involve the users in the development of services through national surveys and measurements of performance achievement
This way, we hope to encourage the user of this guide to reflect on the question â€oewhat else
ï Cultural differences with users Opportunities ï Support of local government ï High felt need of users
ï Internationally funded projects Threats ï Low income of users ï Bad roads ï Low salaries
ï Lack of budget ï Paradigms of providers ï High competition Step 5: After completing the SWOT matrix the SWOT participants had a wider view of the situation at
ï coordination with other providers to cover all user needs ï remodelling of the facility with local government funds and international help
and lab supplies with user fees ï payment of incentives to staff based on performance ï review of procedures for decreasing costs and waiting times and increasing perceived quality
The audit tool (extensive questionnaire and methodology) aims to provide the user with a detailed methodology of how to identify all the areas (recognition procedure),
This involved structured interviews with both the users and â€oecustomers†of the current prod -uct development process.
understood by all users of the RAPID process. Many companies struggle with the design of their early
along with training for all users of the process Implementation of Stage Gateâ¢is really about changing attitudes and behaviour in an organisation.
-cal hands-on training for users and gatekeepers (senior management), accurate and concise process documentation, a process brochure for those who need to be aware of
and most allow the user to adjust the size, location and orientation of the model.
good understanding of the user profile and customer needs. The objective of the exploratory test is to
ï What do the users think about using the concept ï Does the basic functionality have value to the user
ï Is the user interface appropriate and operable ï How does the user feel about the concept
"Innosupport: Supporting Innovation in SMES "-6. 2. Rapid prototyping & Product Testing Strategies page 124 of 271
needs of the users, then problems are almost inevitable later on. Data collection will tend to be qualita
ï Does the concept satisfy all user needs ï How does the user use the product
and could it be more effective ï How will it be assembled and tested and could this be achieved in a better way
ï Can the user complete all tasks as intended Assessment testing typically requires more complex or detailed models than the exploratory test.
The study should aim to understand why users respond in the way that they do to the concept
desirability may be measured in terms of preference or user ranking. Data should also be formally recorded, with any failures to comply with expected performance logged
stock the user is manually willing to accept another. Items can also be a complement, that is, customers will not accept one item unless an
Analyze the main reasons why users dispose of the product is disposed the product of because of technical failure
Pick-up from last user Return system via retailers Determine who is going to recycle or process the product
Users will think twice before discarding products Governments will develop more regulations The processing industry will become more effective
users for a tariff. A performing rights society is a collective that deals with musical works, collecting
Prototype testing and early user testing often reveal unseen market features and new market niches
Despite careful planning and market research, developers are surprised often to find that users iden -tify benefits in products/services that they failed to spot.
Likewise, users can also find undesirable features, which the developers failed to appreciate. Even when a product/service is just a concept
user feedback can point to benefits the users sees or to features that are potentially undesirable.
-Users those using the product service -Influencers those influencing key product attributes -Deciders those in authority to select a product or supplier
service, or to deliver it in a way that is more convenient to the user, or to improve the quality of the
Identifying the total cost to the user (which is likely to be higher than the charge you make) is a part of the price element
are search results delivered to the user's desktop, office, pigeonhole-or do they have to col
and self-paced product training that enables each user to learn at their own pace
The context to the user, counselling, is used as a framework from which users can hang newly acquired concepts.
This framework serves as a point of integration. All of the coaching and instruction the user is given is in service of the counselling task.
Because users are eager to help their"clients,"they want to learn what they can to give better advice.
The users'goals serve to organ -ize their experience Domains: Science 9. 2. 6. Preliminary conclusion
By using efficient MBT solutions we can get both the transition from dependence to independence in
It is this immediate feedback of user interaction on the Web site that makes it such a powerful com
static media (text or graphics) as long as the user is given control over the appearance and disappearance of the information
ï Users are likely to have little difficulty in attending to a particular passage of speech sound or
display (and from auditory channels) once a user begins to study a presentation about a new
o the medium of presentation is familiar to the user o the extraction of relevant information is easy
ï Users should be given the flexibility to â€oeswitch off†particular forms of output where they are not
ï Groups of information which users are intended to see as related should be given common perceptual features
Users Are Scanners If you want a visitor to read your text, be sure to make your point in the very first
Feedback from your users is a very good thing. Your visitors are your customers Very often they will give you some valuable wisdom,
users to gain the basic principles needed for a professional Human resources Management in their individual SMES
more appropriate for German users but the links will be helpful also for learners from other
User guide and Model declaration, Publications Office of the European commission EIU (2004: Scattering the seeds of invention:
risk assessment, market study, user involvement, Intellectual Property (IP) management innovation strategy development, partner search, feasibility of concept and the like to
users (US) and competitors (CO Marketing-oriented networks equipment and component (CM suppliers and users
Marketing-oriented networks equipment and component suppliers users and competitors Complete innovation networks including government laboratory
and university (GU ES ES ES US US US CO ES US US USCM US
frameworks that balance the interests of suppliers and users are needed to protect and manage intellectual property and
Lead-users are firms or individuals that are on the very edge of the target market
In fact, lead-users are advanced so that they often modify existing or develop new products to meet their own needs.
