www. oecd. org/publishingwith the financial assistance of the European union -HSTCQE=U Y UZ: isbn 978-92-64-08460-581 2010 07 1 P
Employment, Labour and Social affairs, OECD Publishing www. oecd. org/els/health/workingpapers Rosen, B. 1989), â€oeprofessional Reimbursement and Professional Behavior
disclosures could affect areas such as employment status, access to health insurance and other forms of insurance,
Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social affairs, OECD Publishing, Paris OECD (2009), OECD Health Data 2009 †Statistics and Indicators for 30
Employment growth has been weak and the jobs created have tended to be funded in sectors directly or
competition, employment and participation. As G20 president, Australia will show leadership in pursuing a new wave of economic reform
Industry Skills Fund to assist in the training and employment of young people in regional
total employment (ABS, 2014b; 2014j). ) While typically associated with the retail trades, the services sector includes several high wage
manufacturing activity and employment, with food processing exports currently around $19 billion per annum (ABS, 2014b;
to employment and redeployment, and keep unemployment levels low •Access to public and private infrastructure that facilitates the movement of people
and employment-generating business. The United kingdom has cut public sector net borrowing by a third between 2009-10 and 2012-13 and is forecast to have
7th highest employment rate (OECD, 2014a; 2014d). ) Australia also ranks relatively well on the global indexes of competitiveness compiled by the World Economic Forum and the International
sectors, employment outside the public related sectors of the economy has been weak Box A3 •Profiting from ideas â€
Weak private employment Australia†s employment growth has been weak since the global financial crisis, particularly in the private sector.
Nationally, employment growth has averaged just 1. 4 per cent over the past six years, around three fifths of the rate of the previous 10 years.
Jobs in the †market†sector of the economy, on which long term economic growth and government revenues
manufacturing and agriculture, employment has fallen actually (ABS, 2014j Over half of the jobs created have been
will focus on reforms in investment and infrastructure, trade, competition, employment and participation. As G20 president, we will show leadership in presenting a new wave of economic
to increase their profitability, productivity, employment and export penetration ABS, 2014l; Palangkaraya et al, 2014 More generally,
and should boost real wage growth and employment The Government is committed to a simpler and more sustainable tax system.
array of employment options. In a competitive jobs market, businesses must reward effort and excellence as well as improve employees†skills to retain good employees
and contribute to growth, employment and transfer of new skills and technologies. To ensure that Australia is open for business,
employment outcomes for lower level qualifications, the system also needs to pay more attention to the needs of trainees and employers alike (NCVER, 2013a
employment with the school†s industry partners. Students will be able to graduate with a Year 12 qualification,
post-school ICT diploma or advanced diploma with opportunities for employment with the businesses involved in the programme.
•training for Employment Scholarships: 7, 500 scholarships will be provided to smaller employers who take on a new worker, aged 18†24, in regional Australia and areas
only be redeemable once the trainee goes into employment or further study after completing their training. streamlining governance and regulation
and retaining employment This highlights the importance of focusing on skilled migration, which can increase the
employment prospects and incomes of lower skilled Australians. Business groups have emphasised the importance of skilled migration for increasing the skills of Australian workers
infrastructure in that they provide employment for more people in operation than they do in construction. A new airport at Badgerys Creek
Success of the Centres will be measured by increased investment, employment, productivity and sales, reductions in red tape, improved industry-research links and more businesses
relation to their employment TPO00007 An action plan for a stronger Australia Industry Innovation and C
options, relative to the market price, is a benefit relating to employment and so would usually be considered income of the employee
The Minister for Employment will oversee further consultations to identify the viability of and best way to expand access to the
The Dynamics of Employment Growth: New Evidence from 18 Countries. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no. 14
employment growth and development, International Labour Conference. Geneva International Labour Office International labour organization. 2011). ) A Skilled Workforce for Strong, Sustainable and
employment, community and training related actions such as the European Social Fund and related programmes such as Equal and also Leonardo Da vinci
so the need for the employment of recycling strategies has become of great importance for many in
growth of the national economy through employment creation, investments and exports. Despite the importance of SMES for the vitality of the economy and the potential offered by the IP system for en
ï The Institute for Employment Studies (IES) provides research in the employment market and publishes various reports on employment related issues.
