university

Synopsis: Education: Level of education: University: University: University:

Open innovationinSMEs Trends,motives and management challenges.pdf.txt

deindhoven University of Abstract â€ 437 otives and management challenges de Jongb, Wim Vanhaverbekec ochemontd

asselt University, Belgium nology, The netherlands www. elsevier. com/locate/technovation ARTICLE IN PRESS chn innovation practices and whether there is a trend towards

universities, public research organizations, commercial engineers or suppliers Inward IP licensing Buying or using intellectual property, such as patents

University Press, Cambridge Singh, J.,1990. A typology of consumer dissatisfaction response styles Journal of Retailing 661, 57â€ 99

Open-innovation-in-SMEs.pdf.txt

in Danish hospitals, including the Glostrup Hospital of the University of Copenhagen. These contacts introduced the founders to the science of sleep and the clinical practice of sleep medic ine.

universities, research labs, and lead-customers. New technologies thus offer opportunities for small firms even in the so-called low-tech industry such as textiles, furniture, bicycles, food, and so on

developed at universities, research labs, or large companies. Finally, small firms must make choices 32

Dingens wanted to collaborate with the University of Hasselt and knowledge partner Sirris to develop a completely new instrument The new barometer should have the same advantages of the

longer be limited to university and corporate spin-offs. Start-ups can use their organizational agility application know-how,

universities or larger, technology-savvy companies. Isobionics illustrates this point. The company took a technology to market that had been abandoned at DSM at a speed that surprised both technology

Examples include newsletters from universities and knowledge centers and publications of Design Vlaanderen, among others.

such as universities, research labs, and knowledge intermediaries. This strong reliance on value chain partners is partially due to the fact that most companies are active in low-and medium-tech industries

such as the Glostrup Hospital of the University of Copenhagen. After setting up an examination board

where universities would be invited to participate in the product days with their own ideas. They would also have access to factory resources

Universities, research labs, crowds of experts, lead users, and knowledge brokers are just a few examples of potential external sources of kn owledge.

new flavors has traditionally been completed with different universities in Europe, with DSM, and with other innovation partners.

including several European universities, research labs, DSM and other value chain partners. The technology licensed from DSM is a technological plat form that can

to universities, technology labs, and commercial partners. Third, DSM was a formidable partner for Isobionics in the further development and continuous technical support of Isobionicsâ€ products.

are increasingly aware of the growing technological capabilities of universities, research labs, and high-tech start-ups.

Philips relies recurrently on new technologies from universities, specialized research labs, and high-tech start-ups. The electronic giant endeavors to be preferred the partner for

Partners may be technology partners such as universities, research labs, or other companies but in most cases these are not the most important partners in the network.

institutional sources (universities and university colleges (v), government and public research organizations (vi)), and other available sources (professional

) universities (v; and public research organizations (vi. Collaborative innovation is captured by calculating the average score of the six questionnaire items registering the firmâ€ s use of coopera tive agreements with

The business model ontology â€ a proposition in a design science approach, Ph d. Thesis University Lausanne, Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales HEC. 173 p;

Oxford_ European competitiveness in information technology and lon term scientific performance_2011.pdf.txt

Engineering, Faculty of engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1-56122 Pisa, Italy; Email: a. bonaccorsi

-agement at the University of Pisa, Italy. His main research interests include: the economic analysis of the dynamics of

-ence, in both European and US universities, to list the most important technological innovations in the

University research played a key role in the growth of the US computer industry. Universi -ties were important sites for applied, as well as

elsewhere, universities served as sites for the dissemination and diffusion of innovation throughout the industry

-tween IBM and the University of Harvard, which was established in 1939 (Moreau, 1984 Interestingly, as early as in 1946 the Moore

School of the University of Pennsylvania and the US Army sponsored a course on the theory and tech

However, the role of the university was not unam -biguous: in the same year one administrator of the

universities building their own machines, based on Von neumann or Turing architectures The role of universities greatly increased after a

commercial move by IBM. In 1954 IBM delivered the 650, a machine that was installed mainly for

Watson Jr decided that a university could benefit from a discount up to 60%on the price of the 650 if

that university agreed to offer courses in business data processing or scientific computing (Watson 1990). ) This opened the way to a large diffusion of

courses in computer science across US universities Meanwhile, US universities started to be involved in research on the component technologies underly

-ing the computer. Soon after WWII, the University European competitiveness: IT and long-term scientific performance

