| Child labour (3) |  |
| Employment structure (5) | |
| Female work (8) | |
| Full-time employment (4) | |
| Holding of two jobs (3) | |
| Moonlighting (3) | |
| Non-standard employment (43) | |
| Self-employment (65) | |
| Unpaid work (6) | |
| Youth employment (106) | |
| Child labour (3) | |
| Employment structure (5) | |
| Female work (8) | |
| Full-time employment (4) | |
| Holding of two jobs (3) | |
| Moonlighting (3) | |
| Non-standard employment (43) | |
| Self-employment (65) | |
| Unpaid work (6) | |
| Youth employment (106) | |
With regard to the survival rate of businesses, there were at most 73 per cent of participants in self employment 12 months after cessation of NEIS allowance
while just 52 per cent were still in self employment 18 months after benefits ceased. The evaluation found that 73 per cent of †survivors†would have started a business without the NEIS scheme,
Key objectives of both schemes were to reduce unemployment and increase self employment. Evaluation of the deadweight impacts of both schemes suggests they were a success:
FÃ S has succeeded in its objective of progressing individuals to employment/self employment. Discussions with individual CEBS indicated that
Is entrepreneurship self employment? No, that†s not it. The self-employed typically sell their labour to perform a set of tasks,
The allowance encourages the long-term unemployed to take up self employment, and is paid on a reducing scale over a two year period,
and the applicant must not take up self employment until they have received written approval from the Local Development Company or the Department of Social Protection.
then we must fast track those people trying to take up self employment from the live register.
•Numbers of individuals starting a self employment project. •Numbers of newly incorporated companies. •Industry NACE code. •Startup size classification †number of employees
•Business survival rates. •Trends in new enterprise creation-self employment/companies. 61. A †Startup Monitor†should be produced
whether the definition of entrepreneurship should include self employment and intrapreneurship (the creation of new corporate subsidiaries).
National Policy Statement on Entrepreneurship in Ireland26 The Social Inclusion and Community Activation Programme (SICAP) will seek to further address poverty and social exclusion through front-line interventions and the provision of self employment
This work and its contribution towards self employment is set out in detail in the Pobal report â€oesupporting Inclusion through Self employment. †In the main,
The LECP will seek to address community and local development responses to employment, self employment and social enterprise.
The LECP will seek to address community and local development responses to employment, self employment and social enterprise.
as appropriate, the progression of relevant actions in National Youth Strategy which support youth employment and youth employability initiatives, including skills development and experiential learning opportunities for young people and the provision of valuable volunteer opportunities.
productivity and happiness. pdf. txt+Digital living-people centred innovation and strategy. pdf. txt k, Digital Opportunities Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment. pdf
G#2v 4511 Employment structure G#3v 4512 Child labour 0#4#child labour Child labour G#3v 4513 Employment structure
0#4#employment structure Employment structure G#3v 4514 Female work 0#4#employment of women Female work 0#4#female labour Female work
0#4#female work Female work G#3v 4515 Full-time employment 0#4#full time employment Full-time employment 0#4#full time job Full-time employment
0#4#full time work Full-time employment G#3v 4516 Holding of two jobs 0#4#holding of two jobs Holding of two jobs G#3v 4517 Moonlighting
0#4#clandestine employment Moonlighting 0#4#illegal employment Moonlighting 0#4#illegal work Moonlighting 0#4#moonlighting Moonlighting
G#3v 4518 Nonstandard employment G#4v 4519 Casual employment 0#5#casual employment Casual employment 0#5#casual work Casual employment
G#4v 4520 Home working 0#5#home worker Home working 0#5#home working Home working G#4v 4521 Nonstandard employment
