Carbon

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Carbon (192)
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Synopsis: Chemistry & chemical compounds: Chemical compounds: Carbon:

they achieved a 20%increase in tobacco plants after adding a single cyanobacteria gene called inorganic carbon transporter B (Ictb.

Efforts to curb forest loss around the world as a means of cutting carbon emissions just got a boost:

and sequestering substantial quantities of atmospheric carbon in new plant growth and reactivated soils. Surely this is a perfect example of the potential power of human and technological collaboration.

and Carbon-fiber Frames Plastic frames were tried back in the 90s, but they were too heavy.

But there are already planes in the air#made mostly of carbon fiber#that solve this problem. Carbon fiber is markedly stronger by weight than the aluminum used for most existing planes,

which means that the interior air pressure can be adjusted to more comfortable levels without the risk of damaging the fuselage.

but carbon fiber doesn t rust. That will allow a new system to maintain humidity at a more comfortable 15 percent (up from around 5 to 10 percent.

That s the breadth of a mechanical pencil lead. It represents a huge engineering challenge, Powell said,

210000 Workers to Cut Carbon Pollution. The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher.

#Cold war Nuclear Radiation Creates Anti-Poaching Tool (ISNS)--Radioactive carbon atoms created during 20th-century nuclear bomb tests could help save elephants

and other endangered species. A new study published in this week's issue of the journal of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences shows that carbon-14 a radioactive version of the common carbon atom can be used to determine

Nuclear bomb testing Carbon-14 is produced naturally by cosmic rays interacting with atoms in the Earth's atmosphere.

But in the 1950s and 1960s the United states and the former Soviet union conducted hundreds of aboveground nuclear bomb tests that nearly doubled the concentration of carbon-14 in the atmosphere.

and since then the concentration of carbon-14 has been steadily declining as natural processes remove it from the atmosphere.

and animals in the food chain absorb the carbon atoms explained study coauthor Thure Cerling a geochemist at the University of Utah.

An atomic time marker Scientists figured out long ago that by measuring the concentration of carbon-14 in tissue

and comparing it to recorded levels of atmospheric carbon-14 they could determine when that tissue formed.

The margin of error for the most recent years will increase as the carbon-14 concentration returns to their natural background levels.

or bone because those tissues continue to incorporate carbon over time Uno explained. What you really want is tissue that locks in the carbon as it grows

and is touched never again. That's why hair and horn and teeth and tusks are such good targets

Currently the radiocarbon test costs about $500 and takes about one month to complete. Uno estimates the technique should work for dating new tissue for the next 15 years or so by

which time carbon-14 is expected to drop to natural levels. In addition to helping combat poaching Cerling

what the animal was eating by adding data from stable carbon isotopes. Potential uses Samuel Wasser a conservation biologist at the University of Washington who did not participate in the study said the new study is a very important development

and'60s spread a radioactive variety of carbon worldwide which was picked up by plants during photosynthesis

By looking at the levels of this carbon isotope known as carbon-14 in elephant tusks and ivory researchers can find out how old they are.

A critical tool Atmospheric bomb testing caused a spike in carbon-14 that has declined slowly in the past 50 years.

By measuring the concentration of this type of carbon researchers are given two possible dates for the age of the sample before and after the spike on the curve of carbon-14 concentrations.

PHA is a biodegradable polyester that is produced naturally inside some bacteria under the conditions of excess carbon and limited nutrient availability.

and to accept a carbon source of corn-based sugar. The microorganisms feed on the plant-derived sugars and produce PHA.

Mango Materials'process uses bacteria grown in fermenters to transform methane and oxygen along with added nutrients (to supply excess carbon) into PHA.

Other processes use sugar as a carbon feedstock whereas Mango Materials uses waste methane which is considerably less expensive than sugar.

arguing that direct regulation would be faster and cheaper than using carbon markets under a global climate treaty.

