and work to coordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, the Czech republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg
, Mexico, The netherlands, New zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United kingdom and the United states. The European union takes part in the work of the OECD. This work is published on the responsibility
The report draws on the analytical work carried out by ECOOM (Koenraad Debackere, Petra Andries), the Joanneum Research Graz (Christian Hartmann),
The genesis of the concept can be traced back to the work of Dominique Foray and Bart van Ark and other members of the Knowledge for Growth,
In most OECD countries, the response to the crisis and to the slowdown in productivity growth has focused on a combination of structural reform policies-labour reform, competition policy, tax policy,
It is a fact that this has led to a shift away from low-skilled employment in OECD countries to high skill labour
The quality of institutions such as government institutions (e g. rule of law, competition, security), social institutions (labour-employer relations) also affect factor endowments.
Broad policies such as investment in education and infrastructure, social policies and regulations in labour and product markets can play a role in shaping specialisation patterns by affecting comparative advantages,
The study represents pioneering work in the area of impact analysis in Finland. VTT updates the survey every other year by identifying innovations in economic and technical publications.
The GRDC works closely with its two key stakeholders Australian grain growers and the Australian Government.
and Flandersbio a cluster organisation for the life sciences and biotech) have agreed to take up the work set out by imec further
the competence pole FISCH, Flanders also has a number of research institutes and universities that work in this field.
the members identify promising routes for their work that are most relevant to their future.
Cross-border collaboration can also offer solutions to one of the major challenges in scaling up, talent and skilled labour.
But it may also pay off for the ELAT region as a whole to pool available labour resources
i) presence of scientific and technological infrastructure to work with and to assist the automotive industry;
and work with industry and academia to build on the R&d activities of the automotive industry to make the United kingdom a leading place in the world to develop,
The NAIGT initiated three phases of work to achieve this. Phase 1-the NAIGT developed a mutually agreed Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) Product Roadmap aimed at the reduction of passenger car CO2 emissions in line with government targets
Its work was delivered through an industry led steering group of senior industrialists, academics and financial analysts experienced in the sector.
To help take forward the Council's work, two subgroups were created. The Supply Chain Group aims to build consensus on the challenges in the UK supply chain,
SEMIP works in consultation with industry and the organisation is chaired currently by an industry representative.
live, invest and work. INNOVATION-DRIVEN GROWTH IN REGIONS: THE ROLE OF SMART SPECIALISATION 98 OECD 2013 Stakeholder dialogue is the primary tool used by SEMIP to build specialisation in the region.
to avoid duplicate work within the companies of the Upper Austrian Innovation Holding and to identify
The study at hand represents pioneering work in the area of impact analysis in Finland. It is even internationally unique
Each cluster has to define indicators that will allow evaluating its work and progress. The interconnection between the different clusters will be evaluated through the implementation of common pilot projects as well as through the consideration of crosscutting themes.
Especially in the field of media and creative industries this strategy seems to work. Regional instruments for early stage funding for the commercialisation of research results are also necessary
The process of updating the regional development strategy took over 2 years of thorough cooperative works involving many actors,
investment projects in the form of tangible assets provided for the purpose of conducting R&d works in enterprises;
Labour unions are the least important actors in the Smart Specialisation process both at regional and national levels.
Ettlie and Rubenstein (1987) in support stated that for radical innovations they required additional funds for technical work, capital investment for plant and equipment, marketing and promotions.
works in one organisation does not necessarily apply to another and managerial practices vary from one socioeconomic culture to another.
Challenges in urban mobility 1 i n t r o d u c t i o n Currently, some 74%of Europe's population lives and works in cities and towns,
In common with the development of economic and social systems, the development of science and technology is the work of man,
and technology is the work of man, and that we ourselves determine to a large extent how it is given shape
That past also makes it clear that‘to make science and technology work''to innovate, is not easy.
Questions and challenges Innovation studies have to play an important role in making‘Mode 2 work'by developing insights that contribute towards a knowledge infrastructure that will maintain a healthy balance between creative science and problem orientation.
Innovation is the work of man, but making science and technology work is by no means easy.
Internal technological capabilities 1. Introduction Stereotypes usually associate innovation with the work of‘a scientist of genius who can propose new combining,
materials or labour, is owned independently and operated, and is dominant in its field on a national basis. The business may be a sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation or any other legal form.
International Differences in Work Related Values. Beverly hills, CA: Sage. 8 Lumpkin, G. T, . & Dess, G g. 1996).
Sustainable Development and the Innovation Process Paris April Working group Meeting Stockholm This report represents a continuation of work by the WBCSD in the areas of sustainability, innovation,
and for the evolution of biotechnologies were important starting points for our work. Appendices 31 IPR stakeholder dialogue UNDERLYING QUESTIONS What are the proper rules of access to genetic resources
which more nearly mimic the way nature works. 4, chemin de Conches Tel:(41 22) 839 31 00 Email:
exporters work with trusted subcontractors and retain complex sampling, assembling and finishing activities in-house.
