Demand for passenger and freight transport is constantly increasing in cities and towns, contributing to congestion, pollution,
Increasing demand for passenger and freight transport in urban areas is a challenge for governments and transport authorities in all EU Member States.
and the economic and social demand for rapid and efficient movement of goods and people, safely
and demands for new and flexible lifestyles, cities are faced with finding new transport solutions for
•Demand management strategies based on economic tools, regulatory measures and tele-services •Mobility management plans and communication
campaigns for managing mobility demand •Safe and secure road infrastructure and transport for all users
demand and to provide services that enhance the overall urban system and surroundings. Thus an integrated package of measures needs to
Increasing transport demand is creating a major challenge in traffic management in urban areas throughout Europe. Decision makers have at their
management can influence transport demand to some extent. Research has focused on information and communication on alternative transport
Rapid transit), and new services such as demand responsive public transport. These technologies and services are being tested in the CIVITAS Initiative, in
posed by the increasing demand for passenger and freight transport. A policy framework to support cities
influence transport demand, including incentive schemes for more sustainable use of transport modes and infrastructure.
The genesis of the network society demands a new role for government and other players involved in innovation processes.
innovation demand new concepts. As a result, the innovation policies of most OECD governments shifted over the last two decades from supply-oriented (production of
As a follow-up to the above, there is the demand for management of the knowledge infrastructure.
Universities, because the demand for more specific orientation towards the problem in question calls for a multidisciplinary approach,
focus on the articulation of the demand for new technology are useful in this context 49 Technology assessment and foresight in particular have undergone a radical evolution over
high demands on the management of the interface between organisations and the networks within which they operate,
processes based on their deep knowledge of market demand. It was expected therefore that interactions with global buyers would lead to higher innovation levels.
This paper therefore poses that absorptive capacity demands more attention in both innovation policy and research.
In increasingly demand-driven markets, incremental innovations enable firms to enter market niches at relatively low cost.
market demands in interaction with researchers, buyers, business associations, business development services, finance institutes, firms, friends and family.
material has been replaced by clustering around market demand Table 1: survey sample per subsector and firm size (turn over
silver, due to demand and knowledge of the Dutch occupiers, and leather, due to exports (Isminalda 2011.
The Bali bombing about halved demand from tourists but had limited a impact on exports. The earth quake destroyed stock and factories, which
demand in emerging economies, including Indonesia itself, but still the main issue for many firms
The interplay between market demands for innovation and externalities thus push the sector towards middle to high end product markets
In all three cases, the product demands highly specialized production techniques and the number of sales is large
demands much brighter colors than western markets. Respondent#1 illustrates that incremental change can be creative as well:
when a new season demands new colors and designs. 27%of all firms change their product design even more regularly and a further 26
but also not in line with the growing demand for handmade products Radical shifts in production processes are rare
and demand is unsure. If you want to modernize, you have to specialize in one product.
market demands, quality requirements and other critical success factors of products in global markets is difficult,
Buyers select (a) sample (s), demand further modification or move elsewhere. If they buy a product,
from global buyers that demand high standards. Selling to top level buyers such as Trade and
They know the market demand. If buyers come here they give us direction We sit and discuss the collection of 2013.
New regulation demands a separate certification for each designed lamp and wooden product. As he produces small tailor-made quantities, just like other firms in Yogyakarta, this
system demands attention in order to stimulate local knowledge development and exchange. What is particularly lacking missing are research incentives and capacity development of non-firm actors
growing demand for more precise and real-time information the need for more †and better †data is increasing all the
mobility, including an integrated approach for travel planning, transport demand traffic management, emergency management, road pricing and the use of parking
demand-management, smart ticketing and urban logistics Indeed, the potential of ITS to make an impact on issues like
by aâ continuous increase in traffic demand as aâ result of higher levels of motorisation
aâ form of demand-responsive ATS that was promoted strongly during the 1960s and †70s,
which can run on demand on existing urban infrastructures that also accommodate pedestrians, cyclists and even aâ limited numbers of cars.