HFCS could also be dealt with in a global carbon market; the problem is that, because many are thousands of times more potent than CO2,

when HFCS are wrapped into the carbon market. He illustrates with the following scenario: a US$25-per-tonne price on carbon equates to $150 for the cost of the HFCS that go into an average home air conditioner,

which translates into a $450 to $600 price bump for consumers. By contrast, the Lieberman-Warner climate legislation introduced in the US Senate last year proposed a stricter phase-down for HFCS than for other greenhouse gases,

He worries that the carbon market will be too slow to spur the kind of technological transformations that will be necessary to avoid the worst that global warming has to offer.

In another, climate policies result in a world full of forest plantations that are created solely to store the greatest possible amount of carbon, with no regard for preserving biodiversity.

The term geoengineering covers everything from mundane methods for increasing carbon storage in plants soils

What is your position on cap-and-trade, carbon taxes, and other policies proposed to address global climate change

So I oppose steps like a carbon tax or a cap-and-trade system that would handicap the American economy

But scientists and environmentalists are pushing for an expanded effort to nurture low-carbon technologies.

and development that could drive down the cost of large-scale, low-carbon energy, and ultimately make a carbon tax or a cap-and-trade agreement politically palatable.

The President s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology has recommended increasing spending on energy research and development from around US$4 billion per year to $16 billion,

Thomson Reuters Point Carbonprices for allowances to emit a tonne of carbon dioxide on Europe s carbon-trading market are likely to remain low until 2020,

This means that the market is unlikely to spur investment in low-carbon energy, one of the scheme s key goals when it was launched in 2005.

according to Carbon Tracker, even though burning them would cause a catastrophic rise in global temperatures. 24-25 april On World Malaria Day (25 april),

Also they periodically hand the vehicle back to the carbon based life form. I don't disagree with the approach I'm just saying that many things are yet to be proven.

As for the free carbon acidifying the ocean why would that be worrying? The acidity is neutralized by the dissolution of Calcium

and coral is beneficial to other species (note that the era where cartiledge fish like sharks developed was a high free carbon era

Likewise when that carbon is needed that calcium will be freed up once again. The fact that so much of the world is covered with (A) limestone

it's out there combating climate change a few carbon emissions at a time. When beavers build a dam impeding the natural flow of water the river begins to overflow more often creating a sediment-rich wetland area known as a beaver meadow.

A new study from Colorado State university geology professor Ellen Wohl finds that these beaver meadows store carbon temporarily sequestering greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.

With reductions in the beaver population we're missing out on a whole lot of potential carbon storage.

Wohl found that the abandoned beaver dams she studied made up around 8 percent of the carbon storage in the landscape

Squirreling away our carbon log by log. The study appears in Geophysical Research Letters. Science via Phys. org Considering we're at a critical carbon deficit right now it's about time to start wiping these pudgy menaces out for good!

I'm a little skeptical about this study. I have a hard time believing that cutting down trees

and burying them in water will have a net negative impact on the level of carbon in the area.

You're reducing a carbon sync AND anaerobic decomposition as you would get with buried plant matter would produce methane which is a much more potent greenhouse gas than CO2.

but I'd bet there is a net increase of atmospheric carbon. Cute Beaver and interesting article too.

Critical carbon deficit? WTF are you talking about?@@Frosttty for most of the history of the world we have had significantly more atmospheric carbon than we do now.

Most of it has already been buried. Atmospheric carbon has been falling since the late Jurassic when it was about 2500 ppm vs today's 400 ppm.

Considering the climate stabilizing properties of greenhouse gasses and the importance of CO2 to life On earth we need to do everything we can to prevent carbon sequestration

if we desire a healthy planet. As a retired Department of Environmental Quality Employee and an owner of timber land this is a stupid article on environmentalism gone crazy in past history.

Reading some of these comments it's clear that it's not enough that beavers sequester carbon raise the water table augment the density

Eliminating carbon would have such a negative economic effect that even a bubble-headed columnist in New york city will notice a personal drop in standard of living.

You're too worried about your carbon foot print. And who cares? My SUV and the pollution of U s is compared nothing to the pollution output of Africa China Russia India

or a newspaper you are sequestering carbon. Ever time a hose is bulldozed and dumped in a landfill your sequestering carbon.

Old growth forests are not the source for these products wood is most commonly a farmed product. www. popsci. com/science/article/2013-04/solar-panels-now-make-more-electricity-they-use@adaptation. It was my understanding that solar panels only pay themselves off in a short period of time

As far as AGW proponents are concerned that means extra carbon burned in order to produce this non-carbon energy source.

