users to a network. Simply put, increasing the user size of a network makes all current users
better off. When these three factors are combined, ICT can have a big impact While it†s unclear as to the future of ICT development and its impact on productivity, it
sectors of the economy (especially the ICT intensive users), in the EU-15 its positive effects
data collection would tax companies based on the number of users they collect data on apparently with no regard to the actual market value of the data
ensuring that European ICT users have access to the cheapest and highest quality cloud data providers
ensure low prices for European ICT users. The ITA has played a critical role in the spread
Vincenzo Spiezia, â€oeare ICT Users More Innovative? An Analysis of ICT-Enabled Innovation in OECD
David Streitfeld, â€oeeuropean Court Lets Users Erase Records on Web, †New york times, May 13, 2014 sec.
-of users in the of errors and inefficiencies increases when organisations are forced to run paper
and users/civil society to develop a better understanding of both future and private investment
Annualized cost (Present Value) of CAPEX per user (â) 60 Figure 24: Annualized cost (Present Value) of CAPEX per user (â) with a requirement
for a guaranteed 10 Mbps 61 Figure 25: Cost of meeting DAE objectives with and without cable in various scenarios 63
necessary to assume that every broadband user will consume maximum capacity all the time. The network should assume some shared use of bandwidth.
Annualized cost (Present Value) of CAPEX per user (â Source: Feijoo/Gomez-Barroso (2010a The recently published study by J. Hätã nen of the European Investment Bank (EIB
ARPU Average Revenue per User BW Bandwidth; the capacity of a channel to carry information, typically
bandwidth is shared by all users connected to a given splitter; see Section 4. 1. 1
broadband user will consume maximum capacity all the time. The network should assume some shared use of bandwidth.
every broadband user will consume maximum capacity all the time. This can be expected to hold true in 2020 and well beyond
number of individual users (not households) who must be served by each tower and the degree to which bandwidth demands differ from those of fixed network
users (due, for example, to smaller screen size. There are surely limitations on the ability of wireless solutions alone to meet DAE objectives in dense population
-fast broadband by new users. Howell and Grimes (2010), however, argue that fast or ultra
fast broadband users are most likely to be existing broadband users who are upgrading to
When viewed on a basis normalised for GDP or for the number of broadband users, it
however, the bandwidth is shared by all users connected to a given splitter Current implementations are based on splitting ratios of 1: 32 or 1: 64.
users via copper based lines. Cable networks can offer Gigabit bitrates for IP traffic. The
The 100 Mbps users can be located in areas that have higher density In Australia, where an ultra-fast government-owned National Broadband Network (NBN
â€oethe total expenditure per user remains relatively flat for zones I to VIII but then increases
of their higher cost per user. In conclusion, the graph shows a pattern of investment relatively close to the distribution of the proportion of the total population among the
A key driver is the Average Revenue per User (ARPU. An ARPU of â 38 for ultra-fast
as many expected when user-generated content first became popular. The emergence of subscribers as content producers is an extremely important social, economic, and
the bandwidth available per user In an HFC/DOCSIS cable network, resources are shared among end-users in the fibre
As with any shared medium, competition for resources with other users can introduce delay, affecting the performance seen by the user
It is important to bear in mind that all modern data networks are shared in some degree Networks differ in where the sharing takes place.
serve a group of users. More fibre nodes can be deployed to a street cabinet. Depending
also wireless systems) that share bandwidth among multiple users will continue to be relevant well into the future
Annualized cost (Present Value) of CAPEX per user (â Source: Feijoo/Gomez-Barroso (2010a 74 See Feijã o, C. and J.-L. GÃ mez-Barroso (2010a;
network costs to the number and density of users in type of geographic area (geotype Figure 24:
Annualized cost (Present Value) of CAPEX per user (â) with a requirement for a guaranteed 10 Mbps
when user-generated content first became popular. The emergence of subscribers as content producers is an extremely important social, economic
"Open educational resources, the content of which can be adapted by users according to their needs have great potential to stimulate innovative teaching and learning practices (European commission
boundaries of the learning across time and space whereas user-centred and flexible physical spaces
the physical spaces in which learning takes place (e g. user-centred premises and furniture) and
Second, involve users in the design by demonstrating benefit. It is always useful to develop
access to timely data by care providers and for access by multiple users (not geographically bound) and
use of computerized data with the ability to electronically transmit it to multiple users in
by, and training of, users in the systems controlling metadata standards Messaging standards Overall, messaging standards have been adopted widely because of their clear utility in communicating
Most users of the program are low or lower-middle income countries; they seek to build synergies, through data exchange, with other data management tools between sectors
community of developers and users, all of whom share advances. Each project can benefit from the efforts
The user has the freedom to •run the program for any purpose (freedom 0
and ensure its availability to future users. The establishment of Knowledge Transfer Networks (KTNS) is highly beneficial.