increasing demand, especially in urban areas, it becomes more and more crucial to have ready access to accurate real
-vision of information about demand-responsive trans -port (DRT), now being developed in many cities and regions
can be adapted for different functions according to demand at any given time C H A p T E R 6
during major events that place unusually heavy demands on the host cities†infrastructures. Demonstrations are planned at
Cities face ever increasing demands on their transportation systems, especially in developing regions with growing car
becoming the most important tool for meeting this demand The VIAJEO project will design, demonstrate and validate an
of demand. Incentives and sanctions will favour low-impact collective and individual modes of passenger transport,
•development of demand-driven, easy-to-use and affordable services for all users, learning from the success of portable navigation systems and Web 2. 0 social networks
information with options such as demand-responsive transport and car sharing or pooling •exploration of the possibilities offered by new-generation fully electric vehicles, especially
DRT Demand-responsive transport DSRC Dedicated short range communication EGCI European Green Cars Initiative ERTMS European Railway Traffic Management System
the sustainable mobility of citizens and goods in response to increase in traffic demand, resulting from
size of demand for European products (particularly services), which in turn makes it harder to achieve economies of scale from ICT investments.
Estimates for the price elasticity of demand for IT products find that that for every 1-percent drop in price in IT products,
which would depress demand for ICT. 163 As Kraemer notes, â€oeone of the best ways to promote IT use is to not create barriers to use
the Devereux/Griffith Methodology (On-Demand Report, Mannheim: ZEW-Zentrum fã r Europã¤ische Wirtschaftsforschung/Center for European Economic Research, June 2012
Bert Colijn, â€oegreen Jobs in Europe and the Increasing Demand for Technical Skills†(The Conference
-and-increasing-demand-technical-skills PAGE 40 THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION FOUNDATION JUNE 2014 157.
Gurbaxani, Vijay,"The demand for IT capital: an empirical analysis,"Decision Support systems 8, no. 5
Gilbert Cette and Jimmy Lopez, â€oeict Demand Behaviour: An International Comparison†(working paper, Bank of France, 2009), http://www. banque
but demand in certain product markets (which can be influenced by market access, legal frameworks impacting on private and public demand for
innovative solutions, etc..The Lead Market Initiative brought demand-driven innovation policy instruments into EU innovation policy thinking (Aho et al.
2006). ) In its report on reindustrialising Europe to promote competitiveness and sustainability, the European parliament stressed again the
2. 4 What are the implications of realistic consumer bandwidth demands? 20 3 Potential benefits of broadband in Europe 22
The evolution over time of consumer bandwidth demand during the busy hour 20 Figure 4:
interpretation should track trends in consumer demand for broadband 2 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE
Consumer demand for bandwidth has grown steadily over the last decade, albeit at a percentage rate of growth that is declining over time.
demand per household is less than many assume, even though total global bandwidth demand is substantial. Per projections based on Cisco VNI data, average global bandwidth
demand per household in 2020 (the target data for achieving the DAE€ s objectives for
The evolution over time of consumer bandwidth demand during the busy hour Source: Cisco VNI 2011 data, 1 WIK calculations
but in light of realistic consumer demand it is not necessary to assume that every broadband user will consume maximum capacity all
Ability of different technologies to meet realistic consumer demand Eurodocsis 3. 0 cable systems already comfortably exceed the 100 Mbps called for in
progressively closer to the end-user as and when needed to meet customer demand •The cost of upgrading existing digital cable systems to Eurodocsis 3. 0 is minimal
there has been little customer demand for upstream data bandwidth. The biggest single impediment is that such a shift would conflict with analogue FM radio
Vod Video-on-Demand; a Video on Demand enables end-users to select and watch video content over a network
Wimax Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access WTP Willingness to Pay 4g Fourth-generation mobile communication standard
interpretation should track trends in consumer demand for broadband â Consumer demand for bandwidth has grown steadily over the last decade, albeit
at a percentage rate of growth that is declining over time â Bandwidth demand per household is less than many assume, even though total
global bandwidth demand is substantial. Per projections based on Cisco VNI data, average global bandwidth demand per household in the busy hour in 2020
is less than 2 Mbps â Ultra-fast broadband access is useful, but it is not necessary to assume that every
the interpretation should track trends in consumer demand for broadband. Consumer demand for bandwidth has grown steadily over the last decade,
albeit at a percentage rate of growth that is declining over time (see Figure 1), and this trend can be expected
that tracks this evolution of consumer bandwidth demand over time 6 DAE, page 19 16 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE
the bandwidth demand of individual households tends to be far less than many have assumed. Moreover, it is clear that even in 2015, a very small fraction
Translating the above Cisco data into Mbps demand, during the average hour and during the busy hour, we have depicted the results in Table 2. Data networks are generally
Estimation of the mean aggregate bandwidth demand during the busy hour from the data is straightforward,
The evolution over time of consumer bandwidth demand during the busy hour Source: Cisco VNI 2011 data, 15 WIK calculations
What is particularly striking is that the mean global bandwidth demand per household is far less than most have assumed,
the average demand during the busy hour is well below 2 Mbps. This has important
2. 4 What are the implications of realistic consumer bandwidth demands Many policy implications flow from the bandwidth demand characteristics noted in Section
2. 3. In this respect, it is important to distinguish between the access network (e g. the
as demand grows •Different customers will have different bandwidth needs. Different networks will have different customers,
and for that matter in excess of consumer demand that is likely to present considerably beyond 2020. Under reasonable assumptions
and the degree to which bandwidth demands differ from those of fixed network users (due, for example, to smaller screen size.