In addition, taking ideas from lead-users can be dangerous as lead -users are often a step above common users
and may suggest ideas that are considered only valuable to those in lead-markets, thus making them harder to sell to common users
Marketing innovation includes the use of new channels of distribution and new advertising approaches for selling current or new products.
responsibility for downtime now shifts from user to supplier, which implies that Taprogge must be able to support its claims
observation, lead users, and even becoming a user. The most commonly used are interviews and
focus groups, and it is important to understand the relative strengths and weaknesses of these two
current users of current products (or potential customers), and observe how they initiate and complete various relevant tasks,
employees, lead users), groups (e g.,, brainstorming), external search (e g.,, patent search, new use of existing products/services, competitors, upstream and/or
by focus groups of potential customers or lead users Screening Ideas. In most cases, managers will end up with more ideas than they can implement
and lead users. Quantitative methods include surveys Market Test and Validation. In many cases, a new solution identified through the TSD process
or in user value. Therefore, we make the following recommendations Recommendation 1-Leverage the existing skills between MEP centers
and recorded for the benefit of future users without any interpretation from the creators of the knowledge.
within it such that the value for future users requires access to the implied knowledge and
user. If it is structured and codified, then it can be of considerable value www. webmd. com for example has a wealth of health-related information.
Discusses the"lead-user process",e g. innovation with the help of lead-users Vossen, R. W. 1998.
The Added Value of R&d for Lead Technology Users...25 Making Innovation Possible for Technology Followers...
must be targeted to meet the needs of a variety of user groups, have different objectives, and use multiple
•For â€oehigh-tech†SMES (the technology developers or lead technology users), which make up less than 15%of
â'Leading technology users (of varying R&d capacity7), which are 10-15%of SMES â'Technology followers, totalling between 80-85%of the population
7 The distinction between leading technology users with and without sufficient R&d capacity might need some
The leading technology users include two main subgroups: those with sufficient R&d capacity to perform R&d projects themselves
LEADING TECHNOLOGY USERS 2 sub groups: with and without R&d capacity Technology Followers SIZE Often small companies (40
all SMES †the technology developer and leading technology user groups †are active innovators.
for SMES must be targeted to different user groups, have different objectives, and use several approaches
Leading Technology Users 10-15%of the SME population(>5 employees Technology Developers 1-3%of the SME population(>5
Both technology developers and technology users who have a sufficient R&d capacity are able to
31%are leading technology users with WK1 21 sufficient R&d capacity16. If we exclude the CRAFT projects from the analysis, 17 43%of the SMES that
Leading technology users who do not have sufficient internal R&d capacity and technology followers, on the other hand, experience huge difficulties in applying for R&d grants.
Leading technology users without a sufficient internal R&d capacity are often too small in scale to apply for grants.
technology developers and those lead technology users with an internal R&d capacity. Most national R&d
developers,(2) lead technology users, and (3) technology followers with a potential for innovative activity
projects were either â€oetechnology developers†or â€oeleading technology users. †18 Clarysse, Removille, and Muldur (1999) further explored the profile of these enterprises
and 26%were leading technology users with an R&d capacity (often from traditional industries such as textiles, construction, and agriculture
Technology Developers Leading Technology Users New Technology Based Firms Service organisations Firm age 11 15 40
We can conclude from Table 3 that the leading technology users who participate in Commission†s Fourth Framework Programme are significantly older and larger than are the technology
users are significantly less R&d intensive. It is interesting that the consulting organisations are quite R&d
users. However, technology developers are also the companies least dependent on the R&d grants to finance their technological developments.
which is significantly lower than the 16.8%reported by the leading technology users. New technology
The Added Value of R&d for Lead Technology Users 81. As is shown in Table 3,
leading technology users are important participants in public R&d programmes. A recent econometric (Meeusen, 2000), shows that R&d grants given by the Flemish IWT to
investments of leading technology users (i e. they do not substitute the existing R&d budgets 82.