research or education institutes to a wide range of users promotes scientific and technological development and the future expansion of these concepts in this Region is linked closely to the
Users, NGOS Academia Researchers HEIS Figure 6. 1 Bodies/Agencies with a Role in Implementation
Users, NGOS Academia Researchers HEIS In addition to the working group of the RPG Implementation Steering Committee, there are a number of
1. 17 Growth in Facebook monthly active users, 2004-2013 (millions of users...17 1. 18 Wikipedia articles †total and English language, 2003-2013 (thousands of articles...
user-created through social media applications and platforms (e g. Twitter, Youtube, Whatsapp With more and more applications now available
number of mobile phone users (Partnership, 2014 No regular pattern can be established, though and the difference between mobile-phone user
penetration and mobile-cellular subscription penetration ranges between 8 per cent (France and 111 per cent (Panama) across countries
as much international bandwidth per user available in the former compared to the latter 106 000 vs 23 000 bit/s per user.
Looking at regional differences, Europe stands out by far with around 160 000 bit/s per user in 2013
compared to the global average of 52 000 bit/s per user, followed by The americas with 54 000
bit/s per user Households with Internet access Household access to the Internet is the ultimate
way of guaranteeing an inclusive information society in which all people, irrespective of age gender, employment status, etc. or possible
On the other hand, revenue per user in several developing countries is constrained by low income levels, which limit the margin for
accessed websites by users in both developed Chart 1. 16: Growth in daily Google searches 2007-2013
active users by end 2013, a growth of 22 per cent over the past year (Chart 1. 17), although a single
user could be operating several accounts and therefore the numbers do not represent unique Internet users (ITU, 2011.
registered users by end 2013 (and 115 million active monthly users), and some 58 million
tweets were posted daily in the past year. 17 The Chinese microblog service Tencent Weibo accounts for a further 507 million subscribers
users, 2004-2013 (millions of users Source: Partnership (2014), based on http://www. theguardian. com/news
Millions of users Chart 1. 18: Wikipedia articles †total and English language, 2003-2013 (thousands of articles
Not only are government entities major users of ICTS, but governments are also increasingly using the Internet to provide services to their citizens
strategy for data providers and users on the issue of use of big data for official statistics
15 For instance, the average revenue per user per month for GSM services in India was less than USD 2 in March 2012, almost
frequent that the majority of users will be captured with the shorter time-frame Chapter 2. The ICT Development Index (IDI
user, the methodology used in previous IDI calculations was kept, as there is no limit to the
user data. In view of the methodological difficulties in collecting harmonized data on international Internet bandwidth, a review of
2015 users in areas with the lowest speeds will Chart 2. 1: Fixed (wired)- broadband and wireless
increased uptake by users. In the Republic of the Congo, 3g was launched in late 2011 by Airtel
bit/s in 2012 to close to 12 000 bit/s per user in 2013. The submarine cable system spans
2012 and 2013, climbing to 9 000 bit/s per user While this is still one of the lowest absolute
Internet connectivity to users. The rapid uptake of mobile-broadband services was spurred by heated competition among operators offering
users) were considered not, since they are also included in the IDI •Third, a simple correlation analysis between IDI
26 http://www. kuenselonline. com/530-increase-in-mobile-broadband-users/#./#U4rsghksx8e 27 Purchased capacity
-800000-users-at-official-2100mhz-launch-dtac-waits-until-june/?/utm source=Commsupdate&utm campaign=40c2385114 -Commsupdate+09 may+2013&utm medium=email&utm term=0 0688983330-40c2385114-8868625
and per Internet user, at 50 000 bit/s per user (see MIS 2013. Seychelles (24 000 bit/s) and Mauritius
users were generating 75 per cent more data traffic per device than a year ago. 5 Wireless
bit/s per user) in the region. Furthermore, the country almost doubled its Internet bandwidth
number of users in populous countries such as China (with an estimated 600 million Internet users) and the Philippines (with an estimated