0#5#atypical employment Nonstandard employment 0#5#atypical work Nonstandard employment 0#5#non standard employment Nonstandard employment
G#4v 4522 Part-time employment 0#5#part time employment Part-time employment G#4v 4523 Seasonal employment 0#5#seasonal employment Seasonal employment
G#4v 4524 Teleworking 0#5#distance working Teleworking 0#5#teleworking Teleworking G#4v 4525 Temporary employment
0#5#temporary employment Temporary employment G#3v 4526 Self employment 0#4#self employment Self employment G#3v 4527 Unpaid work
0#4#unpaid work Unpaid work G#3v 4528 Youth employment 0#4#youth employment Youth employment G#2v 4529 Termination of employment
G#3v 4530 Dismissal G#4v 4531 Collective dismissal 0#5#collective dismissal Collective dismissal 0#5#collective redundancy Collective dismissal
G#4v 4532 Dismissal 0#5#dismissal Dismissal 0#5#firing Dismissal G#4v 4533 Outplacement
0#5#outplacement Outplacement G#4v 4534 Redundancy 0#5#redundancy Redundancy G#4v 4535 Severance pay
0#5#severance pay Severance pay G#4v 4536 Unfair dismissal 0#5#unfair dismissal Unfair dismissal G#3v 4537 Early retirement
G#4v 4538 Early retirement 0#5#early retirement Early retirement 0#5#flexible retirement age Early retirement 0#5#gradual retirement Early retirement
G#4v 4539 Job cuts 0#5#job cuts Job cuts 0#5#loss of employment Job cuts G#3v 4540 Retired person
0#4#retired person Retired person G#3v 4541 Retirement conditions 0#4#retirement conditions Retirement conditions G#3v 4542 Termination of employment
0#4#termination of employment Termination of employment G#2v 4543 Unemployment G#3v 4544 Cyclical unemployment 0#4#cyclical unemployment Cyclical unemployment
G#3v 4545 Female unemployment 0#4#female unemployment Female unemployment G#3v 4546 Hidden unemployment 0#4#concealed unemployment Hidden unemployment
0#4#disguised unemployment Hidden unemployment 0#4#hidden unemployment Hidden unemployment G#3v 4547 Long-term unemployment 0#4#long term unemployment Long-term unemployment
G#3v 4548 Migrant unemployment 0#4#migrant unemployment Migrant unemployment G#3v 4549 Seasonal unemployment 0#4#seasonal unemployment Seasonal unemployment
G#3v 4550 Short-time working 0#4#short time working Short-time working G#3v 4551 Structural unemployment
0#4#structural unemployment Structural unemployment G#3v 4552 Temporary layoff 0#4#layoff Temporary layoff 0#4#temporary layoff Temporary layoff
G#3v 4553 Unemployment 0#4#frictional unemployment Unemployment 0#4#unemployment Unemployment G#3v 4554 Unemployment due to technical progress
0#4#unemployment due to technical progress Unemployment due to technical progress G#3v 4555 Youth unemployment 0#4#youth unemployment Youth unemployment G#2v 4556 Vocational training
G#3v 4557 Apprenticeship 0#4#apprenticeship Apprenticeship G#3v 4558 Communication skills 0#4#communication practices Communication skills
0#4#communication skills Communication skills G#3v 4559 Conduct of meetings 0#4#conduct of meetings Conduct of meetings G#3v 4560 Continuing vocational training
G#4v 4561 Continuing vocational training 0#5#continuing vocational training Continuing vocational training 0#5#lifelong vocational training Continuing vocational training G#4v 4562 Learning technique
G#5v 4563 Learning technique 0#6#learning technique Learning technique G#5v 4564 Mnemonics 0#6#memorisation technique Mnemonics
0#6#mnemonics Mnemonics G#5v 4565 Speed reading 0#6#speed reading Speed reading G#3v 4566 In service training
0#4#further training and instruction In service training 0#4#in service training In service training G#3v 4567 Negotiation skills 0#4#negotiation practices Negotiation skills
0#4#negotiation skills Negotiation skills G#3v 4568 Traineeship 0#4#traineeship Traineeship G#3v 4569 Training leave
0#4#training leave Training leave G#3v 4570 Updating of skills 0#4#updating of skills Updating of skills G#3v 4571 Vocational training
G#4v 4572 Distance training 0#5#distance training Distance training G#4v 4573 E training 0#5#e training E training
G#4v 4574 Manpower training 0#5#manpower training Manpower training G#4v 4575 Vocational training 0#5#vocational training Vocational training