After 30+years of this stuff the solar panels are just starting to break even on that front.

and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxidehttp://www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2013/04/130422154919. htmthese are opinion pieces not data sites.

We pump Billions of tons of carbon into the air annually and you don't think that'll have an effect?

instead in the amount of radioactive carbon trapped in the annual growth rings of some of the world's oldest trees.

Carbon's key radioactive isotope carbon-14 forms when energetic particles enter Earth's atmosphere

Since trees take in both carbon-14 and its stable relative carbon-12 the relative levels of carbon-14 in their growth rings give scientists a way of measuring the amount of high-energy particles entering Earth's atmosphere in a given year.

When analyzing two ancient Japanese cedars last year the scientists found that the amount of carbon-14 present in their 775 AD growth rings was shockingly large.

It's normal for levels of carbon-14 to fluctuate--they rise and fall on an 11-year cycle with the waxing and waning of solar flares.

But for the entire 3000-year record there are no other spikes as steep as the one in 775.

So what could have caused the massive burst of radiation and the high influx of energetic particles that led to the elevated levels of carbon-14 in the atmosphere?

which could then go on to form the carbon-14 present in such abundance in the Japanese cedars.

When they found that neither solar flares nor supernovae could explain the carbon-14 anomaly they had found the researchers published their discovery

if media reported scientific findings along with the limitations of the test/report/study/researchi for one was largely unaware of the limitations of carbon 14 dating until recently.

The carbon in mollusk shells is dissolved from calcium carbonate in water. Thus the measurement was an average of

when the carbon formed not the age of the animal. For this reason radiocarbon dating only works for organisms that obtain their carbon from air via carbon dioxide.

Even organisms that eat aquatic organisms should be calibrated to account for this (for example a seal that was dated to be 1400 years old.

because for this study the researchers had to be able to see how carbon-14 levels changed from one year to the next

Over the past 3000 years there have been 3 sharp spikes in carbon-14 levels over a short period of time.

and it turned out that the carbon-14 spikes occurred over a few years and could be explained by solar activity.

Yes they were measuring the carbon-14 in tree-rings but they weren't using the carbon-14 to tell them how long ago the event happened.

They were measuring the relative change in the isotope from one year to the next. As a side note that may interest@Bagpipes100:

the reason scientists amassed this giant carbon record from trees in the first place is so that they could find out how carbon-14 inputs changed over time

and then build a calibration curve to make radiocarbon dating more accurate. Before 12000 years that record consists of data from marine sediments.

All carbon-14 dates are given with a plus or minus x years. Emilyelert THANK YOU for the information!!!

and it s a carbon sink sequestering the carbon dioxide it absorbed during growth even after it s been turned into lumber.

Waugh Thistleton estimates that the wood in Stadthaus stores 186 tons of carbon while the steel and concrete for a similar conventionally built tower would have generated 137 tons of carbon dioxide during production.

When CLT is used to build high-rise towers the carbon savings can be enormous. The 186 tons of carbon locked into Stadthaus are enough to offset 20 years of its daily operations meaning that for the first two decades of its life the building isn t carbon neutral t is actually carbon negative.

Rather than producing greenhouse gases Stadthaus is fighting them. While firms like Waugh Thistleton have focused on the lower end of the high-rise scale others are designing radically taller buildings up to 40 or more stories.

If that unassuming building on a street corner in Shoreditch is actually a trap for hundreds of tons of carbon imagine an entire city of Stadthauses.

So they designed a shell for a quadrotor that incorporated shock absorbers ubber dampers in between sections made from carbon fiber and plastic.

But where should policymakers focus their carbon mitigation efforts? Which technologies hold the most promise?

That would allow us to compensate for short term delays in mitigation by later taking carbon out of the atmosphere.

CCS is a yet-unproven technology that would remove carbon from fossil fuel or bioenergy combustion and store it underground.