The report Skills Pay-The Con -tribution of Skills to Business Success, although not published by IES provides an analysis
www. employment-studies. co. uk/pubs/report. php? id=ssda0804 ï The Investors in People Standard is a straightforward,
ï Public consciousness of the importance of innovation for wealth, employment and competi -tiveness for a highly innovative climate
provide the bulk of employment However, opportunities presented by the globalization and the entwined, simultaneous pressure to
and provide the bulk of employment Innovative ideas and products are becoming increasingly important to counter the price
employment to 70.9%of all employed persons in 2006 (Ifm, 2007b. In absolute terms German SMES provided employment and/or apprenticeship to 20.42 million people in 2006
in the country. Nearly 83%of all apprenticeship placements in 2006 were offered by SMES, which amounted to 1. 36 million (Ifm, 2007b
and the overall employment generated SMES in Germany continue to remain week on the revenue front
assumption that till then there will be no change in the employment basis. In case the employment basis increases by 2. 5%in this period, the shortfall would grow to 492,000 (of
which 95,000 engineers. In case of a decrease by 2. 5%the shortfall would still be to the
creating a more dynamic economy and greater employment opportunities. In fact, the national climate for private sector innovation has an impact on businesses of
and achieving the employment and growth targets of the Europe 2020 strategy requires a competitive industry that builds its competitiveness on innovation in
terms (e g. on turnover, employment, market seize, IP management, sales, return on investment and profit
which will provide the growth and employment of the future. The reindustrialisation of the EU's industrial base has to focus on the development
†to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in member countries, while maintaining financial
Employment regulation which the World bank finds is generally more flexible in advanced countries than in developing economies, limits
rises in employment and incomes enhanced provision of services for consumers and businesses; and possibly, demonstration and motivational
recognised as an important source of employment and potential growth. Indeed, data are very scarce, but estimates
women provide employment for 9. 2 million people. Using the US ratio between number of employees and self
-employment, it is estimated that the self-employed women in surveyed European countries might employ around 15 million persons.
employment generally and entrepreneurial activities more  OECD 2004 15 PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY
source of employment and generate significant domestic and export earnings. In the poorest countries they nevertheless
less to employment and output than the informal sector Figure 5). An important policy priority in low-income
Figure 5. Contributions to employment and output Source: M. Ayyagari, T. Beck and A. Demirgã c-Kunt, â€oesmall and Medium Enterprises across the Globeâ€, World
Employment Output (GDP Low income Middle income High income Income group Low income Middle income
support needs of SMES are recognised fully as central to growth, employment and poverty reduction â Strengthen SME capacities to improve their competitiveness in domestic
Firms in the low-tech sector tend to be slightly smaller, with average employment of 47
and median employment of 30 (Table 2). 5 In the unbalanced sample, 62%of the firms
employment and sales of old and new products between-150 per cent and 150 per cent, and R&d
employment share less than 100 per cent. We also replaced R&d employment share with the R&d to
sales ratio for the few observations where it was missing. For further details, see Hall, Lotti and Mairesse
and Market Forcesâ€, in Social Pacts, Employment and Growth, N. Acocella and R. Leoni Editors, Physica-Verlag HD
maintaining higher wages at the cost of higher unemployment versus favoring higher levels of employment
high levels of employment †knowledge based economic activity. Emerging comparative advantage that is 2 â€oethe Death of Distance, †The Economist, 30,september 1995
employment has increased by 15%between 1992 and 1996, even though the mean income is 50%greater
their ability to provide the locus for employment creation in periods of economic shifts, and their innovative contribution to structural and
Technology, growth and employment International Review of Applied Economics 16 (3), 265†276 Covin, J. G. and Slevin, D. P. 1989.
employment and types of employment, job training, innovation in the workplace and work organization, as well as the articulation between work and family life.