36.5 million Internet users by end 2013. Within the Philippines, domestic connectivity was further improved by connecting some of the
bit/s per user), followed by Belarus (94 797 bit/s per user) and Georgia (82 094 bit/s per user
Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan have limited very bandwidth, which hampers Internet connectivity and hence further development of the ICT sector
a prepaid low-user mobile-cellular subscription costs on average PPP$ 23.7 (or USD Chart 4. 1:
users (who can afford the service) and extend operators†customer bases, even if at lower margins for some segments. 8
user in each country, prices are presented also as a percentage of GNI p. c.,so as to provide an
a low-user basket in 2013), they still represented 5. 0 per cent of GNI p. c.,on account of the
users contracting higher speeds and/or fixed broadband bundled with other services. This is in line with the findings on bundle adoption from
rather than the average user. Postpaid mobile -broadband dongles include much lower monthly data allowances in The americas (Table 3. 7
and user preferences, but also by affordability 4. 5 The impact of competition and regulation on
Individual users allowed to use Voip 13. Mobile number partability implemented 12. Fixed number portability implemented
and represents the price by country and year for a low-user basket of mobile-cellular calls and SMS in current USD.
user voice and SMS basket) to be affordable for most of the population and, it being a mature
6 Prices for each service are calculated on the basis of a low-user basket that defines the number of calls, minutes and SMS
Likewise, a low-user mobile-cellular basket was 41 per cent cheaper in USD, and 7 per cent cheaper in PPP$
and store about their clients and citizens, user -generated online content such as photos, videos tweets and other messages, but also traces
user in terms of age, gender, educational or income level, and so on In other areas, such as education, health or
the development of models to protect user privacy while at the same time allowing for the extraction of insights that can improve service
activities carried out by users on the Internet including searches and social media content Table 5. 1
one of the largest and earliest users of big data In 2004, it discovered that the snack food known
potholes while the app user is driving around Boston and notifies City hall. 3 Some of the
data beyond the realm of user search terms Online job-posting data are being used to
Users can select a country to see the number of tweets generated by its Twitter users in
regard to the highlighted topic, as compared to tweets about all the other topics. This information provides insight as to which
of Facebook users, for example, revealed that while in many ways Facebook users have real-life behaviour and characteristics
in many ways the social network fails as a representation of society. On the one hand for example, the American Facebook user†s
average American Facebook user is much younger than the average citizen. 12 This is just one example,
and location variables to identify user location and movement patterns. The degree of accuracy of this information depends on a number of
Since mobile user devices used to access mobile telecommunication services come with an international mobile station equipment identity
user), as well as at various levels of aggregation (again over time or for different categories of user.
These measures are often key performance indicators (KPIS), tracked and used in particular by operators, but also by regulators and at the international level
For example, the average revenue per user (ARPU) is a KPI for operators, which identify their most important customers
a large number of off-net users in a customer†s network, operators may target the subscriber and/or the off-net users
with promotions and incentives aimed at converting off-net connections into on-net users •Mobility profile:
Mobile operators accord a high priority to identifying the locations most frequented by their customers, in
Each time a user interacts with a mobile operator, many details of the interaction are captured, creating a rich dataset relating to
device, user and other detailed information are captured in the operator†s system. From these interactions, information about identity
the development of models which protect user privacy while still allowing for the extraction of insights that can serve
on the assumption that users who make large purchases are more affluent than those who
with two users being considered as connected if they communicated with each other at least once a month.