Science and Public Policy August 2011 526 of Illinois, Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) worked on magnetic core memo

convened by F L Bauer from the University of Mu -nich (Germany) in 1958, and COBOL was promoted

by a group of universities and computer users which held a meeting at the Computation Center of the

University of Pennsylvania in 1959. In turn, the LISP LANGUAGE was developed by John Mccarthy at MIT in 1958 (Moreau, 1984), PASCAL was devel

French researchers mostly based at the University of Marseille (Colmerauer and Roussel, 1996. As with

Universities did not play a direct sci -entific role in this massive bottom-up effort, but were a crucial element for the mass culture that

-uate studies at universities, but benefit from an envi -ronment in which new ideas are generated and

and desires of (â€) university researchers eager to investigate new computing techniques Throughout its entire life, IPTO followed the rules

Universities changed their role in the early histo -ry: in the heroic period until 1959 they were directly

Two university groups were active in that period in the UK, one at Man -chester and another at Cambridge.

with the Manchester University Group and delivered in 1951. A commercial computer, known as LEO was installed at a company in 1951, well before

strong linkages with universities, particularly in Paris and Grenoble, and PROS The link between academic research and indus

universities were involved directly in the produc -tion of prototypes. With the advent of the 1960s

bring a diminishing role for universities, but a re -design or their role around fundamental research

the Moore School and the University of Iowa from Aiken and Wilkes to Algol, the vast

it cannot be said that university research has been the source of most inventions, it has played a promi

We identified the location of the universities at which top scientists received their academic degrees Such information can be retrieved with certainty

US universities gave the degree to future top scientists in 76.5%of observable cases against 16.6%in the case of Europe.

end of the 1960s the US universities had already granted 89 Phd degrees to those that eventually be

in the number of degrees in US universities, while the same is not true for European universities.

This finding sheds light on the puzzle identified in the section of this paper on â€ Technological competitive

universities were able to attract 207 high potential candidates(+55%with respect to the previous decade), against only 37 at European institutions

those universities that granted undergraduate and postgraduate degrees to those brilliant scientists in their early days.

the distribution of universities, because we are more interested in understanding the dynamics at the ex

Therefore we select the top 15 universities in which the top scientists have received their degree

The top 15 universities represent 56.2%of all universities granting a Phd to the 855 top scientists

for which we are able to reconstruct the information In turn, the top 15 universities represent 47.1%of

those granting the Master degree (n=457) and 41.3%of those granting the Bachelor (n=641.

Nevertheless, the top 15 universities cover between 40%and almost 60%of the sample, a rea

universities, with two Europeans featuring in the 10th position (Cambridge, UK) and 14th position Edinburgh, UK) and a Canadian one in the 13th po

As stated, the first 15 universities at -tract 56.2%of all scientists for whom we have full

Table 4. Ranking of top 15 universities granting Phd, Master and Bachelor degrees to top scientists in computer science

University of California at Berkeley 69 8. 1 27 5. 9 20 3. 1 Carnegie mellon University 43 5. 0 13 2. 8

Harvard university 35 4. 1 14 3. 1 25 3. 9 Cornell University 27 3. 2 12 2. 6 11 1. 7

Princeton university 26 3. 0 15 2. 3 University of Illinois 22 2. 6 12 2. 6

University of Michigan 20 2. 3 9 2. 0 18 2. 8 University of Cambridge 16 1. 9 18 2. 8

Yale university 15 1. 8 7 1. 5 14 2. 2 University of Wisconsin 14 1. 6 10 2. 2

University of Toronto 13 1. 5 7 1. 5 9 1. 4 University of Edinburgh 13 1. 5

University of Pennsylvania 13 1. 5 University of Massachusetts 8 1. 8 University of Washington 7 1. 5

University of California at Los angeles 7 1. 5 Indian Institute of technology 7 1. 5 34 5. 3

National Taiwan University 13 2. 0 California Institute of technology 12 1. 9 Technion Israel Institute of technology 11 1. 7

Brown University 10 1. 6 Total number of observations 855 457 641 Note: universities not in USA are in italics

European competitiveness: IT and long-term scientific performance Science and Public Policy August 2011 533 almost one-third of the total.