Household Demand for Broadband Internet Service Final report to the Broadband. gov Task force, Federal Communications Commission;
meet customer demand. Both upgrades have been in progress for some time â The cost of upgrading existing digital cable systems to Eurodocsis 3. 0 is minimal
demand for upstream data bandwidth. The biggest single impediment is that such a shift would conflict with analogue FM radio
end-user as and when needed to meet customer demand. Both upgrades have been in progress for some time •Some cable operators choose to use purely fibre-based systems (e g.
traffic demand, contrary to what many have assumed, is becoming more asymmetric over time, not less. â€oewith video growth, Internet traffic is evolving from a relatively steady
because there has been little customer demand for upstream bandwidth 50 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE
To date, there has not been sufficient customer demand to warrant such a change †the available upstream bandwidth has been sufficient to meet
70 Section 2. 3 shows that individual bandwidth demand (and willingness to pay) in all likelihood will remain well below
consumer demand. A number of technical, economic and practical considerations come into play First, cable operators would be reluctant to lose video channels that they offer today
Household Demand for Broadband Internet Service; Final report to the Broadband. gov Task force, Federal Communications
Change in one area demands change in others, too. For instance there is strong relationship between Assessment and Content and Curricula.
This can lessen the demand for expensive external resources and enable the development of sustainable health information systems.
The demand for environmentally friendly products and services opens the way for new business oppor
and be creative to meet consumer demands and the needs of industry Innovation drives economic growth and is critical to our future prosperity
by matching both undergraduate and postgraduate courses with market demand. Graduate profiles with the highest retention rates are in business and humanities, science, engineering and IT13
age of increased competition and more individualised customer demands, constant innovation is needed for businesses to grow
demands •Internationally Traded Services-building on emerging growth opportunities •Logistics and Supply Chain Management-taking advantage of infrastructures and local skills
the demand for high-speed Internet access in view of the lack of affordable fixed-broadband services, whereas in the developed world both
WSIS+10 review, the demand for a data revolution and the role of big data for ICT monitoring
increasing demand for high-speed mobile access can be met, including in rural areas, where the additional spectrum represented by the digital
internal demand and also its location: most transatlantic submarine cables land in the UK as do several cables linking Western Africa and
satisfy the demand for data needs in new areas, such as big data, geospatial information and geographical
surveys (demand-side indicators. An indicator such as the percentage of individuals using a mobile-cellular telephone (which ITU collects
order to meet the increasing demand generated by wireless-broadband services. There is an obligation for the licensees to ensure that by
domestic demand for data driven by the high volume of local content, and domestic Internet
providing their service depending on the demand and the specific business case in each geographic area.
