necessary peripherals were purchased also such as memory cards, protective cases, microphones additional head phones and card readers.
ï We found that the Authority actively monitors its exposure to risks related to technology approaching end-of-life.
the hardware being supported by the supplier on a'best endeavours'basis. 2 ï The legacy system is unable to comply with the latest NHS information
2 The Mcdonnell douglas hardware and spare parts are no longer commercially available and replacements are drawn from stock that has been decommissioned since the introduction of CIP
manage, monitor and control their prescribing habits and costs monitor and manage drug expenditure against budget;
The legacy Mcdonnell douglas hardware is supported by Northgate on a'best endeavours'basis 26 Part Four NHS Prescription Services:
Duplicate infrastructure, hardware and software arrangements are in place to cope with the two systems. The team has an appropriate mix of skills to maintain and
in case of hardware failure NHS Prescription Services: the impact of legacy ICT Part Five 29
training and organisational changes as well as direct costs of investing in hardware and software solutions While many studies provide evidence of the positive effects of ICT adoption on firm
and to redefine their core competence and positions in the value chains. So, e-business tools cannot be
•Monitor anti-competitive behaviour as e-business becomes more widespread, electronic marketplaces evolve and potential market power increases
-commerce to monitor progress and improve cross-country analysis However there is no one-size-fits all approach to policy
screen or in a programme guide are provided not services"at the individual request"of a recipient because
on screen and by e-mail. In 10%of purchases, a confirmation of the order was received only
by e-mail and in 8%only on screen. In 1%of purchases, no confirmation was received58
both screen a sample of websites in a given sector for compliance with EU consumer
intermediaries a general obligation to monitor. National courts have in recent years produced decisions imposing injunctions on intermediaries obliging them to prevent a
o Youtube displays commercial video clips and not only content that expresses a personal opinion o Because of the arrangement of the website the average user cannot tell at
an economic operator to display advertising links to its site accompanied by a commercial message that appears on the right hand side of the screen
whenever one carries out"a search "101 Cour d'Appel de Paris, 21.11.2008, ref. no. 08/09553;
has developed, Google processes the data entered by advertisers and the resulting display of the ads is made under conditions which Google controls.
of display according to, inter alia, the remuneration paid by the advertisement"(paragraph 116). ) However, the ECJ considers that to examine Google's activity in the light of recital 42
oblige it to actively monitor all the data relating to each of its customers in order to prevent
The Court notes that copyright owners may well"monitor information(..(),but they are not ISPS
behaviourally targeted display ads from the company that the user signed up to. The principles oblige the
advertising instead of display advertising Publishers have focussed on the importance of advertising revenues which account for 50%of
equipment (photocopiers, printers, Mp3 players, CDS and DVDS etc..However different rules and tariffs apply across Member States.
consumer) buyers of digital content not only about its compatibility with hardware and software, but also about the application of any technical protection measures or digital rights
the online movie rental business the DVDS were delivered still. 312 E-commerce and other modern technologies can also help to communicate to consumers the
organization†s core competencies to its rival organizations. Therefore, knowledge sharing is a potential risk because the organization may lose its competitive edge over its competitors
since leaking critical internal resources and disclosure of core competencies to cooperation partners may alter the aim and ethic of the open innovation process.
Collaboration among partners, the core process of open innovation, entails a variety of risks that alter the purpose.
three core process archetypesâ€, Proceedings of the R&d Management Conference (RADMA), Lisbon 13. Hess, A m.,Rothaermel, F. T. 2011.
Open hardware devel -opment is emerging in tangible products and is very interesting from the investors†perspective, as it
devices both from hardware and system level Chatterjee describes quite an interesting approach to entrepreneurship and growth.
A second core characteristic of the OI2 paradigm is the use of the quadruple helix model where gov
printing is entering our living space, and all kinds of labs including the Fab Labs, as open design and
hardware labs, are giving us access to tools for developing hardware Some of these trends get accelerated by countries
like India or Kenya, where whole generations leap -frog to new hyper connected devices. At the most
extremely low-power Quark processor, Bluetooth and Wi-fi connectivity to communicate with other devices. Essentially, technology should make our
-tomer and we have seen these new hardware tools popping up due to several reasons. Even software
inside technology and enter the world of hardware We have seen high adoption rates of banking apps
One of the first disruptive hardware tools built might be Square (2). Jack Dorsey, the creator of Twitter, was
Might the entry into hardware be a good move for financial institutions Selling hardware is totally different from a ser
-vice offering. The costs of revenue is high in any device manufacturing segment because fixed costs
Often, regular hardware and peripherals are being sold at rock-bottom prices This is the case in the printing industry.