G#3v 4576 Writing skills 0#4#drafting skills Writing skills 0#4#writing skills Writing skills G#1v 4577 Labour law
G#2v 4578 Labour inspectorate 0#3#factory inspectorate Labour inspectorate 0#3#industrial inspectorate Labour inspectorate 0#3#labour inspectorate Labour inspectorate
G#2v 4579 Labour law 0#3#employment law Labour law 0#3#labour law Labour law 0#3#labour legislation Labour law
economy, asylum seekers and victims of human trafficking and youth employment x Through the European Social Fund:
Other important trends include fluctuations in self employment rates since the 2007-08 financial crisis, with significant differences between countries, after an initial rise soon followed by a fall. 9
self employment and compares European opinions with those outside of Europe, the image of entrepreneurs is relatively low in the EU:
motivation, choices, experiences and obstacles linked to self employment, and compares European opinions with those outside of Europe, people all over the world agree that
YOUTH EMPLOYMENT DIGITAL INCLUSION T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o N d e v e l o p m e n t
solutions for youth employment February 2014 This report was developed and published by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU),
out of the youth employment and entrepreneurship initiative between ITU and Telecentre. org Foundation. The partnership seeks to advance youth employability, entrepreneurship, and social inclusion
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment iii Lead authors Chris Coward is the cofounder, Principal Research Scientist,
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment iv Foreword Today†s youth face enormous challenges finding a job
I am delighted that this report was developed in response to the Youth employment and Entrepreneurship initiative between ITU and Telecentre. org Foundation.
new Youth employment and Entrepreneurship Resources Database at www. itu. int/ITU-D/youth What will be required to connect more youth to this new world of opportunities?
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment v Table of contents Page 1 Introduction...1 1. 1 Organization of report...
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment vi Page 6 Entrepreneurship skills and support...35 6. 1 Entrepreneurship skills...
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 1 1 Introduction Youth make up 17 per cent of the world†s population and 40 per cent of the world†s unemployed
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 2 adequately represent all of these in a report of reasonable length.
Chapter 8 discusses the role of government in supporting youth employment and entrepreneurship. Chapter 9 offers some concluding thoughts
It includes wage employment, self employment, and farming. Under this categorization, entrepreneurship is a form and subset of self employment.
Self employment, though can be a double-edged sword. â€oemany businesses in developing countries are started not to exploit
Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 3 business opportunities but because the owners cannot find satisfactory jobs. †2 In fact, â€oemost micro-and
small enterprises in developing countries are just forms of survivorship, with limited chances to grow. †3
This definition is intended not to diminish the importance of self employment. It is crucial for job creation
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 4 Underemployed youth is triple the unemployment rate. 9 These are predominantly youth who work in
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 5 Figure 2: Unemployment rates by age range Source: Gallup 2. 2 The skills mismatch
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 6 Figure 3: Youth unemployment rates, by region Source: International labour organization (ILO
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 7 Youth not engaged in employment, education, or training (NEET) is one of the main challenges
The quality of youth employment has declined. Youth increasingly find themselves in nonstandard jobs such as temporary employment and part-time work.