Although technology users are a large subgroup in the SME population, their profile is much less
A typical leading technology user could be an SME active in the textiles industry for
Leading technology users, according to an EC audit, are most likely to participate in programmes designed specifically for SMES.
users 55 %CRA FT (cooperative project technology follow ers 6 %technology developers 17 %leading technology
users 77 %Source: Clarysse and Duchã ne based on SME Co-ordination unit, DG XII (1998
technology users first because the programmes fund smaller projects. The financial sums involved are often too small to satisfy the needs of technology developers who have substantial R&d budgets.
design, SME-customised innovation programmes tend to reach leading technology users 85. Since public R&d grants to leading technology users actually encourages these firms to
subsequently increase their R&d expenditures, this subpopulation of SMES is a politically attractive target group.
Lead technology users tend to see public R&d grants as a way to professionalise their R&d efforts
In order to target leading technology users, programme procedures should be simple since they do not have the organisational slack to devote resources to search for funding
The second group, the leading technology users, has benefited the most from the recent SME -friendly programmes introduced by many OECD countries.
potential users of SME performance evaluation models: managers of SMES who want to monitor the performance of their firms,
Other models were created to meet the needs of traditional users of performance evaluation models, such as banks and financial institutions (Altman 1968,1983, Wood and Piesse 1988
As thus users of failure prediction models need to closely examine both the relevance of the assumptions
researchers as well as professional users to become more efficient and to better understand 67 and appreciate how
â€oefree†user-to -user assistance. Research Policy 32 (6), 923†943 Laven, F. 2008. Organizing innovation:
How policies are translated into practice. Phd Thesis. Gothenburg, Sweden: BAS Publishing, School of business, Economics and Law, Gothenburg University
from user-producer interaction to the national system of innovation. In Dosi, G. Freeman, C.,Nelson, R.,Silverberg, G
and programmes aimed at improving and expanding service provision to end users INTERREG IVC projects contributed to improving policy learning
However, the resulting product is diffused often also to other users. Hence, innovations resulting from PPI can be useful for the performing agencies,
Collaborative and user -driven innovation Creative Industries Projects that focused on innovation systems addressed GPS relevant to the innovation capacity of
between the programmes become transparent to the users, and GPS are promoted independently of their programme of origin (i e.:
a user searching for GPS would not have to look into the INTERREG database and the URBACT database, he would search one global database
users, specialised services banks, basic research and training institutions Support to technologies which have scale or agglomeration
Eindhoven triple helix model has transgressed actually towards a quadruple helix structure in which innovation users
users take an active interest in the investments and the resultant research. GRDC capitalises on
The potential user community e g. care-providers, insurers, companies) were asked to rate the potential impacts of particular
Eindhoven triple helix model has transgressed actually towards a quadruple helix structure in which innovation users
http://cemi. epfl. ch/files/content/sites/cemi/files/users/178044/public/Measuring%20smart%20special
and users form a platform and collaborate around a common issue, a so-called hotspot; ii) The focus is on
iv) The actions are driven user, the customer is a subject in the innovation process; and v) Environmental expertise, design and innovation expertise will form a novel
internationalization and user-driven innovation capabilities of companies in the region †access to demanding test beds:
i) a special user-driven model of action for R&d and innovation has been developed in the Lahti region, deriving from the needs of companies.
creating methods for anticipating user needs promoting public and private sector partnership and cooperation (including knowledge transfer and
User-driven R&d Finnovaatiosampo Clean tech/Environment †key organizational player†Lahti Science and Business Park
This process ideally combines both smart user involvement (and crucially, business involvement in the strategy definition) and smart use of intelligence (in the form of studies, foresight
user involvement or strategic intelligence. This is certainly the major area of improvement for efficient smart specialisation strategies in the future
the involvement of users (to avoid falling into the trap of purely technology-push niches with dubious market potential),
innovations that were simpler for potential users to understand would be adopted more rapidly than those which required the adopter to develop new skills and knowledge
other users, as well as the availability of trained skilled users, technical assistance and maintenance ï Relative Advantage
Relative advantage is the perception that an innovation is more advantageous than its substitute idea according to Rogers (2003.