Third, a mutual rein -forcement mechanism is clearly in place. Brilliant students target top universities because there they

have the opportunity to meet and to work with the best scientists. Top universities actively target tal

-ented students to confirm their reputation. Postgrad -uate education seems to be a promising candidate to

explain the success of the scientific careers of these scientists. Understanding the extraordinary success of the US Phd model in turbulent fields is therefore

a key for policy learning When examining the distribution of universities granting the Master degree the top list is slightly dif

-ferent. There are a few new entries from the USA e g. University of Massachusetts and University of

California at Los angeles), but the most interesting new entry is the Indian Institute of technology which is not a single institution but an umbrella

organization for several universities The situation changes quite drastically when we move to the Bachelor degree, the entry point for stu

-dents considering a career in computer science. In this list the Indian Institute of technology ranks se -cond, contributing with 34 undergraduate students to

the flow of future star scientists. Interestingly, here we find many more universities outside the USA

from Europe (Cambridge), Taiwan (National Taiwan University), Israel (Technion Institute of technology and Canada (Toronto Our interpretation is as follows.

The talent pool for a career in computer science is worldwide. En -try points are good universities offering strong

basic scientific knowledge but also giving brilliant students sufficient motivation to emerge. After that stage, however, future top scientists must be chan

-nelled into foreign universities, most of which are in the USA. In preparing for this migration of

European universities, in contrast cultivate the ambition to organize graduate educa -tion, particularly Phd education, in isolation.

surprising that top universities try to attract top sci -entists, what is impressive is the extreme concentra

The first 15 universities account for 1051 moves, or 33.7%of the total number of

Even more impressive, the first four universities namely MIT, Stanford, Berkeley and Carnegie Mellon, account for 544 moves,

at just these four universities. Alternatively, assum -ing multiple career steps within these four universi

-ious universities on the career decisions of top scien -tists. We find this finding impressive and highly

competition among universities to attract the best young researchers, then the best young professors Without strong competition among universities

Table 7 Ranking of top 15 affiliations (only academic positions) in total number of positions over career

University of California at Berkeley 102 Carnegie mellon University 102 University of Illinois 59 University of Maryland 58

Cornell University 52 University of Washington 45 University of Pennsylvania 44 Harvard university 44 Princeton university 44

University of Texas 44 University of Massachusetts 42 Brown University 41 University of Toronto 34

Note: universities not in USA are in italics Table 8 Descriptive statistics of duration of stay in academic

career positions Duration of career steps Number Min Max Mean Std dev As postdoctoral researcher

68 0 7 1. 81 1. 499 As assistant professor 412 0 36 4. 89 5. 33

As associate professor 336 0 40 5. 39 4. 175 As full professor 348 0 44 11.51 9. 05

European competitiveness: IT and long-term scientific performance Science and Public Policy August 2011 536 career paths would be slower on average.

It is be -cause competitors are ready to offer good prospects that all universities, subject to their budget con

-straints and reputation layer, try to compete. On the other hand, top scientists have large opportunity

costs: if they lose opportunities the value they lose is very large, so they will not accept offers that they

consider below their opportunity cost. The higher the reputation, the larger the opportunity costs In other words, we may think of this career pat

-tern as a dynamic equilibrium, in which all talented scientists are allocated to universities that make best

use of their talent, and all universities allocate their budget in the best possible way.

If top scientists re -ceive better offers, they move. If universities in -crease their reputation

and have extra budget, they try to improve the quality of their potential candi -dates.

-teraction between universities and companies, and between companies and large (public and private customers. On the side of industry,

Universities can contribute to this ecology in two main ways: by producing top class research

our data, top scientists move from the university that awarded their Bachelor degree to the USA, fight to

enter top class universities as students, change affili -ations several times in their career, combine differ

universities fight to attract the best students and try to offer the best conditions to professors.

-pean universities have not been attractive for top computer scientists and increasingly have also be -come less attractive for students.

-reputed old European universities, just a few have international visibility at the top These findings support the importance of foster

-ing the reform agenda for European universities This will require dedicated efforts to build up globally competitive Phd programs, more transpar

University in 2003. The Citeseer service has since been re -placed by the â€ new generationâ€ or Citeseerx, with collaboration

from several universities worldwide. It is currently available at <http://citeseerx. ist. psu. edu/>,last accessed 13 july 2011

University Press Crescenzi, R, A Rodriguez-Pose and M Storper 2007. The territo -rial dynamics of innovation:

Centre, University of Groningen Jorgenson, D W and K J Stiroh 2000. Raising the speed limit

University Press Langlois, R 1992. External economies and economic progress The case of microcomputer industry.