Countries like Spain and Ireland have recorded increases in the youth part-time employment rate of 11.8 and 20.7 percentage points respectively
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 8 2. 4. 1 Latin america and the Caribbean In Latin america and the Caribbean, youth unemployment has declined recently
Low quality schooling and high dropout rates supress youth employment. According to the Economic Commission for Latin america and the Caribbean, completing a high quality secondary education is an
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 9 Youth face an underdeveloped private sector and a growing informal sector.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 10 cent in one 2008 survey. 48 Educational achievement as measured by the Programme for International
53 International labour organization,"China Youth employment Report,"(Geneva: ILO, 2005 54 UNESCO, Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2010,(Paris:
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 11 Africa has the highest rate of working poor, estimated at 40.1 per cent in 2012.58 More than three out of
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 12 This chapter explores how ICTS are transforming three sectors:
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 13 3. 2 Health Healthcare is a global multi-trillion dollar industry that is undergoing massive changes as a result of ICT
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 14 Figure 6: Technology-enabled programmes, by purpose Source: World health organization, 2012
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 15 THE WHO study also reveals many programmes that face important barriers. 71 Problems with end-user
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 16 Firms or countries tend to follow any of the five following trajectories
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 17 4 New employment and entrepreneurship opportunities †Emerging sectors
This chapter explores a range of emerging opportunities involving ICTS and youth employment and entrepreneurship. First, the ways in which young people find work through digital job matching services is
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 18 4. 1 Online job services and job matching While it may be skilled common for, educated workers to use existing web-based job-matching services to
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 19 Figure 8: Crowdsourcing vs. Microwork Source: Author elaboration and Howe (2008
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 20 Microwork Microwork is a series of small tasks that have been broken out of a larger business process
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 21 Samasource is a nonprofit organization that brings digital work opportunities to people
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 22 Jobs in the app economy can be categorized as follows •IT-related jobs that use app economy skills†the ability to develop,
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 23 Figure 9: Global map of app trade routes Source: Developer Economics 2012
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 24 The World bank Bank†s infodev programme, in collaboration with the Government of Finland and Nokia
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 25 winners receiving incubation, financial, and other forms of support. 99 This is a model that many other
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 26 4. 6 Mobile phone repair and computer assembly Mobile phone repair as well as computer maintenance and assembly continue to be important areas of
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 27 Employment growth in the renewable energy sector alone is projected to be impressive for the coming
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 28 4. 7. 2 Green jobs for youth The dialogue around ICTS and the green economy has centered largely on food security, sustainable
would in turn generate youth employment. 113 Youth have expressed a strong interest in renewable energy and fighting climate change as evidenced in
jobs to increase our employment and youth employment rates. †115 Paulo, YMCA volunteer Upgrading youth ICT skills will be a key factor in their ability to participate in and benefit from the green
115 UN Focal point on Youth, â€oewhat Are the Up-and-coming Areas for Youth employment in Your Country?
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 29 a variation of ICT skills that is becoming increasingly important for some careers.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 30 5. 2 Digital literacy Most of today†s attention around ICT skills is focused on the concept of digital literacy.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 31 Second, being digitally literate involves much more than having technical skills.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 32 All of these distinctions have important implications for digital literacy training.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 33 Figure 12: Web skills/Competencies/Literacies grid EXPLORING CREATING CONNECTING PROTECTING
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 34 5. 4 Complementary skills The discussion in this chapter so far has focused on the ICT-related skills required for meaningful
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 35 Learning and innovation skills •creativity and innovation •critical thinking and problem solving
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 36 Business incubators and accelerators are emerging around the world seeking to emulate the successes of
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 37 Figure 14: Core entrepreneurial skills and attributes132 *English continues to be recognized as key for conducting business
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 38 Important skills for digital entrepreneurs In addition, digital entrepreneurs also require skills in a variety of areas related to business
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 39 Micromentor is an initiative of the nonprofit humanitarian agency Mercy Corps that offers
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 40 turn to crowdfunding as one of their primary sources of investment capital.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 41 6. 4 Toolkits and training programmes There are many digital resources designed to help young entrepreneurs that have been created by the
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 42 Providing access to market information has long been a goal of many initiatives,
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 43 A study looking at learning spaces and the influence of ICTS identifies six trends as the hallmark of the