Based on the behavioural analysis of each mobile-phone user †phone calls, text messages, data usage and, extrapolating from
users. Since one person can have multiple subscriptions, or share a subscription with another person, it is not possible to determine
and mobile-phone users, do not entail the same issues as subscription data. They are collected through household surveys, directly from
Consequently, data on users of the information society and the types of online service they consume are limited, and in many
and use, user behaviour, activities and also the individual user. Big data could help in obtaining
more granular information in several areas, and big data techniques could be applied to existing data to produce new insights.
gender, socioeconomic status and user location Information on gender or age, for example, could be derived from customer registration information
mobile users targeted for the survey match the requisite survey profile. For instance, if one of the requirements was for the survey
-phone user. To that end, the World bank has experimented with the use of mobile phones to conduct statistically representative
-user activities, including their frequency and intensity, could be understood much better By applying big data techniques to survey data
number of unique mobile subscribers or users rather than just subscriptions, by comparing subscription numbers to user numbers derived
from household surveys, and by taking into account usage patterns or data from popular Internet companies such as Google or Facebook
user numbers in between surveys, and possibly in real time. This could be pursued in a similar way to the work done by Frias-Martinez and
SIM usage and the fact that users will in many cases be using ICT services from more than
important for big data producers and users to collaborate closely in that regard. This includes raising awareness about the importance and
of secondary third-party users that may seek to leverage the data. The framework used by an NSO
loss of user confidence and/or accidentally reveals competitive business processes. More importantly, companies will not share until there
most companies to inform users of what data are Chapter 5. The role of big data for ICT monitoring and for development
Firstly, user-privacy policies have morphed into long documents written in †legalese†that most users can hardly comprehend
and have little patience for reading in full. Secondly, in the big data paradigm, the greatest potential often lies
permission from the user every time such a new use is found. Given the volumes of data
million anonymized users covering a 15 month period showed how the authors were able to
identify 90 per cent of the users with just four data points, and 50 per cent with just two points
of the users were unknown, the authors point out that the data could in fact be de-anonymized
connections, the registered user and the actual user may not be one and the same. Depending on the country, SIM resellers may pre-register
the SIMS they sell under their own name, and SIMS that are registered by one family member
tools to actively engage users, enabling them to make clear choices based on an actual value
representation among telecom users, are all valid considerations. While the registration information might provide answers, the reality
accelerometer to detect potholes while users of the app are driving around Boston and notifies City hall.
demographics of app users, who often hail from affluent areas with greater smartphone ownership (Harford, 2014.
is it inconceivable that users may stop using their mobiles, or even turn them off, in areas
models which protect user privacy while still allowing for the extraction of insights that can
for big data producers and big data users to collaborate and to initiate a dialogue to identify opportunities and understand needs
In return, data users would be permitted to reuse personal data for novel purposes where a privacy assessment indicates
Whenever a user utilizes a telecommunication service, each access is recorded not only for infrastructure management but also for billing
chosen by the user on the handset. For example, if the closest cell supports only 2g but the user has chosen to connect only
to 3g networks, the handset will always connect to an antenna that supports 3g, even if it is further away.
All mobile user devices used to access mobile telecommunication services come with an international mobile station equipment identity
a rich customer/user and usage profile that the operator can leverage for a variety of purposes
assigned to a user. The IMSI conforms to Recommendation ITU-T E. 212. For more information, see
GSMA (2013b), The Mandatory Registration of Prepaid SIM CARD Users, White paper. Retrieved from: http://www. gsma
users at hotspots and Wi-fi hotspot subscribers. It also excludes mobile -broadband subscriptions where users can
access a service throughout the country wherever coverage is available •Active mobile-broadband subscriptions
bit/s per user There are certain particularities that need to be taken into consideration when selecting the
countries, which might not be available to users For the IDI, the distance to a reference measure was
136 (bits/s/user) to almost 6 445 759 Values for this indicator vary significantly
since dial-up Internet access requires users to subscribe to a fixed-telephone line, the fixed -telephone sub-basket can be considered as
methodology of the OECD low-user basket which is the entry-level basket with the smallest
3. Only residential, single user prices should be collected. If prices vary between different regions of the country,
to low-income users, who might not have a regular income and will thus not qualify for a
OECD mobile-cellular low-user call distribution (2009 methodology Note: N/A: Not applicable Source:
3. Only residential, single-user prices are collected. If prices vary between different regions of the country,
3. Only residential, single-user prices should be collected. If prices vary between different regions of the country,
and exclude promotional offers and limited discounts or special user groups for example, existing clients. Special prices that apply to a certain type of phone (iphone/Blackberry,
