internal competition, said Kim stevenson, its chief information officer. now, intel believes it needs a more collaborative culture to help it
competition and efficiency in the energy and transport industries Government needs to ensure transparency in agency function
development and innovation in accordance with the specificity of area and competition advantage which may be developed
framework that encourages competition while providing incentives to investors •Secondly, the Commission proposes measures to encourage demand, particularly the demand
Although the competition on the electronic communication market increased considerably, this is concentrated in the urban areas many rural areas are white areas
competition between operators A fairly large high proportion of companies are using e -procurement platforms
and competition in the areas envisaged by the measure while avoiding at the same time the creation of regional service monopolies
obtaining significant benefits as far as the stimulation of the competition is concerned. In such a situation
Intermediary body for Information Society Promotion Competition Council National Registrar of Companies Ministry of Justice
-cant issues of privacy and competition Right now few of these opportunities are being taken advantage of by European
-tion and competition. Bria 2012 One of the motivations underpinning this research is investigating how Europe can
COMPETITION CENTRALLY CONTROLLED Open and distributed digital ecosystems to foster grassroots social innovation and entrepreneurship
Competition based on open standards, protocols and formats are essential to deploy interoperability between data devices, services and networks.
competitions and challenges. One of Europe†s biggest open data competitions is the Open Data Challenge15.
It was organized by the Open Knowledge Foundation, the Openforum Academy and Share-PSI. eu. It offered 20,000 Euros in prizes to win and
There are many other competitions, such as Apps4finland16, the biggest European apps contest organized since 2009 and
COMPETITION ECONOMIC ENTERESTS COLLABORATION SOCIAL VALUES Commercial social networks/markets FB, Apple, Android Federated Social networks
COMPETITION ECONOMIC ENTERESTS COLLABORATION SOCIAL VALUES Commercial social networks/markets FB, Apple, Android Federated Social networks
There are other elements such as prizes, competitions, events, knowledge sharing and dissemination that should also be included in the mechanisms for DSI policy
The competition invited Europeans to come up with new solutions to reduce unemployment and minimise its corrosive effects on the economy and society.
competition and guarantees that users may freely choose between services online. The European parliament adopted amend
extraction (e g. for marketing, economic competition and surveillance In this context, the infrastructure should preserve the right of data-portability57, and
creative and innovative ideas, competitions and challenges or jams would be very helpful mechanisms to deploy
/social-innovation/competition /45 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki /Knowledge commons 46 http://bit. ly/1kivc4h
Competition...6 Intellectual property...7 INTRODUCTION...8 I. BENEFITS AND USE BY SMALL BUSINESSES...9
competition), and target programmes to overcome market failures to the extent that they are needed in
promote effective competition and continued to stress liberalisation in infrastructure, network services and applications across different technological
private sector initiative or inhibit competition. 1 1. OECD (2004), Recommendation of the Council on Broadband Development;
and promote broadband competition and liberalisation in network services and applications. Where the needs exist,
initiative or inhibiting competition, complement private investment with public financial assistance to expand coverage for under-served groups and remote areas
Competition Governments and competition authorities need to be aware of the impacts of e-business networks
on small firms. Business to business networks are restructuring value-chains with potentially very large lock in effects and impacts on small firms.
competition. Policy has moved beyond a narrow concept of e-commerce (on-line transactions) to a wider view of e-business integration of internal and external processes, based on technology neutrality.
Strong links with customers and suppliers along the value chain as well as the lack of competition
Increased competition in the telecommunications industry has been driving down access costs For example, prices of leased lines,
policy framework is no different for SMES than for larger firms except for some areas such as competition
The price and availability of broadband access depends to a large extent on competition in the
incumbent local access networks to competition (e g. unbundling local loops and line sharing) create incentives for new investment in broadband access and drive faster deployment of broadband services
Competition issues Ensuring competition and entry opportunities for other market players, particularly smaller ones is an ongoing policy priority.
The open architecture of the Internet does not necessarily result in more open markets, because e-commerce among businesses is initiated usually by dominant companies in value
Competition authorities need to monitor possible anti-competitive behaviour as the electronic marketplace evolves. Technological factors also come into play.