by both decision makers and transport users. A new culture in urban mobility is needed in order to deliver
users need to adapt their attitudes and behaviour with regard to mobility Effective transport planning involves more than
Transport users must be central in mobility strategies because individual choices affect the sustainability and efficiency of urban transport systems.
user requirements for reliable, safe and easy access are met by the private car, further contributing to
for all users •New forms of vehicle use and/or ownership and a less car-dependent lifestyle
of user groups in different cities need to be taken into account. European policy and research are dedicated to developing innovative solutions to attract more passengers
channels to meet the needs of different user groups One such measure being tested in European cities is
information on transport modes. users with a portal on multimodal public transport within the EU and
centres, and users before and during a journey EU-funded research is also developing transport
users are more vulnerable to robbery, violence, and terrorist attack. Furthermore, surveys indicate that low perceived security is a key barrier to public transport
for many potential users. Security of urban passenger transport is a key element of the EU Internal security
Surveys of public transport users, for instance in Stuttgart (Germany) and Malmã (Sweden), have shown that these measures have raised passenger
the involvement of large user groups with different types of physical social or economic disadvantages,
To make transport accessible and user -friendly for everyone, travel opportunities need to be equitable for all.
towns and cities where disadvantaged user groups live. This discrepancy prompted the European commission to launch the Mediate
able-bodied users. In close consultation with all user groups, tools were developed to assist public authorities and transport operators to
improve access to public transport The Access2all project carried out a detailed user needs analysis and prepared a directory
of best practices, which includes innovative concepts for vehicles, infrastructure, services and public information directed to eliminating
Europe-wide user platform for groups facing barriers to public transport Initiated by the Mediate project, the Accessible
transport user. Policy intervention is needed to ensure that users take into account these external costs in making transport decisions.
The Action Plan on Urban Mobility promotes internalisation of external costs in the urban context,
and efficiency of pricing solutions based on the user pays principle. Studies include implementation issues such as public acceptability, social consequences
A step further in the user pays principle is the integration of environmental impacts into procurement decisions
transport more attractive and accessible to all users and developing more sustainable vehicles New mobility concepts have been investigated to
EU FP7 project, Mobility schemes ensuring accessibility of public transport for all users http://www. access-to-all. eu
which (knowledge intensive) intermediaries and the quality of the interface between users and producers play an increasingly important role
infrastructure and more in particular on the interface between the users and the producers of knowledge
to this†to mobilise the creative potential of users. Hagedoorn 23 points to the growing
drugs) demonstrate the dependence of innovation processes on the acceptance by users and†perhaps even more importantly†on the ability to mobilise and use the creative potential of
users to improve the innovation process. Other laws apply in this †network society†or †knowledge economy†than in the hierarchical variant.
c) Users have an increasingly important role in innovation processes. Maybe this†together and linked with the genesis of the †porous society††is the major difference
This raises the question of how to organise the interface with users in such a
potential of (potential) users. Consumers and, more generally, user†producer relations are being paid more and more attention in innovation studies 33†35 Constructive
38 also put the interaction between users and producers at the forefront. Until now however, these approaches have played all too often a marginal role
growing importance of users in innovation processes and the network character of innovation demand new concepts.
knowledge), via diffusion-oriented, towards far more user/demand-oriented policies Without any doubt, this trendwill continue during the first decade of the 21st century and
producers and the users of knowledge; different (scientific disciplines; policy and science R. Smits/Technological Forecasting & Social Change 69 (2002) 861†883878
the growing importance of alliances, flexibility and mobilising the creativity of users Changes in the knowledge infrastructure
knowledge intensive) intermediaries and the quality of the interface between users and producers play an increasingly important role
considered as an attempt to link user needs better to innovation studies. Innovation is the work
This †user orientation†is, together with the ambition of improving insight into innovation processes, at the heart of this young and multidisciplinary
34 P. den Hertog, J. A. Stein, J. Schot, D. Gritzalis, User involvement in RTD.
-tween users and producers induces an under -standing of reciprocal needs â Communicative learning involves the establish
analysts and other users interested in the growth and performance of SMES Economies of most nations are composed largely of small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMES) and their ability to
cause of concern for many user groups is the possibility of their patents being invalidated during
system by various users of the IP system, including researchers, entrepreneurs and SMES The information gathered by the SMES Division of
their users. In other cases, IP offices have contributed to the establishment of patent libraries or other new
valuable information for transport users and operators The potential of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) to help
the user. The progress made under the two main policy and legal instruments designed for this task †the ITS Action Plan
associations of users †supports the Commission on the technical and business aspects of ITS deployment.