The high mark up items are the software, accessories and ink. It†s the same model used by the auto and tele
-com industries Companies like Apple have to sell their, new or upgraded, products again and again within a year
-ogy developments, hardware is the new software Hardware is a good way to create connectivity with
the client We see a potential huge market that might be bene -ficial as well: security is becoming a large concern
Some of the existing peripherals could already be used for that matter, others still have to be built
widespread, like the copy machine, and 3d printing doesn†t seem to match to this requirement
majorly by the hardware revolution. Geographically Central and South america, due to its uncapped eco -nomic potential, has a tremendous potential, also in
hardware has a huge potential to change the entire business model of the economic region: having a hit
expected to be integrated into peripherals or even brought into the smart phone. Because of its pro
We expect the hardware device to be the next wave in the financial industry. Especially with the NFC
particular to the European union and its core insti -tutions and principles, exposed essential problems and unsustainable developments in many European
placed at the core of the new European cohesion policy as the main driver for the achievement of the
national policymakers to focus on a number of core processes in the knowledge economy and soci
puter screens to show off their collections of action figures Ilkaa Paananen, Supercell†s CEO, points out that Finland has spent years preparing for its curâ
Screens on the wall display how Supercell is doing against its rivals in real time. The gamesâ
-ation †core model†of the Triple Helix focuses on the knowledge economy. Quadruple Helix already
continuously monitors and adjusts its instruments for addressing the identified grand challenges and achieving the mutually set strategic goals for
creation of core and marginal communities with various rules and levels of commitment within the
policy was at the core of the Chilean government response to the crisis, which had a mixture of new
The hardware and software requirements and the quality levels needed to deploy Onstar safely as a vehicle-based
-lic displays for collecting citizen†s opinion with 30 000 users/month •3d Virtual Laboratory †Visualising e g. urban
following essential observation about the core idea that is the basis for the Openeyifâ¢concept In order to ensure seed-type activities generating
the hardware related industry Introduction Last year, in the Open Innovation Yearbook 2013 we presented the case of participative innovation in
displays, touch screens, and smart phones Many devices collect or use data and are there -fore connected (the Internet of things
providing hardware to the market. This hardware will become mainstream, easier to produce in low
-cost countries and will create little jobs in Western Europe. However, in the field of meaningful applica
The type of jobs is shifting from hardware related jobs towards the design of lighting services as well
the hardware related industry 121 The development of meaningful applications requires a changing attitude interconnecting the
The hardware infrastructure al -lows for such flexibility Increasing Safety in an Entertainment District The city of Eindhoven is currently implementing its
more hardware related to new ones that focus more on the ICT and services part. We would espe
Yet, despite our awareness of the core assertion of open innovation thinking †that †the assets neces
That just isn†t our core business†(10 While consumer applications may not be GE€ s core
business, the Quirky team understands the brand value GE brings to the table. Through this collab
resources we take as the core. Data is one of them design another. Typically, data is where Google
a specific user in order to uncover a core need and an unexpected insight that will drive innovation
In the core of the social and economic impact of Open Innovation 2. 0 are shared the values, shared
In the core of the policy makers is to make the citi -zens â€oehappy†in their ways of living, create sustain
outside their existing core markets and core customer segments and are confronted suddenly with new market conditions.
technologies (displays and three-dimensional scanning), the company wants to change both the physical shop and the shopping experience.
large screens as a virtual, three-dimensional model dressed in clothes from various collections that the
not or only weakly related to their core business. Each firm stayed focused on its product markets and
as to why a small, innovative company should stick to its core products. First, new product markets
It had to team up with different parties to develop the two basic technologies (displays and 3d
The core ideas of this book are summarised in the following HBR article: Other definitions of open innovation have been provided by Johnson
three core process archetypes, R&d Management Conference RADMA, Lisbon, Portugal 30 Larsen P. and Lewis, A. 2007), How award-winning SMES manage the barriers to innovation, Creativity and
not accept responsibility for printing errors and/or other imperfections 2 Open innovation in SMES
Focus Fit with core competencies, clear focus of firm activities Renewal Improved product development, process-/market-innovation, integration of new technologies
Evidence from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Data H200809 25-7-2008 The Entrepreneurial Adjustment Process in Disequilibrium
Focus Fit with core competencies, clear focus of ï rm activities 8 †Innovation process
Focus Fit with core competencies, clear focus of ï rm activities 8 †Innovation process
technologies (displays and three-dimensional scanning), the company wants to change both the physical shop and the shopping experience.