Most competition authorities in OECD countries, independently or in co-operation with others in different jurisdictions, have examined how on-line markets,
particular areas such as IPRS and competition •Focus on facilitating SME participation in B2b product and sector value chains,
4. 3. 8 Competition...76 4. 3. 8. 1 General...76 4. 3. 8. 2 Vertical distribution agreements...
competitions or games) meet certain transparency requirements. Both the commercial communication and the natural or legal person responsible for it must be clearly identifiable
The next frontier for innovation, competition and productivity, May 2011; available at: http://www. mckinsey. com/mgi/publications/big data/index. asp
promote and protect fair competition in the area of commercial practices Based on full harmonisation, it has four key elements
competition. In the first half of 2012, the Commission will publish evidence from investigations by the Body of European Regulators for Electronic communications (BEREC
more stringent measures to ensure competition and access to certain online services are not excluded 192 See
measures to achieve competition and the choice consumers deserve 4. 3. 5 Intellectual property rights The development of the Internet has meant the birth of a trade in goods
distorts the Single Market because of the unfair competition between businesses. One of the crucial means of combating piracy is the development of legal offers by providers.
intellectual property rights and a broadcaster constitute a restriction on competition prohibited by Article 101 TFEU where they oblige the broadcaster not to supply decoding devices enabling access to that right
4. 3. 8 Competition 4. 3. 8. 1 General Competition is of key importance in ensuring a well-functioning digital Single Market.
It is fostered by the application of general EU competition rules, 209 as well as by interoperability
and efficient standards. Commission services closely monitor the information and internet sectors to ensure that market players comply with EU competition law
For instance, in spring 2010 the Commission launched two investigations into business practices by Apple involving the iphone.
Competition rules on vertical restraints have been crucial in removing the unjustified restrictions on e-commerce contained in distribution agreements by prohibiting
http://ec. europa. eu/competition/elojade/isef/case details. cfm? proc code=2 m 5529 214 European commission, Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the
http://europa. eu/legislation summaries/competition/firms/l26062 en. htm 215 For instance, the Commission has on several occasions (Yves saint laurent, 2001;
which may restrict competition and create barriers to the Internal Market to the detriment of consumers.
TFEU which would constitute compliance with competition rules The Commission services will closely monitor the e-commerce and other digital sectors to
ensure that market players comply with EU competition law 4. 4 Contracting 4. 4. 1 Contract law
networks in order to avoid competition from pure e-commerce players As mentioned in the Single Market Act,
•More competition •More choice and transparency for consumers •More innovation •More payment security and customer trust
As regards the level of competition in the payments market, the Paper examines factors which
lack of competition, standardization, and micropayments On 11 january 2012, the Commission has adopted a Green Paper on card payments, internet
open to competition. 248 The European parcel and express market is today a highly consolidated market, after a decade of mergers and acquisitions.
delivery in some Member States and raises questions about (i) the level of competition in the
Although parcel and express delivery services have been open to competition for some decades257, the Postal services Directive provides for a number of regulatory measures to
For electronic services, there is currently a problem of distortion of competition within the EU. When these services are provided by an EU supplier to final consumers in the EU, their
potential distortions of competition will disappear The supplier himself will be responsible for collecting the VAT paid in the Member State of
4. 3. 8 Competition 4. 3. 8. 1 General 4. 3. 8. 2 Vertical distribution agreements
The drastic shortening of product life cycles, the globalization of competition with the accompanying growth in the number of possible innovators, the interacting influence of products
Competitions have been proven to be success -ful mobilising very large communities to solve the problems published.
competition and somebody may pick up an idea before it is protected formally. The KICS have indi
is competition and collaboration, creative ways of finding synergies, to accelerate the flow of people
and 2013 competitions were Christopher Williams Naked Energy) and Dominik Peus (Antaco) from Climate-KIC;
and Competition in Silicon valley and Route 128 Boston †Cambridge †London: Harvard Business School Press
global competition. Other major drivers for the programme on political level were the European 72 O P E N I N N O V A t I O N y E A r B o O k 2 0 1 4
-oration and competition, often enabled by provision of a platform which also facilitates the governance
the participation, competition, conflicting cultures and norms, and various levels or risk bearing abil -ities.
