum use and greenhouse gas emissions; it can also be introduced without major changes in fuel delivery infrastructure or vehicles.
The report finds that sufficient lignocellulosic biomass could be produced by 2050 to meet the goal of an 80 percent reduction in petroleum use
and corn ethanol production is influenced also by the price of oil since corn requires transport.#
Other species including the oil bee Macropis patellata showed more gradual declines. Although few species were found to have declined severely more than half of all bee species changed in proportion over time with 29 percent of the species decreasing and 27 percent increasing.
Most are made out of petroleum and a piece of plastic if it misses the recycling bin
Rather than tapping a barrel of oil to obtain starting materials Tang's research group
The rosin and turpentine derived from their wood is rich in hydrocarbons similar but not identical to some components of petroleum.
Hydrocarbon-rich starting materials whether from petroleum or tree resin can be converted into various forms of
With petroleum derivatives scientists have invested more than a hundred years of research into refining the polymer chemistry involved
Renewable polymers currently suffer from inferior performance in comparison to those derived from petroleum Tang said.
If we can establish clear structure-property relationships we will be able to achieve the kinds of results we now get from polymers made from petroleum.
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