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 44 Figure 15: Story of Kelvin Doe Source: Authors 7. 1 New learning models
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 45 Figure 16: Blended learning and ICTS Source: Authors The blended learning process relies on digital environments called Learning Management Systems (LMS
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 46 Blended learning has gained popularity mostly in European and North american high schools, colleges and
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 47 Prominent and emerging models of self-directed learning include open universities,
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 48 Similar services continue to grow as universities and other educational institutions seize the power of ICTS
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 49 Figure 18: Social capital and collaborative/peer learning Source:
In the context of youth employment, it is important to consider the benefits that participating in
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 50 work alongside more experienced workers they acquire and develop many of the same ICT and soft skills
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 51 A report prepared for the European commission in 2008 predicted some of these changes by arguing that
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 52 7. 4 Repositories, games and mobile resources Using online channels to learn
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 53 7. 4. 3 Social media Social media are used extensively for learning as well.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 54 There is an opportunity for public access points, such as telecentres, libraries,
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 55 The European Computer Driving Licence is an international computer skills certification
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 56 Figure 20: How Open Badges work Source: Mozilla Open Badges175
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 57 This chapter looks at the role of governments in advancing policies, programmes and strategies for youth
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 58 programmes in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Laos, Pakistan, and Viet nam designed to
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 59 8. 2 ICT skill development in non-formal educational settings
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 60 At the same time, it is important for governments to recognize the growth and influence of alternative
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 61 Another area for government-private sector partnership is job placement.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 62 •Foster innovation through contests and competitions. This can be accomplished by partnering
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 63 and have driven the explosive expansion of social media and other web 2. 0 applications.
Public-private partnerships can further advance youth employment through training, internships, and job placement programmes. Policies and programmes to support
the needs of youth and support governments in implementing youth employment and entrepreneurship strategies, while development agencies and foundations can provide financial support and expertise
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 64 Gestion du spectre radioã lectrique au Niger References Amin, Mohammad.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 65 Hofer, Andrea-Rosalinde and Austin Delaney.""Shooting for the Moon:
"China Youth employment Report.""Geneva: International Labour Office, 2005 International labour organization.""Decent Work and Youth in Latin america."
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 66 Johnson, Larry, Samantha Adams, and Michele Cummins. â€oethe NMC Horizon Report:
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 67 OECD. ICT Skills and Employment: New Competences and Jobs for a Greener and Smarter Economy
/UN Focal point on Youth. â€oewhat Are the Up-and-coming Areas for Youth employment in Your Country? †UN World Youth Report Website.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 68 United nations Environment Programme. â€oetransition to Green Economy Could Yield up to 60 Million
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 69 Glossary Accelerators For-profit incubator that support start-ups with funding and other services in
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 70 HTML Hypertext markup language (HTML) is the main markup language for creating
YOUTH EMPLOYMENT DIGITAL INCLUSION T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o N d e v e l o p m e n t
Innovative ICTSOLUTIONS for youth employment Lead authors Foreword Table of contents 1 Introduction 1. 1 Organization of report
The Kiã t Program, self employment and microcredit for Roma in Hungary Piloting Stage Kiã t aims to support Roma to work in the formal economy by starting up a business.
and investment support for self employment and business creation can be very relevant for socially innovative start-ups
/The Kiã t Programme, self employment and microcredit for Roma in Hungary Kiã t aims to support Roma to work in the formal economy by starting up a business.
youth employment rate. This initiative is focused on the Europe 2020 objectives of re -ducing early school leaving
and encourage youth employment (through youth guarantees108 social innovation processes have been highlighted: young people†s needs and their par
for self employment Considering the very high level of youth unemployment as a consequence of the crisis
labour demand and job creation through promoting and supporting self employment social enterprises and business start-ups The Single Market Act I, adopted in April 2011,
the Youth employment Package. It also builds on the contribution the European Struc -tural and Investment funds (in particular the ESF) can make to social investment in the
and through practices that tackle inclusion problems such as youth employment or early school leaving. It helps to empower young people
Teleworking and virtual meetings are held mainly back by social/psychological (e g. fear of social isolation and adverse
smaller cars and teleworking. The policy package with regard to smaller cars consists of economic and regulatory instruments supported by informational measures, while the
policy package for teleworking consists of a wide variety of measures, including eco -nomic, regulative, informational and procedural instruments
Paid work Unpaid work Leisure Housework, paid work and leisure Minutes per day and person, latest year available
van Vuuren, D.,â€oethe trend in female labour force participation: what can be expected for the future?