economy with keen global competition, the grow -ing importance of intangible assets is recognised a trend. It is our hope that the reported two inno
unemployment, job insecurity, strong competition and a rapidly changing environment requires a new approach that ensures our youth competitiveness
frontier for innovation, competition, and productivity Mckinsey Global Institute; 2011. Available from: http //www. mckinsey. com/insights/business technology
game, and of competition being emergent and value expanding, rather than being determined by indus -try structures and mere appropriation of value.
regarding international competition in these sectors and the potential of the markets in question. Even with our objective to develop the company from our
momentum, as the competition takes all the time big leaps in the development From legal perspective, this case (of which I am not
-mentation will become a key driver of competition underpinning new waves of productivity growth and data-driven innovation.
competition, research on innovation management has proposed and described a shift from the traditional â€oeclosed†innovation model toward an â€oeopen
fear direct competition. In my opinion, they have to overcome their worry and they have to think in a
Bedenkers (The Inventors) classroom competition and an online game to discover how you score as
drive competition, small firms can prosper only when they collaborate with a range of knowledge partners:
o New substitutes and new players in the market †sharp increase in competition o Public policies changing the market conditions forcing SMES to overhaul their
differentiate itself from the competition. In addition, its accessories were incorporated unique great designs, and combined new materials in a way no other single producer could copy
competition. In this way, Jaga got in touch with promising technologies to develop low CO2 emission
international competition, and growing technological complexity. More and more large companies rely on both internal and external knowledge sources to create new business
the risk of increased competition in the market with the royalty income it receives from licensing the
Competition among companies producing biotechnological F&f was limited At that time, Isobionics had two main competitors, but with 3, 000 flavors it was easy to avoid
competition. Still entry barriers are given considerable the proprietary technology and the years required developing the technology
companies that face stiff competition have to reinvent their businesses, looking for new ways to
which made their competition irrelevant at least for several years. They started with a strong vision
te competition irrelevant, Harvard Business Review Press, Harvard: MA 13 Johnson. M. W. 2011), Seizing the white space:
H200707 11-5-2007 Competition and innovative intentions: A study of Dutch SMES H200706 eind maart High-Growth Support Initiatives
boxes and internal competitions (e g. Van dijk and Van den Ende, 2002 2. 2. Technology exploration
boxes and internal competitions (e g. Van dijk and Van den Ende, 2002 2. 2. Technology exploration
Bedenkers (The Inventors) classroom competition and an online game to discover how you score as
drive competition, small firms can prosper only when they collaborate with a range of knowledge partners:
o New substitutes and new players in the market †sharp increase in competition o Public policies changing the market conditions forcing SMES to overhaul their
differentiate itself from the competition. In addition, its accessories were incorporated unique great designs, and combined new materials in a way no other single producer could copy
competition. In this way, Jaga got in touch with promising technologies to develop low CO2 emission
international competition, and growing technological complexity. More and more large companies rely on both internal and external knowledge sources to create new business
the risk of increased competition in the market with the royalty income it receives from licensing the
Competition among companies producing biotechnological F&f was limited At that time, Isobionics had two main competitors, but with 3, 000 flavors it was easy to avoid
competition. Still entry barriers are given considerable the proprietary technology and the years required developing the technology
companies that face stiff competition have to reinvent their businesses, looking for new ways to
which made their competition irrelevant at least for several years. They started with a strong vision
te competition irrelevant, Harvard Business Review Press, Harvard: MA 13 Johnson. M. W. 2011), Seizing the white space:
insulated IT business units from harsh competition in global markets (Becchetti, 2001. Vertical con -glomerates in countries with rigid labour markets
trajectories, sometimes also in competition, rather than convergence on a few research programmes Bonaccorsi and Vargas, 2010
open competition on the basis of research proposals Patterns of career mobility Top scientists are scarce
and there is competition to attract them. Competition for scarce academic staff of top quality may be considered a layered game
only highly ranked institutions can compete for very top people, and very top people carefully select their
Competition, however, is multidimensional Among people of the same stratum of quality, sec -ondary factors in selecting an affiliation (in addition
competition among universities to attract the best young researchers, then the best young professors Without strong competition among universities
Table 7 Ranking of top 15 affiliations (only academic positions) in total number of positions over career
system that favours career mobility, competition based on peer review, a competitive Phd education system, cross-disciplinary mobility and industryâ€
competition for students and researchers worldwide Knowing how severe these demands are, top class universities fight to attract the best students and try
competition. The companies stated a great variety of reasons for non-growth, including e g. unfavour
barriers to competition etc but what is not so clear is what combination of conditions works best and, indeed, what
-ities, imperfect competition and imperfect information. 26 An externality is an impact on a party that is not directly involved in a transaction.