more established companies and commercialise them, thereby contributing to growth and employment As a result, SME innovation †capacity†is naturally at the top of the European, national and regional
o Innovation assistant, to support newly graduated employment •INNOMOT48 o Bioenergy for the region, to build cooperation between Phd students and companies
o Innovation assistant, to support newly graduated employment •PERIA49 o Creation of R&d departments, to support the hiring of research staff
assistant, it aims at promoting the employment of recently graduated staff in SMES with no or little
research output from universities directly to SMES, through the support to the employment of young
Employment of young graduates in innovation projects within SMES Innovation Systems awareness raising, tutoring and consultancy for SMES;
especially context of constraints on public finances and public sector employment INNOVATION-DRIVEN GROWTH IN REGIONS:
fact that this has led to a shift away from low-skilled employment in OECD countries to high skill labour
regions, employment and older industries by creating new avenues for economic renewal and growth Box 1. 4. Specialisation and comparative advantage
science and technology indicators analyses, regional sectoral employment distribution, export indicators road mapping, SWOT analyses and foresight approaches
technology and employment may help policy-makers in diagnosing of strengths, weaknesses, fits and misfits in terms of scientific, technological
technology and employment may help policy-makers in diagnosing apparent strengths, weaknesses, fits and misfits in terms of scientific
National Innovation Strategy, the Ministry of Employment and Economy Corporate Strategy and Sectoral Strategies the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation Investment Strategy (Tekes) and the Regional Innovation
stratified by industry and an employment-based size indicator •The Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES) Farm
General Secretary of Universities, Andalusian Ministry of Economy, Innovation, Science and Employment Definition of the ecosystem and its boundaries
and associated regional initiatives to influence business and employment growth in the region This strategy is influential at the local
iii) Manufacturing employment in the region represents approximately 18.9, %compared to the national average of 8. 4%and the Victorian state
providing ongoing employment and creating an environment that allows workplace mobility and hence the possibility of open innovation and idea â€oecross fertilisationâ€
multiplier (indirect and induced) effects on value added, employment, tax revenues and social security contributions as well as on beneficial impact on structural change and value creation in
formed between the National Innovation Strategy, the Ministry of Employment and Economy Corporate Strategy and Sectoral Strategies, the Tekes †the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation
ii) Employment rate; and iii) Happiness and Health The PCTI has selected 25 Performance Indicators based on its own strategic objectives of the PCTI
such as science and technology indicators analyses, regional sectoral employment distribution, export indicators, road mapping, SWOT analyses and foresight approaches.
1965), but other economic indicators such as employment, Gross domestic product (GDP), number of newly established firms, and degree of innovation can be used as well.
production, operating surplus, employment, labour costs and investment. Benchmark data can be obtained by summing up sectoral data over all countries in these OECD database (or over a smaller group of
We see that the relative employment in Air Transport and in the Manufacture of Basic Metals plummeted,
Potential for additional employment Potential for higher added value Keep existing activity Regions Countries INNOVATION-DRIVEN GROWTH IN REGIONS:
other relevant policies such as for instance education, employment and rural development policies)? ) Does it assess/take into account the existing level of policy co-ordination within the
and employment within disadvantaged communities (Daves 2001 SMES have a valid claim to heightened relevance,
employees (informal employment. According to Terziovski (2010) Small and Medium enterprises (SMES) in the manufacturing sector make a significant contribution to economic
and Medium Enterprises Institute, SMES are defined as a registered enterprise with employment levels ranging from 30 to 70 depending on the types of industry.
Strength, Employment. Towards the 21st Century: Roads and Challenges†potentially important role of †Cultural Industry†in our economic system was pointed out 7. When
7 European commission, Growth, Competitive Strength, Employment. Towards the 21st Century: Ways and Challenge, Office for Official Publications of the European communities, Luxembourg, 1994
group employment exceeds 500 employees and is lo -cated outside the Centre region By holding concurrently two criteria, the size of the
which in turn can yield employment gains and contribute to the general economic health of a state, region or nation 12.
the national economy in terms of their sizeable contribution to GDP, employment generation, export performance, and achieving sustainable national economic development,
sizeable contribution to GDP, employment generation, export performance, and achieving sustainable national economic development, most
It underpins employment, economic growth and global exports, while providing citizens with resources and mobility that are essential to the quality of life
Annual Employment Survey Forfã¡s July 2013 Ireland†s Competitiveness Performance 2013 Forfã¡s May 2013
Annual Employment Survey 2011 Forfã¡s August 2012 National Skills Bulletin 2012 NCC July 2012
financial system and anemic employment recovery since the Great Recession. But Europe faces a challenge of equal or even greater
While employment presents a formidable challenge in many European countries, sacrificing productivity for jobs†that is, deliberately creating
â€oefirms with high levels of ICT are more likely to grow (in terms of employment) and less
they had increased both productivity and expanded employment over the past year. 61 Castiglione measures the impact of ICT investments in Italian manufacturing firms and
proportion of their employment in small firms Firm size matters for the EU because larger firms are more likely to invest in ICT.