Manchester University Press Lavington, S 1980b. Computer development at Manchester Uni -versity. In A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century.

Columbia University Press Leslie, S and R Kargon 1996. Selling Silicon valley: Frederick Termanâ€ s model for regional advantage.

Creating the Cold war University. The Transfor -mation of Stanford. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press

Mamuneas, T P 1999. Spillovers from publicly financed R&d capi -tal in high tech industries. International Journal of Industrial

University Press Wildes, K L and N A Lindgren 1985. A Century of Electrical Engineering and Computer science at MIT, 1882â€ 1982

Policies in support of high growth innovative smes.pdf.txt

Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands Disclaimer Neither the European commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the

-facturers, and university industry collaborations The governmentâ€ s 2009 New Growth Strategy identifies SMES as an engine for future high eco

other firms, universities and research institutions ï Philipp Koellinger, Assistant professor in Economics at Erasmus University Rotterdam.

He is asso -ciate editor of the Small Business Economics journal and has research interests and a sound publi

universities from society at large Innovation & growth triangle Markets New business regulation Trade conditions Demand conditions

-ing a company, university and research systems not targeted sufficiently towards transferring innovative ideas to business, difficulties in protecting intellectual property, 36 a lack of international orientation in market

-graduates from Singapore universities with growth-oriented SMES; and the Business leaders Ini -tiative to enhance management capacity in SMES.

ï the venture businessmenâ€ s special lecture programmes on entrepreneurship at universities ï the youth start-up education programme

ï financial support and training for entrepreneursâ€ clubs at universities ï offering start-up courses for would-be entrepreneurs or starters

ï â€oematching fundsâ€ for SMES for developing new products with the help of universities, research insti

insurance firms, universities, and other organisations. The government intends to review the methods of eq -uity investment in the Fund of Funds more than three times a year and to rapidly respond to demand in the

The SMBA supports business incubators which are operated usually by universities and public research in -stitutes.

and Invited Professor of Korea University, on behalf of the INNO-Grips. Sources Interviews ï Dr. Lee, Joon Ho, Senior Research Fellow, International Economic Analysis, KOSBI (Korea Small Business In

leaders by linking talented undergraduates from Singaporeâ€ s universities, with growth-oriented SMES. There were 332 trainees matched to 265 companies in 2009

Targeting local university graduates, SPRING will co-fund these SMES to train the graduates to run core and expanding operations of the company.

EIP seeks to expose local university and polytechnic students to the dynamic and rewarding working environment of high-growth SMES

the National University of Singapore through SPRINGÂ€ s Advanced Management Programme Applying what he learnt from the course,

ongoing longitudinal study of 800 university spin-off firms, formed up to 1999,167 high growth firm gazelles

study in (a) above showed that the 210 university spin-off firms had 12%gazelles, but if they also had IRAP

Hellmann et al at the University of British columbia undertook an international study of the performance of

clusters, such as university-industry collaborations. Through these overlapping diversification and clustering policy initiatives, the governmentâ€ s 2009 New Growth Strategy (Basic Policies

This innovation policy summary has been authored by Dennis Tachiki, Tamagawa University, Graduate School of management, Tokyo, Japan. Sources

University Research center for Interfirm Network The preceding overview of major SMES policy activities in Japan does not include the Japanese SBIR pro

This is done by financing university-industry joint research projects, where the re -search is carried out by the academic side,

education at universities, schools and other educational institutions. The European commission could dis -seminate good practices in entrepreneurial education among Member States

-tion of university researchers Indirect National regulation â€ no specific role for EU except opinion leadership

-ity of university scientists Publish examples of high-growth entrepre -neurs Recognition from society Publish examples of successful EU entre

Manchester Institute of Innovation Research, University of Manchester, July 2008 Dahl Fitjar; Rune; Rodrã guez-Pose, Andrã s (2011:

Helsinki University Print, 2009. Pp. 147-202. Available at http://www. tem. fi/files/24929/Innoevalfi full report 28 oct 2009. pdf

University of Washington (Seattle) und der Ruhr-Universitã¤t Bochum. KÃ ln/Lohmar: Eul Deutsche bank Research (2010:

-preneurs, corporations, universities, foundations, and other leaders, joining together to fuel innovative, high -growth U s. startups. â€

Policies in support of high-growth innovative SMEs - EU - Stefan Lilischkis.pdf.txt