In combination with bioenergy this results in carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere (owing to the previous carbon uptake of plants through photosynthesis)

Tour's breakthrough unzipping technique for turning multiwalled carbon nanotubes into GNRS first revealed in Nature in 2009 has been licensed for industrial production.

and carbon atoms would bind. We're working on it he said. We would like to stick graphene

Graphene consists of a single atomic layer of carbon arranged in a honeycomb lattice. Our first Science paper in 2008 studied the strength graphene can achieve

In its perfect crystalline form graphene (a one-atom-thick carbon layer) is the strongest material ever measured as the Columbia Engineering team reported in Science in 2008--so strong that as Hone observed it would take an elephant balanced on a pencil to break through a sheet

or ultrastrong composites that could replace carbon fiber. Or the researchers speculate a science fiction idea of a space elevator that could connect an orbiting satellite to Earth by a long cord that might consist of sheets of CVD graphene

since graphene (and its cousin material carbon nanotubes) is the only material with the high strength-to-weight ratio required for this kind of hypothetical application.

Graphene a single sheet of carbon atoms is the thinnest electrical conductor we know. With the addition of the monolayer molybdenum disulfide and other metal dichalcogenides we have all the building blocks for modern electronics that must be created in atomically thin form.

Organic substances are simply those containing carbon. An example of an organic salt is one that forms when an organic acid reacts with

Fossil fuels are responsible for the annual release of nearly nine billion metric tons of excess carbon into the atmosphere.

greener concrete with biofuel byproductskansas State university civil engineers are developing the right mix to reduce concrete's carbon footprint

By using these materials we can reduce the carbon footprint of concrete materials. Concrete is made from three major components:

#Scientists explore new technologies that remove atmospheric carbon dioxidein his Feb 12 State of the Union address President Obama singled out climate change as a top priority for his second administration.

The administration has taken a number of steps to meet those goals such as investing billions of dollars in wind solar and other carbon-neutral energy technologies.

The solution they say could also require developing carbon-negative technologies that remove large amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere.

In the GCEP report Field and lead author Jennifer Milne describe a suite of emerging carbon-negative solutions to global warming--from bioenergy technologies to ocean sequestration.

Many of the examples cited were presented initially at a negative carbon emissions workshop hosted by GCEP in 2012.

As a carbon-negative technology BECCS takes advantage of the innate ability of trees grasses

To make the process carbon negative researchers have proposed a BECCS co-fired power plant that runs on a mixture of fossil fuel (such as coal) and vegetation (wood grass or straw for example.

To meet ambitious climate targets a cost-effective policy would be to implement a carbon tax

A carbon tax would put a price on CO2 emissions and increase the competitiveness of CCS while an emission subsidy would encourage BECCS deployment she added.

Biocharfield and Milne also assessed the pros and cons of biochar--a carbon-negative technology based on the same principal as BECCS.

Heating vegetation slowly without oxygen--a process called pyrolysis--produces carbon-rich chunks of biochar that can be placed in the soil as fertilizer.

Like BECCS the goal is to permanently lock carbon underground instead of letting CO2 re-enter the atmosphere as the plant decomposes.

Implementing biochar technology on a global scale could result in the sequestration of billions of metric tons of carbon a year they added.

In this model the system took 18 years to recoup carbon emissions with most reductions coming from soil replenishment from root growth

The report also explored the possibility of sequestering carbon in the ocean with a particular focus on the problem of ocean acidification

Keith has launched also a startup company called Carbon Engineering that's developing industrial-scale machines--artificial trees--that are designed to capture CO2 directly from the air.

Following the 2012 negative-emissions workshop GCEP issued an international request for proposals to develop net-negative carbon emissions technologies.

but greenhouse gas emissions will continue to grow in the absence of climate policies that promote lower carbon energy sources.

â#¢Natural gas replacing coal would reduce carbon emissions. But due to its lower cost natural gas would also replace some low-carbon energy such as renewable or nuclear energy.

Overall changes result in a smaller reduction than expected due to natural gas replacing these other low-carbon sources.

In a sense natural gas would become a larger slice of the energy pie. â#¢Abundant less expensive natural gas would lower energy prices across the board leading people to use more energy overall.