Imperfect competition means that one or a few agents in the market are able to shape the equilibrium allo
Imperfect competition may be due to entry bar -riers e g. in the form of high â€oesunk costs†or increasing returns to scale which may lead to monopolies.
any, examples of perfect competition, so that there are many arguments in favour of state regulation or inter
-tions may distort competition in favour of domestic firms. Thus one may favour to allocate decision rights
Second, as competition can be interpreted as a discovery process, the relationship between nations can be interpreted as a beneficial competition to search for most
effective policy solutions. These may then be implemented in other nations, too As regards asymmetric information, state failure in international relationships may also be due to institu
-mestic market position against international competition. Services may also be offered to large companies The companies conclude a contract with one of Innovation Norway's offices abroad for delivery of a tailored
employees, responding to global competition and developing initiatives to foster â€oehidden global champions†The introduction of policy schemes for supporting this group of enterprises will probably impact the Korean
Competition was too strong The company was not innovative enough The company's innovations were not successful
for others it was strong competition, for a few it was difficult access to finance, a shrinking market,
and additional regulation (six times), competition from â€oelow wage†firms or â€oelow wage countries†(mentioned five times), â€oelost customers†(four times),
subsidiarity and international competition. 178 The subsidiarity principle stipulates that central authorities should have a subsidiary function, performing
International competition: In general, competition can be interpreted as a discovery process, meaning that competing companies search for solutions to best
please the needs of consumers †which leads to solutions which were unknown at the outset and which
can be interpreted as a beneficial competition to search for most effective policy solutions. These may even
f) competition was too strong g) our company was not innovative enough i) the innovations of our company were not successful
-ket position against international competition. Services may also be offered to large companies Information provided to empirica by Inno
competition. The companies stated a great variety of reasons for non-growth, including e g. unfavour
barriers to competition etc but what is not so clear is what combination of conditions works best and, indeed, what
-ities, imperfect competition and imperfect information. 26 An externality is an impact on a party that is not directly involved in a transaction.
Imperfect competition means that one or a few agents in the market are able to shape the equilibrium allo
Imperfect competition may be due to entry bar -riers e g. in the form of high â€oesunk costs†or increasing returns to scale which may lead to monopolies.
any, examples of perfect competition, so that there are many arguments in favour of state regulation or inter
-tions may distort competition in favour of domestic firms. Thus one may favour to allocate decision rights
Second, as competition can be interpreted as a discovery process, the relationship between nations can be interpreted as a beneficial competition to search for most
effective policy solutions. These may then be implemented in other nations, too As regards asymmetric information, state failure in international relationships may also be due to institu
-mestic market position against international competition. Services may also be offered to large companies The companies conclude a contract with one of Innovation Norway's offices abroad for delivery of a tailored
employees, responding to global competition and developing initiatives to foster â€oehidden global champions†The introduction of policy schemes for supporting this group of enterprises will probably impact the Korean
Competition was too strong The company was not innovative enough The company's innovations were not successful
for others it was strong competition, for a few it was difficult access to finance, a shrinking market,
and additional regulation (six times), competition from â€oelow wage†firms or â€oelow wage countries†(mentioned five times), â€oelost customers†(four times),
subsidiarity and international competition. 178 The subsidiarity principle stipulates that central authorities should have a subsidiary function, performing
International competition: In general, competition can be interpreted as a discovery process, meaning that competing companies search for solutions to best
please the needs of consumers †which leads to solutions which were unknown at the outset and which
can be interpreted as a beneficial competition to search for most effective policy solutions. These may even
f) competition was too strong g) our company was not innovative enough i) the innovations of our company were not successful
-ket position against international competition. Services may also be offered to large companies Information provided to empirica by Inno
competition. †Last,!, organizations'that'are'very'autonomous'in'managing'public'procurement'are'more'capable'of'upscaling'eqprocurement.'