ensuring the safety of vulnerable road users such as the elderly; and providing services for safe and secure truck
free of charge to all road users. Currently, information about safety-related traffic incidents is delivered most often by radio
for all road users >harmonise a Europe-wide free minimum service >TASKS AND ACHIE VEMENTS
ensuring seamless support to the road user >foster cooperation and facilitate the electronic exchange of traffic data and information across
so that road users can circulate throughout the EU without having to be concerned by charging procedures changing from one country or region to another
Service (EETS), by which road users subscribe to a single contract with an EETS provider in order to pay the charges
>enable road users to pay tolls easily throughout the whole of the EU thanks to one subscription
vehicle occupants and other road users >AIMS >introduce advanced emergency braking systems AEBS) and lane departure warning systems (LDWS
Vulnerable road users are defined in the ITS Directive as †non -motorised road users, such as pedestrians and cyclists as well
as motor-cyclists and persons with disabilities or reduced mobility and orientationâ€. While this encompasses a quite
applications and services on vulnerable road users has not been documented well known or. Indeed, though there is
benefits, the vulnerable road users †the very people who need the most support †seem to have been left out
of vulnerable road users >AIMS >identify significant subgroups of vulnerable road users and the most relevant ITS applications/services
>assess (positive/negative) impacts of ITS applications and services on the safety and comfort of vulnerable
road users, and if possible quantify these impacts >prioritise among ITS applications and services and detail concrete measures to enhance positive
road users, to be complemented by a stakeholder consultation More in depth research about safety impacts, possible
road users Vulnerable road users >A c T I O N 3. 4 >A C T
IO N 3 4 DGMOVE brochure ITS A4 indd 20 11/05/11 15: 16t105146 cee. pdf 22t105146 cee. pdf 22 20/06/11 13: 5020/06/11 13:50
road users were among the applications on show. Follow-on projects, field operational tests, work on standardisation
information, free of charge to users >interoperable EU-wide ecall >information services for safe and secure parking
financial and operational impact and cover aspects such as user acceptance life-cycle cost†benefit as well as the identification and evaluation of best practice
level of the interactions between the various constituents of transport systems, including users and their optimal combination
•between vehicles, infrastructures and users †against an appropriate background ofâ legislation to promote deployment across Europe
•road safety-related minimum universal traffic information free of charge to users •interoperable EU-wide ecall (for emergency calls using aâ single dial-up number
impacts on all road users. At this stage, however, some of the essential elements were not yet inâ place
sensors, together with an enhanced multifunctional user interface, to warn drivers of potentially dangerous situations
road users, with the development of detection systems to warn drivers of the presence of pedestrians, cyclists or street
operators, maintenance authorities and road users with rapid warning of emerging problems. Simulator studies and
-sive system able to communicate with all interested users. This must take account of many considerations relating to the vehicles, transport infrastructures, drivers†behaviour and
will bring great improvements in the efficiency of management and the safety of road users
In contrast to tramways and light rail systems, the principle is that users can summon aâ pod or
•How can other road users be made aware that they are in the vicinity of aâ platoon
types of mobility available to users †buses, taxis, train metro, walking, cycling, etc. Equally vital is optimisation ofâ the
transport with a particular focus on vulnerable users (ACCESS 2 ALL; also to help city authorities to implement ITS
of public transport for all users Through the coordination of current research efforts production of common research roadmaps, identification of
transport to all users, including those with impaired mobility Its goal is to encourage transport operators to adopt new
industrial users and public authorities. In this way, the freight itself will permit synchronisation of its transportation with
infrastructure and other road users. By harnessing weigh -in-motion technology (sensors embedded in the road
•development of demand-driven, easy-to-use and affordable services for all users, learning from the success of portable navigation systems and Web 2. 0 social networks
and improve user acceptance and response to the potentially complex offerings of new mobility services, combining multimodal traveller
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