Philipp Koellinger, â€oeimpact of ICT on Corporate Performance, Productivity and Employment Dynamics†(European commission Enterprise and Industry Directorate General, December 2006
Employment in France and Germany (Mckinsey Global Institute, March 1997 http://www. mckinsey. com/insights/europe/removing barriers to growth and employment in france a
firms, employment and patents, with the conclusion that the connection between priorities and the economic and innovation structures is weak
For this, we have used Eurostat data on the number of organisations, employment data and patent applications in absolute terms,
growth of employment. We found that there were some connections between the RIS3 priorities of food, services and advanced manufacturing and
employment in 2010 (illustrated in Figure 7), there being overlaps in most sectors except for
Eurostat employment data for 2010, SBS data by NACE Rev. 2 for the EU-28 (and Norway) with missing data for
relative growth of the number of firms and employment, and the absolute number of patent
sectors, employment and patent applications. The chosen innovation priorities somewhat reflect growth in employment, the relative growth of the number of local units and the absolute number
of patent applications. However, the overall relationship between priorities and the economic and innovation structure seems weak.
Employment activities Financial service activities, except insurance and pension funding Insurance, reinsurance and pension funding, except compulsory social security
data on firms, employment and patents, with the conclusion that the connection between priorities and the economic and
â€oethe effects of broadband deployment on output and employment: a cross -sectional analysis of U s. dataâ€;
employment: a cross-sectional analysis of U s. data, in: Issues in Economic policy no. 6, The Brookings Institute, July
1. Employment, 75%of citizens between 20-64 years old should have a job 2. Innovation, 3%of the EU€ s GDP should go to investments in R&d
competitiveness, growth and employment to boost the Single Market •External Policy Tools: The European commission ensures that SMES have the same
to bring social progress, employment and a positive outcome for the environment Indeed, the Single Market can offer many advantages for your business.
research and development and innovation, resource-efficiency and employment in order to ensure that reforms being pursued in these sectors are held successfully
convergence, regional competitiveness and employment and Euro -pean Territorial Cooperation SMES can benefit from different funding possibilities targeting the above objectives.
-lic administrations, NGOS and social partners, involved in the sector of employment and social inclusion http://ec. europa. eu/employment social/emplweb/esf projects 117/search. cfm
4. 3. 2 Regional Competitiveness and Employment This objective aims at boosting the growth of employment.
Funding is provided to wealthier regions of the EU in order to encourage an even higher development and make sure that poverty is eliminated. 168
ESF under the Regional Competitiveness and Employment Objective supports the adaption of enter -prises and workers through lifelong learning as well as innovation within organisations.
Table 3. 2 Midwest Employment by Sector Q1 2012, based on FÃ S Regional Labour market Bulletin 2012 & CSO Figures 21
achieve higher levels of employment right across Europe Ireland is embracing a new chapter in
contributing to business and employment growth. Greater collaboration amongst the actors involved in research and innovation
the employment of a dedicated Cluster Facilitator and the establishment of a formal monitoring framework
assets and outputs and employment in knowledge-intensive activities5. This analysis recognises that Ireland†s innovation
•Inclusive growth, fostering a high-employment economy and delivering economic, social and territorial cohesion Investing in research, innovation and entrepreneurship is
employment creation across the economy The Action Plan for Jobs 2014 identifies building competitive advantage through innovation as a key
Plan aims to ensure the creation of highly productive knowledge-based employment and to offer a
-West Region has an employment rate of 62.9%(based on population in the 20-64 age cohort.
and to expand the employment base in the Midwest Region 3. 1 Infrastructural Connectivity The Midwest Region has global trading links and excellent
professional, financial and IT activities accounted for 12%of the Region†s employment See Table 3. 2
Employment by broad economic sector, Q1 2012 Industry Wholesale & Retail Health Education Construction Accommodation & Food
%Table 3. 2 Midwest Employment by Sector Q1 2012, based on FÃ S Regional Labour market Bulletin
and high-end employment, the economy of the Region is also highly dependent on the indigenous SME sector for growth and employment.
Therefore while it is important for the Region to improve collaboration and innovation amongst large-scale and FDI industries, it is also critically important to
The number of graduates from Higher education Institutes in the Midwest who secure employment in the Region is an indicator of academic and business performance.
and the progression of employment-related development in the Region. The presence of a number of highly regarded Higher
support sustainable economic growth, regional development and secure employment 4. 4. 2 Industrial Development Agency (IDA
c) Data pertaining to employment, turnover and exports in the Region from the Central Statistics
•To monitor the impact of analysis and investment, particularly in the areas of employment
strengthen enterprise and employment within the energy sector in the Cork region. Supported by Cork City council and Cork County Council through their
gender, employment status, etc. or possible level of disability, can access the Internet within the privacy and proximity of their own home.