large screens as a virtual, three-dimensional model dressed in clothes from various collections that the
not or only weakly related to their core business. Each firm stayed focused on its product markets and
as to why a small, innovative company should stick to its core products. First, new product markets
It had to team up with different parties to develop the two basic technologies (displays and 3d
The core ideas of this book are summarised in the following HBR article: Other definitions of open innovation have been provided by Johnson
three core process archetypes, R&d Management Conference RADMA, Lisbon, Portugal 30 Larsen P. and Lewis, A. 2007), How award-winning SMES manage the barriers to innovation, Creativity and
In the two categories of IT hardware and software, there were a few European companies that spent more than â 1 billion on R&d in the year 2004
In the IT hardware category, just four companies from Finland (Nokia), Sweden (Ericcson), France Alcatel) and Germany (Infineon Technologies) are
but are clearly a crucial indicator for hardware -related sectors. The Key Figures 2007 Report, using
long-run market shares in international trade for core ICT hardware, including computers and peripherals semiconductors, and telecommunications equipment
Europe declined from 63%in 1961 to 41%in 1994 while in the same period Japan rose from 4%to
basic, research in hardware and software and contributed to the development of new hard -ware.
Technology (MIT) worked on magnetic core memo -ries (Pugh, 1984; Wildes and Lindgren, 1985. Bas
hardware products, giving origin to a separate indus -try, which then propagated in several application ar
use ferrite-core memories. According to Mounier -Kuhn, 1994: 214 †in 1960 Compagnie des Machines Bull was
-tion on a hardware without losing the relevant aspects of the description. For example, it is possible to de
-couple the program from the underlying hardware representation (Shaw, 2004. This is sharply different from what happens in most areas of engineering (as
Hardware, and the Software. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press Mounier-Kuhn, P E 1994. French computer manufacturers and
A population survey of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2010 in 21 innovation-oriented countries asked whether starting a company is considered an attractive professional option and whether successful
The core of the team is made up of the account manager from the regional office in charge and an advisor
core technology becomes obsolete within a few years. Management often does not understand how to make
the operational level, the European commission established a permanent SME Finance Forum to monitor 98 Murray/Hyytinen/Maula (2009), p. 153
to run core and expanding operations of the company. EIP seeks to expose local university and
service firms that assist start-ups in outsourcing their non-core work plays a significant role in the growth of
these factors and their interplay are difficult to monitor, policies favouring specific types of companies are
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2007 Global Report on High-Growth Entrepreneur -ship. GERA: London. Available at http://www. gemconsortium. org/download. asp?
A population survey of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2010 in 21 innovation-oriented countries asked whether starting a company is considered an attractive professional option and whether successful
The core of the team is made up of the account manager from the regional office in charge and an advisor
core technology becomes obsolete within a few years. Management often does not understand how to make
the operational level, the European commission established a permanent SME Finance Forum to monitor 98 Murray/Hyytinen/Maula (2009), p. 153
to run core and expanding operations of the company. EIP seeks to expose local university and
service firms that assist start-ups in outsourcing their non-core work plays a significant role in the growth of
these factors and their interplay are difficult to monitor, policies favouring specific types of companies are
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2007 Global Report on High-Growth Entrepreneur -ship. GERA: London. Available at http://www. gemconsortium. org/download. asp?
3D PRINTING et COPYRIGHTS 8 15 ICT 22 †R&i action (a a) RESEARCH ON COST-EFFECTIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR
when the hardware and software used to store them becomes obsolete, material may be lost when storage devices deteriorate over time,
adoption of an evidence-based Core Strategy to implement population targets and policies for sustainable devel
treatment facilities and to improve drinking water standards must be considered in the context of the Core
that each Development Plan contains an evidence-based Core Strategy that will provide relevant information to demonstrate how the plan
The Core Strategy is required to take account of government policy in rela -tion to national and regional population targets and it must provide the policy framework for Local Area Plans and for zoning at LAP level
The core objective of the Plan is to protect the national heritage as well as promoting it as a resource to be enjoyed by all
the defining issues for a better quality of life for all †the core objective of the NDP and of good planning.