Agreements should be fully compliant with EU competition rules 3) Transparency of the process Agreements for the digitisation of collections held by cultural institutions should be awarded
after an open competition between potential private partners 4) Transparency of agreements The content of agreements between cultural institutions and private partners for the
sectors in competition with locations nationally and internationally A6 Promoting and facilitating the decentralisation of services from the Dublin Metropolitan Area to the
competition for best ideas and applications, and Europe must stand out. More technology is not the solution.
collaboration as much as by competition, it is something you do with people rather than to them.
to increased global competition and the pressing need to address climate change, ageing and the other societal
retail competition or smart metering standardisation 21 2. 4) Innovative fi nancing models From incumbents to new entrants
â€oeinnovation is driven by creative collaboration as much as by competition, it is something you do with people rather than
challenges include increasing global competition, population ageing, climate change and pressure on resources, particularly the gradual depletion and rising prices of fossil
competition from the emerging nations, rising transport costs, increasing energy and raw material prices, technological advances, shorter production cycles, and demand for
challenges include increasing global competition, population ageing, climate change and pressure on resources, particularly the gradual depletion and rising prices of fossil
competition from the emerging nations, rising transport costs, increasing energy and raw material prices, technological advances, shorter production cycles, and demand for
ideas, talent, projects, capital, â€) and constructive competition â Flows are hampered severely: we need integration
•New global markets with no competition •The economical crisis of traditional industry sectors could foster
plans competitions, regional venture capital funds •Incentives for regionally-relevant public research •Entrepreneurship support (networks of
Mechanisms should be in place to detect activities facing increasing competition and to devote special attention to these,
forms of competition that are developing in the global economy. SMES are thus at the core of
smart specialisation strategy is able to resist global competition or take advantage of global competition opportunities (often niche markets
Many reports are showing that lots of SMES do not use the full potential of either the internal or
constraints and competition. In this framework, public decision-makers and stakeholders in Europe†s regions and cities,
face of intensified global competition and facilitating collaborative interactions by firms across the supply chain and throughout the country
in stimulating competition leading to increased innovation, enhanced management capabilities and technology adoption; and •Social enterprises also provide employment opportunities
face of intensified global competition and facilitating collaborative interactions by firms across the supply chain and throughout the country
in stimulating competition leading to increased innovation, enhanced management capabilities and technology adoption; and •Social enterprises also provide employment opportunities
o Support of pupils, students and masterands to participate in competitions of ideasand innovative projects organized at national and international level (through financial
competition and demonstration effects (via market competition and joint activities. While the region benefits from the spillovers through human capital †Romanians account for the vast majority of the
markets or to cope with growing international competition, or support potentially high growth companies to unleash latent comparative advantage through, for example, R&d and innovation policies
which has negative consequence including an unjustified competition between complementary destinations such as Timisoara and Arad.
appears to be more conducive to competition and has the potential to maximize output and
of European population ageing as well as by a fierce competition globally In achieving the fundamental objectives of Lisbon Strategy †sustaining
In this way private investments shall be encouraged, competition and reduction of prices shall be promoted as a result of the competitive level
In terms of competition it should be mentioned that Romania has a particular situation regarding the penetration rate of fixed telephony of only 20%and this fact
Therefore, the main goal is to stimulate competition and to promote the development of mobile broadband as the proper solution for
"or open market competition for telecommunications or other policy options would be more effective •A national flexibility and a coordinated approach at EU level:
transparency, equal treatment and fair competition imposed by the national legislative framework Benefits of Electronic Procurement System also take other values.
 competition  such  as  in  the  UK  in  the
 competition  In  this  context  the  relatively  slow  develop- â€
 competition  seriously  A  number  of  important  recent  mergers
 competition  Joining  forces  creating  large  markets  and  speeding
Global Competition; Global Markets 1. The Research Questions Recently a territorial development model has arisen focused on territorial search
 competition  in  international  markets  Building the evidence base for RIS3 (I
Property right (IPR) protection or the extent of local competition) may affect a SMES'decision to become technology specialists, and this
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