The environment surrounding the atom-thick carbon material can influence its electronic performance according to researchers at Rice

Recyclable material absorbs 82 percent of its weight in carbon dioxiderice University scientists have created an Earth-friendly way to separate carbon dioxide from natural gas at wellheads.

and other emissions it could well face new regulations Tour said noting the White house issued its latest National Climate Assessment last month and this week set new rules to cut carbon pollution from the nation

The Rice material a nanoporous solid of carbon with nitrogen or sulfur is inexpensive and simple to produce compared with the liquid amine-based scrubbers used now Tour said.

Rice graduate student Chih-Chau Hwang lead author of the paper first tried to combine amines with porous carbon.

The porous carbon powder he settled on has massive surface area and turns the neat trick of converting gaseous carbon dioxide into solid polymer chains that nestle in the pores.

This would never work on simple activated carbon; the key is that the polymer forms and provides continuous selectivity for carbon dioxide.

Methane ethane and propane molecules that make up natural gas may try to stick to the carbon but the growing polymer chains simply push them off he said.

The researchers treated their carbon source with potassium hydroxide at 600 degrees Celsius to produce the powders with either sulfur

After heating it to 600 degrees C for the one-step synthesis from inexpensive industrial polymers the final carbon material has a surface area of 2500 square meters per gram

We have to cut down the amount of carbon being released into the atmosphere. The interdisciplinary team looked at a range of possible approaches to dissipating greenhouse gases and reducing warming.

reducing emissions sequestering carbon through biological means on land and in the ocean storing carbon dioxide in a liquefied form in underground geological formations and wells increasing Earth's cloud cover and solar reflection.

and low-carbon fuels would. Technology that is already available could reduce the amount of carbon being added to the atmosphere by some 7 gigatons per year the team found.

We have the technology and we know how to do it Cusack said. It's just that there doesn't seem to be political support for reducing emissions.

Of the five options the group evaluated sequestering carbon through biological means --or converting atmospheric carbon into solid sources of carbon like plants--holds the most promise.

One source curbing the destruction of forests and promoting growth of new forests could tie up as much as 1. 3 gigatons of carbon in plant material annually the team calculated.

Deforestation now is responsible for adding 1 gigaton of carbon each year to the atmosphere. Improving soil management is another biological means of carbon sequestration that holds considerable promise

because soils can trap plant materials that have converted already atmospheric carbon dioxide into a solid form as well as any carbon dioxide that the solids give off as they decompose.

Since the dawn of agriculture tilling land has led to the loss of about half (55 to 78 gigatons) of the carbon ever sequestered in soil the team reports.

But such simple steps as leaving slash--the plant waste left over after crop production--on fields after harvests so it could be incorporated into the soil could reintroduce between 0. 4 and 1. 1 gigatons of carbon annually to soil the study says.

The approach would also improve soil's ability to retain nutrients and water making it beneficial for additional reasons.

So the approach can work to keep carbon that has become bound up in plant life from decaying

which sequesters carbon. The approach ranked as the study's least viable strategy in part

because less than a quarter of the algae could be expected to eventually sink to the bottom of the ocean which would be the only way that carbon would be sequestered for a long period of time.

The study's second most promising climate engineering strategy after carbon sequestration was carbon capture and storage particularly when the technique is used near where fuels are being refined.

CCS turns carbon dioxide into a liquid form of carbon which oil and coal extraction companies then pump into underground geological formations and wells and cap;

millions of tons of carbon are already being stored this way each year. And the approach has the potential to store more than 1 gigaton permanently each year

--and up to 546 gigatons of carbon over time--the study says. However a liquid carbon leak could be fatal to humans

and other animals and the risk--while minimal--may stand in the way of public acceptance.

what we call the carbon budget he says. The world's scientists have calculated a carbon budget for the planet which tells us how much CO2 we can put into the atmosphere before we reach concentrations above which we will unacceptably warm the planet.

If we continue to emit greenhouse gases at current rates we risk overshooting the carbon budget with dire consequences.

We understand now if we do not want to overshoot we need to bring emissions down to basically zero over the next 50-60 years he said.

Methanogens play a key role in carbon cycling. When plants die some of their biomass is trapped in areas that are devoid of oxygen such as the bottom of lakes.

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