The Core Strategy is consistent with the NSS and provides a key planning framework which County
and to develop a Core Strategy in Development Plans. The Core Strategy should include a section which details the mechanisms by which
Doehlg population targets will be achieved within each local authority. Each Core Strategy should develop rational population growth models, outline resulting housing demand
and determine how this demand will be accommodated through an appropriate housing land zoning requirement which should be consistent with this
locations, capacity for growth and potential to deliver on the core objectives of critical mass and balanced
In Development Plans these objectives should be expressed in the Core Strategy. Development Plans should ensure
-•That the population targets are incorporated into the Core Strategy •That land is zoned on the basis of the land required to meet population targets
for that settlement in the Core Strategy with an additional amount for †excess†zoning as provided for in the
In the context of sectoral convergence, core skills become transferable across sectors, for example, biology chemistry, engineering, electronics, logistics and software;
be a core priority of the regional enterprise forum, with support from a cross-regional Gateway
calming measures in urban areas, sustainable neighbourhood design and the pedestrianisation of core urban areas Development Plan Implications (Ports
-plies in its rural areas must be considered in the context of the Core Strategy and must be related to prioritisa
A core objective of the current Social Partnership Agreement is â€oeto build a fair and inclusive society
and inter-urban connections and connections between this developing heart of the region with more peripheral
to ensure that monitor -ing of effects during the course of implementing the guidelines can be meaningful and effective
should be core to fi nancial institutions, with the European Investment Bank (EIB) becoming a European Innovation Bank
as a core tool for prosperity and social cohesion. The opportunity now is to build on these assets and develop
But simply investing in hardware (lines, cables, transformers etc is not enough. The potential of smart grids must be unlocked
Innovation should be core to fi nancial institutions with the European Investment Bank (EIB) becoming a
and hardware in public services Perhaps one can say that our view is that public policy can contribute to open processes in
Regional Innovation Monitor, 32 based on Benneworth and Dassen 201133 An element closely intertwined to formulating an effective vision is RIS3 communication.
builds and reinforces the regional identity and puts innovation at its core; attractive and dynamic web pages, including parts in English for wider dissemination;
Regional Innovation Monitor OECD 2011 â€oeregions and Innovation Policy†IRE-RIS Guide Directory â€oeno-Nonsense†to build S3
SMES are thus at the core of Cohesion Policy For the period 2007-2013, the Community Strategic Guidelines on Cohesion emphasise the key
44 See for example the Regional Innovation Monitor initiative at: http://www. rim-europa. eu /45 http://www. eif. org/what we do/jeremie/index. htm
can find wider support services that allow them to better focus on their core business and on
Service Infrastructures including core service platforms and generic services •Horizon 2020:(see proposal88 How to act
•are catalysts for structural change and diversification in many industrial zones and rural areas with the potential to rejuvenate economies,
•funding for international core, close to-market and supporting R&d 110 Gaia Group, http://proact. ktm. fi/index. phtm?
sector funding in core European transport projects can be challenging due to the relatively high levels of revenue volatility in the projects'early operating stages.
the core measures that should be encouraged are 106 •Commissioning a strategic analysis and approach on the region's own characteristics
-innovations at the core of their innovation strategies as a crosscutting requirement in all sectors
Ireland†s enterprise policy is focused on the core planks of productivity and innovation delivering on an agenda of enterprise transformation †to create a competitive and
majority of the Government†s core STI budget would be focused on the priority areas but
•Core competencies required to be energy and resource efficient, ICT enabled, and a leader in quality
a core set of fundamental metrics is required that can be applied in each of the 14 PAS.
Foundation Ireland (SFI) and others and core funding via the Department of education and Skills and the Higher education Authority (HEA
Ireland†s enterprise policy is focused on the core planks of productivity and innovation delivering on an agenda of enterprise transformation †to create a competitive and
majority of the Government†s core STI budget would be focused on the priority areas but
•Core competencies required to be energy and resource efficient, ICT enabled, and a leader in quality
a core set of fundamental metrics is required that can be applied in each of the 14 PAS.