Last 12 months. 2) Users in the last 3 months. 3) Estimated based on 2011 Residential consumer survey
3. Pillar III †Trust & Security †increases the trust of web users in electronic services and online
with user satisfaction above 3 (on a scale from 1 to 5 †User Satisfaction
Surveys are in the responsibility of each project owner. Target 80%by 2020 %of citizens using online
%of users using the online services for Life Events for complete electronic transactions Target: 25%by 2020
aspects of the interaction between the Government and its users (e-services, e-democracy, e
5. Electronic centralized system of authentication of users and unique identification of the users prepared so as to incorporate all needs of electronic identification resulted from the
Opportunities for users to provide feedback should be integrated into the design of new electronic systems to facilitate suggestions
single sign on mechanism allowing the users once authenticated, to use the services to which they are entitled or a unique element
ï 45%of the Romanian users use the Internet at least once a week ï 52%of the Romanian users are at least fairly confident in buying online or online banking
ï 33%of Romanian users are concerned about misuse of the their personal information online ï 37%of Romanian users are concerned about security related aspects of online payments
2. 2. 4 Strategic Lines of Development Strategic Lines of Development for Cyber security in Romania
Strategic Lines of Development Lines of Actions Description Establishing the necessary conceptual and organizational framework for cyber security
users may assign calculation resources almost unlimited for which they need major capital investments The adoption in private sector of Cloud technologies within the European union exceeds 64%,however
dedicated websites where the user can read about different topics, give feedback by voting or commenting on the articles
platforms that allow the user to connect and interact with other people, based on mutual interests and experiences,
Their users and beneficiaries can comment or add articles within these platforms ï Social bookmarking:
websites that allow the user to publish, recommend and comment any kind of content. Bu using the â€oebookmark†function,
the user can find and bookmark sites and information of interest that can be accessed from anywhere and also,
other users ï Photo/video sharing: websites where the user is given the possibility to create,
upload, publish share and receive feedback on photo and video content Social media are one of the most famous and used instruments for creating online communities, based on
users, of which 193 million accessing social media through mobile devices4. Otherwise said, 40%of the total European population is represented by active social network users
4 Global Web Index, Q2, 2014 (https://www. globalwebindex. net/)via wearesocial. net Page 57 of 170
the biggest users of social media are UK, Germany, France, Italy and Spain However, there is also a generational split as younger people use the Internet less outside social
number of users for online media platforms (4. 78%users every 4 weeks Source: https://www. quintly. com/blog/2013/02/facebook-country-stats-february-2013-top-10-countries-lose-users
/Page 59 of 170 2. 4. 3 National context Social media Approach in Romania According to Global Web Index via wearesocial. org, in February, 2014 there were 7 mil. social media users
across Romania. Based on a study published by Eurostat in December 2012,73%of Romanians are using
services, creation of a website and internet banking, the last reason being claimed only by 8%of users
define the user profile, engage and empower him in conversations ï Use of reverse communication
users one cultural event per day based on smart usage of user†s personal profile and her/his current
and of the e-commerce users Improve the access to the online services (Operational Responsible: Ministry for
users may be protected through access to Consumer Protection Cooperation network systems (by assuring the protection of personal
%The proportions are almost identical in case of users using fixed connections, whereas the Internet users using mobile connections come significantly as well from
users returned to the Government authorities filled forms On the level of enterprises, 63%of Romanian enterprises are using the Internet up to the 3rd degree of
of a unique identification of the users The relatively reduced number of computerised public services depending on their level of sophistication
competencies among the users The degree of provision of the cultural institutions with ICT equipment
unique identification of the users The increase of the competitiveness, the development of a competitive environment, having a result
ï§Evidence of stakeholder involvement and feedback from the targeted users requesting the initiative through the means of consultation
ï C1-Center on user needs †All public services exist to server their customers, their needs and
identify all types of potential users, understand what they want and need and create or reform
make them easier to user and also increase the collaboration between public entities. This can be met only by planned and systematic
Users should have a choice of service delivery in terms of payment methods, location of points of
The users of a public service should be able to quickly identify what kind of services are available,
productive for both the internal and external users. A public service should be able to demonstrate how it can contribute to national,
Events with user satisfaction above 3 on a scale from 1 to 5 †User
Satisfaction Surveys are in the responsibility of each project owner indirect indirect indirect direct indirect direct indirect indirect indirect direct direct
%of users using the online services for Life Events for complete electronic transactions direct direct indirect direct indirect indirect direct direct direct direct direct
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
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