| Collective dismissal (1) |  |
| Dismissal (206) | |
| Outplacement (3) | |
| Redundancy (355) | |
| Severance pay (25) | |
| Collective dismissal (1) | |
| Dismissal (206) | |
| Outplacement (3) | |
| Redundancy (355) | |
| Severance pay (25) | |
A huge challenge with variants is that there is danger of redundancy. If you fully embrace the concept of variants (i e.,
and avoiding redundancy (Hallerbach, Bauer, & Reichert, 2010). Another implementation of a similar variants concept is based on Eclipse (Weber, Reichert, Mendling,
and work redundancies with high costs (Hammer & Champy, 2003). Hence, BPR promotes the use of IT to redesign endtoend business processes from a clean slate (instead of merely automating existing departmental processes) in order to increase organizational performance.
when by apparent redundancy. For example in the CI of E-business Readiness the indicator 1 I Percentage of firms using Internet and indicator 2
This step is also very important to identify redundancies among selected phenomena and to evaluate possible gaps in basic data.
In addition, redundancy allows for a measure of judgment errors, an inconsistency ratio. Small inconsistency ratios the suggested rule-of-thumb is less than 0. 1,
as well as more redundancies in this sector. 10 In some countries, such as the UK, this is leading to greater de-regularisation
and also made redundancy easier by eliminating the need to follow a specific order in dismissals
Finland made the redundancy process more flexible by eliminating the requirement to notify a third party before dismissing 1 redundant worker or a group of 9 redundant workers.
Changed redundancy cost and procedures Belgium; Croatia; Finland; France; Georgia; Portugal Finland eliminated the requirement to notify a third party before dismissing 1 or a group of 9 redundant employees.
Work scheduling 2. 1. Hiring 3. Redundancy DATA NOTES 143 p, niht work, protction inst unmplomnt nd mdicl crnd sicknss bnfits.
Redundancy cost Rdundnccost msurs thcost of dvncnoticrquirmnts, sv-rncpmnts nd pnltis duwhn trmintinrdundnt workr, xprssd in wks of slr.
Labor market regulation Belgium increased the notice period for redundancy dismissals. Benin Starting a business Benin made starting a business easier by reducing the minimum capital requirement
and introduced a notice period for redundancy dismissals. Germany Starting a business Germany made starting a business more difficult by increasing notary fees.
leading to losses of employment in an economy or to its missing out on job-supporting agglomeration effects and knowledge spillovers. 3 Doing Business measures flexibility in the regulation of employment as it affects the hiring and redundancy of workers and the rigidity
No No No Yes No No No No No No Paid annual leave (working days) d 20.0 20.0 22.0 22.0 12.0 18.0 20.0 20.0 25.0 17.0 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length of probationary period (months
. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?
f No No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No No Priority rules for redundancies?
Yes Yes No Yes No No No No Yes No Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 4. 3 10.1 4. 3 4. 3 3. 4 7. 2 6
. 0 3. 0 2. 0 8. 7 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 17.3 10.7 13.0 26.7 12.8 23.1 5
No No No No No No Yes No No No Paid annual leave (working days) d 11.7 30.0 17.0 17.0 20.3 18.0 20.0 10.0 24.0 15.0 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length of probationary period (months
. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?
f No No No No No Yes No No No No Priority rules for redundancies?
No No Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes No Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 2. 0 4. 3 4. 3 4. 3 2. 7 8. 7
19.7 4. 7 4. 3 8. 3 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 10.7 0. 0 26.7 26.7 13.3 13.0
No No No No No No No Yes No No Paid annual leave (working days) d 21.7 18.0 15.0 26.0 26.0 13.3 20.0 22.0 21.0 22.0 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length of probationary period (months
. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?
f n. a. Yes No No No No No No No Yes Priority rules for redundancies?
n. a. Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes No Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d n. a. 2. 0 4. 9 6. 6 6. 6
3. 0 4. 3 4. 3 8. 7 6. 4 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d n. a. 7. 2
No No No Yes No No No No No Yes Paid annual leave (working days) d 19.3 25.0 10.0 25.3 24.7 15.0 6. 7 6. 7 15.0 22.0 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length
. 0 6. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?
f No No No No No No Yes Yes No No Priority rules for redundancies?
Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 7. 9 11.6 5. 0 4. 3 7. 2 4. 3 4
. 3 4. 3 0. 0 13.0 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 11.4 8. 3 5. 0 17.3 5. 8
No Yes No No Yes No No No No No Paid annual leave (working days) d 13.0 29.7 12.0 27.4 20.0 20.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 13.3 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length of probationary period (months
Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?
f No No No No Yes Yes No No No No Priority rules for redundancies?
Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 10.3 8. 7 4. 3 5. 8 7. 9 5. 7 8
. 7 0. 0 4. 3 5. 8 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 0. 0 6. 9 14.4 7. 3
Yes No No Yes Yes No No No No No Paid annual leave (working days) d 14.0 12.0 24.0 11.0 22.0 19.0 24.0 18.3 10.0 30.0 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length of probationary period (months
. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?
f No No No No No No Yes Yes No Yes Priority rules for redundancies?
No No No No Yes No No No No Yes Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 4. 0 0. 0 10.1 0. 0 4. 3 3. 1 8
. 6 8. 7 4. 3 10.1 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 22.2 31.8 26.7 22.9 34.3 12.3 4. 3
Yes No No No No No Yes No Yes Yes Paid annual leave (working days) d 30.0 24.0 21.0 24.0 24.0 15.0 22.3 13.3 15.0 30.0 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length of probationary period (months
due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?
f Yes No No No Yes No No No No No Priority rules for redundancies?
Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 7. 2 14.4 26.0 4. 3 10.0 3. 6 0. 0 7
. 2 0. 0 2. 1 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 4. 6 4. 3 0. 0 4. 3 11.6
No No No No No No No Yes No No Paid annual leave (working days) d 21.0 12.0 13.0 16.7 10.3 21.3 24.0 21.0 15.0 12.0 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length of probationary period (months
. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?
f No No No No No No No No No Yes Priority rules for redundancies?
Yes No No No No No No Yes Yes No Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 0. 0 4. 3 10.1 7. 2 4. 3 6. 2 10.1
4. 3 4. 3 0. 0 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 26.0 12.3 0. 0 23.1 1. 4 7
No No No No Yes No No No No No Paid annual leave (working days) d 12.0 24.0 22.0 20.0 18.0 26.0 11.7 15.3 15.3 18.7 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length of probationary period (months
due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?
f Yes No No No No Yes No Yes Yes No Priority rules for redundancies?
No No No No No Yes No No No Yes Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 3. 7 4. 3 4. 5
4. 0 4. 3 4. 3 4. 3 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 57.8 23.1 0. 0 10.7 23.1
No No No No No Yes No No No No Paid annual leave (working days) d 18.0 21.0 0. 0 17.0 21.0 30.0 20.0 15.0 20.0 15.0 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length of probationary period
. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?
f Yes No No No Yes No No No Yes No Priority rules for redundancies?
No No No Yes Yes No No No No Yes Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 4. 3 4. 3 4. 3 4. 3 4. 3 13.0 4
. 3 6. 4 4. 3 8. 7 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 4. 3 2. 1 0. 0 23.1
No No No No Yes No No No No No Paid annual leave (working days) d 12.0 16.0 30.0 20.7 25.0 20.0 24.0 18.0 13.3 30.0 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length of probationary period (months
Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?
f No No No Yes No No No No No No Priority rules for redundancies?
No Yes No No Yes No Yes No No No Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 4. 3 4. 3 4. 3 8. 7 17.3 4. 3 3
. 4 4. 3 6. 7 7. 2 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 10.7 21.3 11.6 15.9 4. 3 8
No No No No No No No No Yes No Paid annual leave (working days) d 22.0 24.0 0. 0 18.0 17.0 12.0 12.0 0. 0 20.0 16.0 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length
. 5 6. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?
f No No No No No No No No Yes No Priority rules for redundancies?
Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No No No Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 4. 3 7. 3 0. 0 4. 3 4. 3 0. 0
0. 0 0. 0 8. 7 4. 3 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 9. 3 0. 0 0. 0
No Yes Yes No No No No No Yes No Paid annual leave (working days) d 21.0 19.5 24.0 10.0 20.0 18.0 20.0 20.0 30.0 22.0 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length of probationary period (months
Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?
f Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes No Yes Priority rules for redundancies?
No Yes No No No Yes No No No Yes Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 4. 3 7. 2 4. 3 4. 3 4. 3 4. 3
8. 7 0. 0 0. 0 4. 3 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 6. 9 13.5 33.2 15.9 5
No No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No No Paid annual leave (working days) d 6. 0 6. 0 21.0 22.0 14.0 14.0 0. 0 22.0 11.0 20.0 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum
n. a. 1. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?
f No No Yes No Yes Yes No No No No Priority rules for redundancies?
No No Yes No Yes Yes No No No Yes Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 3. 2 3. 2 8. 7 4. 3 4. 3 4. 3
0. 0 0. 0 3. 3 7. 5 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 12.2 12.2 0. 0 0. 0
No No No Yes No No No Yes Yes No Paid annual leave (working days) d 13.0 5. 0 22.0 22.0 15.0 22.0 20.0 22.0 22.0 19.3 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length of probationary period
6. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?
f No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No Priority rules for redundancies?
Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 0. 0 4. 3 10.1 7. 9 0. 0 7. 2 4
. 0 8. 7 8. 7 4. 3 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 11.4 23.1 8. 7 9. 1 0
Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Paid annual leave (working days) d 10.0 26.0 26.0 20.7 24.3 20.0 21.0 21.3 10.7 25.0 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length of probationary period (months
. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?
f No No No No No Yes No Yes No Yes Priority rules for redundancies?
No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No No Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 3. 3 0. 0 4. 3 4. 3 4. 3 0. 0
4. 3 8. 7 3. 0 11.6 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 0. 0 0. 0 26.0 15.2 10.5
No No No No No No No No No No Paid annual leave (working days) d 21.0 15.0 15.0 23.3 22.0 14.0 14.0 21.0 18.7 23.3 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length of probationary period (months
. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?
f Yes No Yes No No No No No No No Priority rules for redundancies?
No No No No No No Yes No Yes No Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 5. 3 4. 3 4. 0 4. 3 2. 1 4. 3
8. 7 3. 7 4. 0 4. 3 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 5. 3 10.7 5. 3 21.7
No No Yes Yes Yes No No No No Yes Paid annual leave (working days) d 16.0 11.0 25.0 20.0 21.7 12.0 23.3 20.0 6. 0 12.0 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length of probationary period
1. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?
f No No Yes No No Yes Yes No No No Priority rules for redundancies?
No No Yes No No Yes No No No No Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 0. 0 5. 9 14.4 10.1 8. 7 3. 8 8. 7
4. 0 4. 3 4. 3 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 8. 8 8. 7 0. 0 0. 0
No Yes No No No No Yes Yes No No Paid annual leave (working days) d 30.0 0. 0 10.0 13.0 18.0 21.0 18.0 26.0 28.0 0. 0 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length
. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?
f No No No Yes No No Yes No No No Priority rules for redundancies?
Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes No No No Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 4. 3 0. 0 6. 4 4. 3 6. 7 8. 7
8. 7 4. 3 5. 3 0. 0 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 8. 8 0. 0 14.1 7
No No No No Yes No Yes No No No Paid annual leave (working days) d 0. 0 21.0 15.0 17.0 19.3 13.0 12.0 30.0 24.0 22.0 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length of probationary period
. 3. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?
f No No Yes No n. a. Yes No No No Yes Priority rules for redundancies?
No No No No n. a. No No Yes No No Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 0. 0 0. 0 8. 7 9. 3 n. a
. 0. 0 4. 3 4. 3 4. 3 13.0 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 0. 0 20.8 8. 7
. Whether compulsory before redundancy. g. No Doing Business data are available(..for some economies. h. Some answers are not applicable (n. a.)for economies where dismissal due to redundancy is disallowed.
Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Going Beyond Efficiency Acknowledgments Data collection and analysis for Doing Business 2015 were conducted by a team led by Rita Ramalho (Manager,
and reduces redundancy. In some countries ministries of labour telecommunications, youth or human development, education, social development and even industry work together to identify common areas of interest
which separate project failure from redundancy. Examples include funding a range of parallel projects to test out innovations with job security,
specifically as it affects the hiring and redundancy of workers and the rigidity of working hours.
DB year Reform DB2011 Spain reduced the notice period applicable in case of redundancy dismissals. DB2013 Spain temporarily allowed unlimited duration of fixed-term contracts.
Doing Business 2015 Spain 85 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Difficulty of redundancy index Difficulty of redundancy index looks at 9 questions:(
ii) whether redundancy is disallowed as a basis for terminating workers;(iii) whether the employer needs to notify a third party (such as a government agency) to terminate 1 redundant worker;(
viii) whether priority rules apply for redundancies; and (ix) whether priority rules apply for reemployment.
Difficulty of redundancy index Data Maximum length of probationary period (months) 2. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law?
No Retraining or reassignment obligation before redundancy? No Priority rules for redundancies? No Priority rules for reemployment?
No Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Spain 86 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Redundancy cost Redundancy cost measures the cost of advance notice requirements,
severance payments and penalties due when terminating a redundant worker, expressed in weeks of salary.
Redundancy cost indicator (in salary weeks) Data Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 1 year of tenure 2. 1 Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker
with 5 years of tenure 2. 1 Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 10 years of tenure 2. 1 Notice period for redundancy dismissal (average
for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years of tenure) 2. 1 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 1 year of tenure 2. 9 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal
for a worker with 5 years of tenure 14.3 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 10 years of tenure 28.6 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (average for workers with 1, 5
Though the system is hampered by many redundancies in training programmes, it also is experiencing gaps among different types of institutions,
Yet, such disconnects may hinder communication, foster more redundancy, and prevent training programs from adopting appropriate curricula
Opportunities for RETA Despite the challenges the redundancy in overall education and training system, the lack of university savvy about technology and entrepreneurship,
raising awareness of redundancies and potential synergies. The new market demand for energy efficiency will foster job creation in different ways.
there is also much redundancy. The Gothenburg model provides a useful model for a region that has struggled to launch entrepreneurship programs at the universities.
when by apparent redundancy. For example, in the CI of e-business readiness the indicator I1 Percentage of firms using Internet
AHP tolerates inconsistency through the amount of redundancy. For a matrix of size Q × Q only Q 1 comparisons are required to establish weights for Q indicators.