Foundation Ireland (SFI) and others and core funding via the Department of education and Skills and the Higher education Authority (HEA
hardware), which positions the region on the 4th place among the eight development regions in the country for IT activities, irrespectively on the 2nd place for telecommunication
is driven efficiency and displays low business sophistication. It specializes in medium-and low -innovation sectors and is separated from the average national economy in Europe by a
the core of Romania. Second, the ability to compete in export markets is an important proxy for
an action plan to increase local competitiveness and monitor its implementation. In addition, it would ensure a close and ongoing cooperation with the national structures responsible for research
budget, monitors progress against organizational targets, and considers matters of corporate policy, including financial product guidelines, sectoral policies and strategies, regional
processors, lower food processing costs and help to provide more robust employment in rural areas 121.
 core  of  the  en- †ergy  debate  It
http://www. frost. com/sublib/display- †market- †insight- †top. do?
 hardware  software  data  handling  and  communication  Differ- â€
the Core of the Concept The concept of smart specialization comes from reflection generated around the
on the contrary, appears as the core element to achieve specialized diversification processes Third and finally, the link among the RIS3 and the ex-ante condition of the
Even though entrepreneurial discoveries are in the core of the strategies (they are the way to achieve the mentioned specialised diversification) there was no
The core of smart specialization lays in the radical innovations that arise from the creative combination of technologies and/or sectors
•Core Working group: Ministry of Industry and Innovation •Aragon on the S3 platform since February 2012
mercado, equipamiento hardware y distemas de software especã ficos para desarrollo de componentes y conjuntos
mercado, equipamiento hardware y distemas de software especã ficos para desarrollo de componentes y conjuntos
designated by the President of the Government of Castilla y Leã n in order to monitor initiatives, foster
Programme 2 constitutes the core of science policy in the region, including measures promoting knowledge and technology generation with a clear international leadership
display a lower proï tability though, due to the imperfections inherent in invention market transactions and
-erlying the inventions often displays tacit components in addition to codiï ed components (Arora, 1996; Winter, 1987.
Building materials, hardware, garden supply, and mobile home dealers 52 2 0. 36 98.73 Mining and quarrying of nonmetallic minerals, except fuels 14 1 0. 18 98.91
Learning processes are at the core of entrepreneurship and SME innovation. Yet many emerging and potential business creators are lacking entrepreneurship skills such as in risk
Autio, E. 2007) Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2007 Global Report on High-Growth Entrepreneurship Babson College, Massachusetts
by creating networks between SME companies that possess core basic technologies with downstream normal industry, to link technological seeds with market needs.
a series of 30 core â€oeproducts†that will share a common brand Advisory and capability support for SMES continues to be offered through the Business Links service in
Based on these core messages, the following key policy recommendations are formulated Key policy recommendations â Design advice and training programmes for start-up entrepreneurs who have strong technological
Christensen, C. 1993), â€oethe Rigid Disk drive Industry: A History of Commercial and Technological Turbulenceâ€, Business History Review, Winter, No. 67, pp. 531-588
its core economic activities Besides location bias, other characteristics of commercial databases can indirectly alter the consistency of territorial data calculated from this sort of source
Learning processes are at the core of entrepreneurship and SME development. They are essential for the formation of a new business, its survival and growth as well as for the
Box 4. 1. Core characteristics of entrepreneurs Knowledge. An entrepreneur is able to identify and extract knowledge that is relevant.
development and a vertical specialisation in one or more fields related to core competitive advantage. One of the definitional difficulties is that these skills are relevant not just to
Teachers are pressed hard to deliver on their core programmes †the basis for recruitment and promotion †and those not working on core activities can find it
difficult to justify strong investments in what may be seen by their hierarchies and peers as side projects, whatever the expressed interest of the students
â are skilled in generic processes and activities such as core skills â appreciate the relevance of what they are learning
management skills for integrating e-commerce into the core business. They may also include legal advice to a firm/organisation on the design of new business structures to support
catalysts here, providing an appropriate policy context and support for the resources infrastructure and institutional framework to establish
Monitor (GEM) UK project to estimate the percentage of social entrepreneurs in UK society using population survey data.
7 in this particular case the core mission is to provide health services, but in conjunction with preventing illness through a
Health-related problems are at the core of the initiative of pharmaceutical scientist Victoria G. Hale, founder of the Institute For one World Health (Box 5. 4). There the concern is to
micro-donations software is a compact, vibrant space, the same size as an iphone screen
it displays various degrees of innovation and change; it is constrained by the external environment (p. 10
Harding, R. 2006), Social Entrepreneurship Monitor: United kingdom 2006, Foundation for Entrepreneurial Management, London Business school, full paper available at www. london. edu/assets/documents
and this requires the display of innovativeness, proactiveness and risk management behaviour. This behaviour is constrained by the desire to achieve the social mission
Box 4. 1. Core characteristics of entrepreneurs How are acquired entrepreneurship skills Universities and higher education institutions Box 4. 2. Entrepreneurship support in universities:
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