greater willingness to embrace self employment and other forms of entrepreneurship. This is clearly something to build on in the region via a greater focus on developing a culture of entrepreneurship at
through self employment programmes ï Setup a business incubation monitoring and evaluation system that assesses the performance of
Self employment Entry Across Groups. Journal of Business Venturing 10,143-156 Becker, G. 1965. Human Capital.
including self employment and start-ups, but this is likely to be hampered, to some extent, by the relatively low levels of human capital in the region.
training, self employment, assistance to all forms of start-ups, not only those connected with R&d&i ï Secondly, there is a clear divide between policy-making (the responsibility of the new
downturn in Andalusia may stimulate a greater willingness to embrace self employment and other forms of entrepreneurship.
Promote self employment to tackle unemployment and diversify the economy The rising levels of unemployment, the need to diversify the economy (e g. away from
businesses though self employment or creation of firms. Such an approach should not be driven solely by R&d&i considerations:
stimulation of self employment. It is unlikely that new institutions will be required (if anything institutional streamlining is needed.
take responsibility for a more targeted programme of support for self employment. However, this would require an evaluation of its current effectiveness in creating businesses,
Transiting from unemployment into self employment Description of the approach Germany has suffered from persistently high unemployment rate, as well as low self employment
rates. Consequently, a programme known as the †Start-up Subsidy†(SUS †Existenzgrã ndungszuschuss) was introduced in 2003 under
Germany had one of the lowest self employment rates in Europe (fluctuating between 10-11 percent) and yet experienced persistently high levels of unemployment (between 7-9 percent.
vocational educational training, employment subsidies, job creation schemes and self employment schemes targeting the registered unemployed. The policy has been successful in terms of uptake
both the probability of being in self employment and/or paid employment and the personal income are
Baumgartner, H. J. and Caliendo, M. 2007) Turning Unemployment into Self employment Effectiveness and Efficiency of Two Start-up Programmes, DIW, Discussion Papers 671
responsible for vocational education, self employment programmes, and even for some entrepreneur training schemes. A by-product of this divide is that workforce development is aligned not as with
%threshold, it would be important to capture the potential of self employment programmes for both reducing joblessness and increasing business activity rates;
self employment programmes. Self employment has the potential to alleviate unemployment, enhance the long-term income of participants,
and positively impact on their career prospects by improving employability. Currently, however, self employment programmes are in the remit of the regional
ministry of employment. As a result, co-ordination and co-operation between the ministry of
because the success of self employment schemes is highly dependent on the training of participants, who are often unfamiliar with business management practices
through self employment programmes ï Setup a business incubation monitoring and evaluation system that assesses the performance of
self employment, but that is not an accurate definition. Furthermore, entrepreneurship often appears under different denominations, which explains why it is defined in
For example, relationship promoters often had a full time job and a central position within the network. In this context, the works on the creative milieu
The high-tech orientation shows itself also in the employment structure: Oxfordshire has a comparably very high proportion of employment (4. 9%)in R&d activities (Ox
The idea of a substitution for motor vehicle travel is represented also well by teleworking or e
or at a teleworking center that is nearer the worker†s residence than his/her usual work place.
2004) suggests that teleworking would have only a minor impact in terms of reducing emissions, and it is reasonable to assume that the same is true for fuel use and the other correlates
established the short-term transportation and air-quality benefits of teleworking at the disaggregate level (e g.
due to relatively small amounts of teleworking and due to long-term (secondary) impacts counteracting the short-term savings (Mokhtarian, 1998.
) There is, however, still some potential for growth of adoption of teleworking given the type of jobs that lend themselves to this practice;
but actual teleworking remains below its potential level ICT Innovation and Sustainability of the Transport Sector
Exceptions are impacts of teleworking on travel demand and the impacts of ICT use in the
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