The actual number of comparisons performed in AHP is Q (Q 1)/ 2. This redundancy has two opposite consequences:
In addition, this redundancy allows for a measure of these judgment errors by providing a means of calculating an inconsistency ratio (Saaty, 1980;
when high correlation of components indicators does not mean redundancy of information in the composite,
In other words there is confusion between correlation and redundancy: redundancy implies correlation but the reverse is not necessarily true.
Secondly, being based only on correlation, FA is a way to discipline homogeneity rather than to represent plurality.
Furthermore, AHP tolerates inconsistency in the way people think through the amount of redundancy (more equations are available than the number of weights to be defined.
This redundancy is a useful feature as it is analogous to estimating a number by calculating the average of repeated observations.
and to support workers in redundancy situations. In October 2011 Skillnets announced an investment of €250, 000 for the immediate provision of training for Talk Talk employees,
Both the CCMA and the Waterford Chamber Skillnets have responded to the redundancy announcement at Talk Talk in Waterford.
Country Profile Highlights 2012 World Economic Forum labor force (5th) and reasonable redundancy costs. On the other hand, infrastructure in the country is underdeveloped (132nd), with low-quality roads and ports and an unreliable electricity supply.
The benefits of bringing in an external view to address sensitive issues such as redundancies and overlaps,
identification, regional intelligence, institutions, where he points out redundancy in the form of‘fail-safe network circuitry'as common element in innovative regions,
Overall, the institutional arrangements are characterised by a limited amount of intermediary actors, few redundancies and clear competencies (Koch and Stahlecker 2004.
decrease in test redundancy and unnecessary duplication. When combined with Electronic Transfer of Prescription, it also improves clinical processes for ordering,
and reduce redundancies in the establishment of a national/local e-health strategy. They are used commonly by countries
Second, the audit report uncovered a number of redundancies and organisational inefficiencies. Wright & Hunter recommended a streamlined organisational structure that eliminated the overlaps and improved communication.
whilst minimising the redundancy amongst the other cases. 3. 1. 3. 1. Equivalence Testing and Boundary Value Analysis Equivalence testing, combined with boundary value analysis,
This process is also possible to recognise knowledge redundancy in some departments as well. A well-described tool in the literature for implementing A k. M audit is the Knowledge Management Audit tool.
(in addition to the cost cutting and redundancy methods widely used in other sectors). Figure 4: Gross value added of the Hungarian ICT sector as a percentage of value added of the total economy, 1995-2011.
or the size of data centers will be the centralization within a sole data center with a high level of availability, security, redundancy for protection in case of disasters, protection to data loss, etc.
The benefits of bringing in an external view to address sensitive issues such as redundancies and overlaps,
24%of all anticipated redundancies will fall within the most disadvantaged communities compared with 9%in the least deprived areas;
The information maintained by the entities is used to calculate the network's key parameters like effective size of the network, density and redundancy,
the Taas model will deliver increased capacity, reliability and redundancy; faster & seamless journeys; an enhanced passenger environment;
Failure tolerance/resistance, reliability and redundancy of networks also can be refined and strengthen by flat design schemes.
and thus reduce traffic redundancy on its inter-domain links, and to improve performance experienced by the users of peer-to-peer applications.
In the former case, a provider may seek redundancy and reliability asking for a backup path towards a destination,
and can be realized by state of the art redundancy mechanisms. Last, flexibility has been a clear design goal of the framework,
These techniques can achieve high compression ratios by exploiting both spatial and temporal redundancy in video sequences;
some amount of redundancies still remains between the wavelet coefficients after the decomposition. Moreover, a strong correlation also exists between motion vectors.
Thus, additional redundancy introduced by using MDC over internet need to be evaluated carefully. Fig. 5. An example of multiple description using scalable video coding A simple way to generate multiple descriptions using scalable video coding is to distribute the enhancement layer NAL units to separate descriptions.
Moreover, it is possible to control the redundancy by changing the quality of the base layer as shown in Figure 5. 5. 1 Piece Picking Policy Similar to SVC P2p technique described above,
when any of the description is received at the cost of additional redundancy due to the presence of base layer in each description. 6 Conclusions This chapter has presented an overview of SVC and MDC with the perspective of content distribution over Future
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