In response to the demand for global benchmarks on ICT prices, ITU has been collecting ICT price
and mobile-cellular services from a demand-side perspective (Chart 4. 2 From this perspective, voice services are less
initiatives to strengthen the demand side Chapter 4. ICT prices and the role of competition
the supply and the demand sides (Box 4. 1 The average price for an entry-level fixed
result of factors on both the supply and the demand side On the supply side, there are only two facilities-based fixed
On the demand side, GNI per capita in Mauritania is the lowest of all Arab countries included in the comparison of fixed-broadband
public policies to support demand for fixed-broadband services could lead to wider adoption and thus give a positive signal to
for example, is available on the demand side While an increasing number of countries currently collect data on the individual use
the geospatial distribution of demand, and to plan and manage their networks more effectively through optimal resource allocation.
demands placed on their networks by the use of popular OTT services New business lines To increase revenue streams,
mismatch between the supply of and demand for talented individuals with the requisite broader skill sets,
predicts that by 2018 the demand for data-savvy managers and analysts in the United states will
demand for data at both an individual level and at aggregate levels, and the understanding thus gained can be used
understand the demand for particular applications and websites Service access detail records Whenever a user utilizes a telecommunication
demand for new GE goods. But William Ruh, vice pres -ident of software at General electric, notes that â€oethere†s
mobile, analytics and embedded devices, demand different mindsets and skill sets than previous waves of transformative technology
2. Participation †the data may also be obtained from public demands therefore the citizen -administration interaction is provided
of demand and any potential seasonal factors, which will facilitate the adjustment of production /imports of drugs and the allocation
demonstrating a growing demand for health information, government resources, and social connections This is why, beginning with 2009,
and all types of ICT skills are in high demand in close connection with einclusion objectives
•Secondly, the Commission proposes measures to encourage demand, particularly the demand for broadband services
According to ANCOM€ s biannual reports, the demand for broadband Internet services recorded a genuine boom starting from 2006 †with respect to both fixed and mobile technologies
the efforts from alternative instruments (including demand stimulation and ex ante regulation) did not solve the problems related to the lack of supply of broadband on the targeted areas
adapted and maintained for a particular and real demand. Each entity has to identify all types of potential users,
crisis, climate change, and the demand for quality healthcare, seem to require digitally-extended collective intelligence
to prevent excessive demands and frustrations. In Europe, interesting crowdsourcing projects for cities are emerging from the Open Cities project and Commons4eu
Recent global developments have revealed increasing demands of citizens for their governments and administrations to become more participatory, trans
and demand for the approach including the specific user problems the product or service would solve
analytics software to test demand Fi na n -ci al V al ue There has to be a market for
local needs and demand In countries where DSI is advanced relatively, such as The netherlands and the UK,
2. 8 To meet the capacity demands, CIP implemented high-speed scanning equipment and intelligent character recognition software to capture printed information
4. 4 Other demands continue to take priority over the completion of the transition. To
regarding its ability to cope with future demand 4. 27 Drug tariff information and pricing changes frequently.
demand for NHS Prescription Services is growing and there is pressure to reduce costs and improve
system to meet demand; the lack of flexibility to adapt to changes of business rules;
against a budget and prioritised business demands. Costs are challenged and optimised, and the value of asset/investments is exploited fully
customised products and better response to client demand. Moreover, it indicates that ICT may help reduce
demand secure transaction environments, SMES are likely to face increasing costs for system protection and security measures (Phillips, 2002.
demands and specifications for justin-time parts delivery. Most suppliers, even large ones, see EDI (and
demands for ICT skills are dramatically changing and more specialised. Commercial training services may be more sensitive to businesses†changing and specific needs and government training programmes need to
There is an increasing demand for buying medicines online for a number of reasons. The greatest benefit for consumers is the
The restrictions and bans are applicable to linear and on-demand services. All audiovisual commercial communications (TV and on-demand) must be readily recognizable
not use subliminal techniques; not use surreptitious techniques; respect human dignity; not include/promote discrimination (e g. based on sex, nationality, religion;
The Directive covers television, on-demand services and emerging advertising techniques. The question has been raised to what extent the commercial communications rules of the Audiovisual Media Services
or lower demand influenced by seasonal factors; pricing by different competitors, or extra risks linked to having to comply with rules different to those
sector as regards issues such as video-on-demand (Vod) services and cross-border broadcast services (2012
whether this be on demand, Internet or satellite. The inadequacy of rules governing the provision of digital cultural goods,
The increased demand for more flexible and user friendly delivery solutions has been impacting the delivery sector significantly.