opportunities related to employment, education health, governance or peace-building, thus accelerating progress towards the achievement
employment As more and more people join the information society and high-speed communication networks become an indispensable
public-sector organizations, ICT-related employment data, as well as data related to online security and cybercrime, gender
1. Employment †75%of the 20-64 year-olds to be employed 2. R&d †3%of the EU's GDP to be invested in Research & development
Employment rate (in%)70%63.9%(2013 R&d in%of GDP 2%0. 49%(2012 CO2 emission reduction targets-19%-50.46 (2011
Employment rate R&d Climate change and energy sustainability Fighting poverty and social exclusion Population to buy online
Employment rate Climate change and energy sustainability Fighting poverty and social exclusion Population to buy online
Employment Fighting poverty and social exclusion R&d Population to buy online Population to buy online cross-border
labor market policies, employment information availability, enhance social program efficiency to reduce the risk of poverty
observed a slowdown in terms of development and employment, this figure takes into account the average growth of ICT employment in Romania (7%year on year growth) before the economic downturn
and projects it for the 2014 †2020 period as a target for future investments.
in order to improve the growth of the ICT employment by the Romanian Government for example the state aid scheme for creating a minimum number of jobs
employment Source: The Impact of ICT on Growth in Transition Economies, Marcin Piatkowski, Warsaw 2004
Overall growth in employment 1. 28 1. 28-1. 37-0. 52 0. 38 0. 34-2. 67-0. 53-0
the major obstacles regarding the economic growth and employment egovernment Approach in Romania Public services and their efficiency are considered to have a significant impact on the economic and social
one of Europe†s most dynamic sectors, accounting for 3. 3%of EU GDP and 3%of employment.
ï Public libraries Provide a Path to Employment The Europe 2020 strategy to create smart, sustainable growth across the European union aims to secure
employment for three-quarters of citizens between the ages of 20 and 64 by 2020. With unemployment
employment, education, health, information and communications, mobility, security, justice and culture designed to combat social exclusion based on criteria such as poverty, geographical location, disability and
growth and employment. It proposes formal and informal education for citizens to develop digital literacy in all levels of education. 8
Employment Losing the job 1. The employment agencies are informed by the employers which intend to have certain
Employment Accidents at work and work incapacity 1. Notification submitted to the labor protection department 2. Preparation of a Finding Report
Environment, Education and Skills, Culture and Arts, Work and Employment, Participation and Democracy, Neighbourhood Regeneration, Science
OCRACY CULTURE AND ARTS HEALTH AND WELLBEING WORK AND EMPLOYMENT S MA RT PU BL
Work and Employment DSI AREAS AREAS OF SOCIETY New ways of making Funding acceleration and incubation
OCRACY CULTURE AND ARTS HEALTH AND WELLBEING WORK AND EMPLOYMENT S MA RT PU BL
Work and Employment DSI AREAS AREAS OF SOCIETY New ways of making Funding acceleration and incubation
the rest of the EU. Identify specific social challenges (such as health, employment, urban regeneration and care) facing countries
Through their Web site, SMES can attract potential investors and persons seeking employment from abroad by providing information on their technologies and financial positions (e g. balance sheets.
e-commerce on their turnover and profitability and to a lesser extent on employment, most notably when e-commerce is part of larger business strategies of firms (OECD, 2002a.
employment, GDP, or the value added of electronic commerce activities The information society services financed by advertising
of Employment and the Economy, Finland mikko. huuskonen@tem. fi LÃ vy SÃ bastien ITEMS International slevy@items-int. eu
their regions to deliver higher levels of employment productivity, and social cohesion in a manner that
cleaning and turning it into an employment perk. Hemfrid has persuaded the government to treat houseâ cleaning as a taxâ deductible benefit,
-employment, undulations in housing and equity prices and government defaults on international and do -mestic debts (1). The source of the problem gener
rate of growth and employment both went down by half; growth has averaged 4%per year since 1999 (8). Nevertheless, in 2007, its trade balance
-ment and employment (14. According to the OECD Australia†s timely stimulus measures, with a strong
over 2 million homes as well as employment oppor -tunities for predominantly less skilled workers. To speed up the process,
Meeting of Labour and Employment Ministers. Retrieved from http://www. dol. gov/ilab/media/events/G20
for employment This opportunity is tailored to our society: we have the people, the data and the academic strength to
In addition to the benefits in terms of employment intensive data analysis can also be beneficial to our society. These benefits can be summarised under
Counsellor, Ministry of Employment and the Economy, Finland mikko. huuskonen@tem. fi Figure 2 Â
-nomic prosperity, employment, a healthy com -munity, and social well-being 2. for the market in creating new products or ser
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