•There is an increasing demand for access to information on companies in a cross -border context,
Such particular organizational demands are placed on the management of innovation by the Open Innovation paradigm itself (Arnold, 2008
finance, technology advances and demands related to intellectual property rights protection Further streams of research may seek to study
-ate, and demand, innovation ecosystem thinking so that environments function properly. As exam -ple, they analyse the Future Internet PPP funded
that demand marketers†attention Lesson? Go mobile or go home. The consumer of the future carries the power
This is where the demand for evolving the concept of Triple Helix to Quadruple Helix steps
the fourth Helix highlights a demand for innov -ation policy to †present†itself to the public through
is rising demand for †new green†knowledge solutions and know how in order to utilise resources innovatively for society and the
-ronmental protection, it also demands the protection of biodiversity (see Barth 2011a Bhaskar 2010; Le monde diplomatique 2009
•Market demand •Competence •Economic viability •Technological valorization •Team competences & skills
new economic values and effectively new demand and supply curves. An entrepreneur, he claimed succeeds by combining new or existing technolo
-senting both demand and supply side, the creation of †use case†projects piloting Future Internet tech
external market forces, such as industrial demand and venture capital, and to open up the ecosystem for developer communities based on free access to
return of normal labor market demand. An add -itional US$14. 2 billion (A$22 billion) budget for large-scale infrastructure was announced also
qualifications for future labour market demand The first two programmes were by far the most effi -cient, widespread,
amid the crisis due to booming demand for its raw materials from industrialising Asia, especially China. However, China†s recent economic slowdown
demand from China and its resources industry has shed thousands of workers as a result.
closer to the actual user demand  Virtual companies will be considered by their own and not like a reflection of physical businesses.
better services demand. We have to be convinced that services can and must grow to meet our needs
and demand taking advantage of a new economic asset comparable to gold in words of the Word Eco
have not taken measures to anticipate demand and prepare our students to be the best in data analysis
meet a growing demand for an aging society with great expectations in the care of older people is
Supply and Demand of Goods and Services Unilateral Capacity Building Wealth Welfare and Wellbeing as the basis of
-sumers in their vehicles, which demands wireless connections via satellite and telecommunication networks to common monitoring stations.
The scale of the Aadhaar initiative demands a deeper level of engagement with its myriad
themselves fit With growing demand from users sports and wellness products are now available in
-erable demand for using sportswear for sports as well as casual purposes. Continuously evolving and
light-on-demand settings involves just lights people count sensors and an application to design
Changes on the demand side, however, are sometimes slow and steady. Think about the growing awareness of companies to develop environmentally friendly or sustainable products or the increase in
-trough demand Three strategic changes in a single decade may appear to be too much turbulence,
worldwide demand was a major challenge. However, to hold on to sole IP rights, QOD had to reach
strategy to realize market-related objectives such as meeting customer demands, or keeping up with competitors.
store services when supply exceeds demand. Their study shows how factors affecting the innovation potential differ greatly between these two groups of firms.
customer demand, but also in collecting new ideas and knowledge, improving innovative performance, continuous growth and financial motives.
developments and to meet customer demand, which should eventually result in increased growth, better results,
-changing customer demand and to prevent the firm from being outperformed by competitors or new entrants
Customer demand Customer demand too specific, innovation appears not to fit the market Competent employees Employees lack knowledge/competences, not enough labor flexibility
with problems related to property rights, adoption and too specific customer demands When involving employees, it often turns out that they do not have required the
of methods to meet the ever-changing customer demand and to stay competitive Corporate renewal is second most important driver towards open innovation.
motives such as meeting customer demands, or keeping up with competitors. Their most important challenges relate to organizational
processes demands higher investments in capital and technologies. For services†due to their relatively intangi -ble, simultaneous and heterogeneous nature†the opposite
market-related motives such as meeting customer demands but also to acquire new knowledge. Likewise, Jacobs and
are marked also by practices which usually demand substantial investments, including venturing, external participations, IP licensing and R&d outsourcing
and to meet customer demand, which eventually should result in increased growth, better ï nancial results, or
the ever-changing customer demand and to prevent the ï rm from being outperformed by competitors or new
Demand Customer demand too speciï c, innovation appears not to ï t the market â€
customer demands. When relying on employees to imple -ment open innovation, it often turns out that they do not
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