But it did not work, and he lost this job as well.''Firms are aware of their small base to manage innovation and production networks.
and regularly invites foreign designers to work with subcontractors. Their subcontractors, however, notice no difference in innovation between APIKRI and commercial exporters.
is to give advice on the work programme, standardisation mandates and on the adoption of possible guidelines or non-binding recommendations.
The action plan was adopted after much preparatory work and a long consultation with stakeholders. Its main focus is to ensure the compatibility and interoperability of systems,
Building notably on the work conducted by several research projects (such as Rosatte http://www. ertico. com/about-rosatte) and taking into account the Inspire directive (http://inspire. jrc. ec. europa. eu)
A study was launched to support the European commission's work towards a European multimodal journey planner
and freight in transport corridors and in urban/interurban regions this work should include benchmarking and standardisation on door-todoor information flows, interfaces between the transport modes, traffic management and travel planning, and,
Based on the outcome of this work, and if appropriate or required, specifications may be elaborated under the ITS Directive.
Building on this work, specifications related to intelligent truck parking should also be elaborated, under the ITS Directive. this is a current deficit of 14 p>>‘On German highways alone,
and international cooperation on research aspects will all be among the activities taking work forward on cooperative systems.>>
>support and monitor the work of ETSI (the European Telecommunications Standards Institute http://www. etsi. org) and CEN (the European Committee for Standardisation http://www. cen. eu) for, respectively, cooperative systems
DATEX II was tuned fine under the Easyway project (http://www. easyway-its. eu) before being transmitted to CEN for standardisation work.
In line with the priorities of the 2009 and 2010 ICT standardisation work programmes, CEN (the European Committee for Standardisation http://www. cen. eu) and ETSI (the European Telecommunications Standards
Institute http://www. etsi. org) continued their work notably on ecall (see page 18) and on electronic tolling systems (see page 16).
the European parliament and the Council have focused the activity by specifying the six priority actions on which the Commission will start its work:
‘Our work led directly to the night vision systems introduced in Europe around one year later.
‘Work in INTRO and related FP6 projects has contributed to a better understanding of the ways in
increasing resources such as capital and labour; and using resources in more efficient ways, for example through technological development.
and economic experts who also contributed their recommendations and comments to the work. Budapest, September 2013prof.
First-class work culture by several large companies, appearance of R&d and knowledge centres, concentrated R&d.
-3%.Doubling of the R&d expenditure can increase the demand for labour of a given company by 15-20%in sectors with high R&d intensity;
and work skills of the population) are aimed at achieving the goals in the public sector. 18 This justifies detailed measurements and evaluations.
2) Support for integrator programmes, cluster activities. 1) The multinational companies cannot be kept in Hungary for a long time only by using tax incentives, offering cheap labour and elements of the infrastructure.
thus improving its work skills and promoting the higher-quality and more cost-efficient operation of the social security system.
The report of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences for the Hungarian Parliament on the work of the HAS
improving the quality of work and productivity, advancing social inclusion and reducing national, regional and local inequalities in the employment.
R&d is a regular creative work, the purpose of which is to enhance knowledge and the knowledge base.
Research and development means such a creative work which aims at enhancing the already available knowledge or developing new applications.
experimental or theoretical work carried out primarily for acquiring new knowledge on the background of phenomena
and services mobility research results joint R&d works mobility Regional level Intwernational level The dynamic establishment (based on flows) of the stocktaking of the National Innovation System Figure
or theoretical work undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge, without any particular application or use in view) 2. Applied research (original investigation undertaken
primarily directed towards a specific practicakl aim or objective) 3. Experimental development (systematic work, drawing on existing knowledge gained from research
Using hours of work or the amount of workers as the denominator yields labor productivity (the measure used in this report unless otherwise specified),
because high levels of labour and product market regulation are associated with a lower productivity impact of ICT. 104 Overall,
and further work is necessary to determine whether ICT capital depreciation rates have a significant effect on investment.
Previous work by Bloom and Van Reenen also found that American management quality was better overall than European management across a range of management quality indicators. 143 These indicators of management quality
Simona Iammarino and Cecilia Jona-Lasinio, ICT Production and Labour Productivity in the Italian regions (European Urban and Regional Studies, February 7, 2013), doi:
Growth of labour productivity, in per cent, Business Services Sector; accessed February 24), http://stats. oecd. org/Index. aspx?
The Role of Information technology and Regulatory Practices, Labour Economics 11, no. 1 february 2004): 33 58, doi:
This shows e g. that there are no clear shortages in the supply of highly skilled labour across the Member States.
New methods of organising work responsibilities and decision making (i e. first use of a new system of employee responsibilities, team work, decentralisation, integration or de-integration of departments, education/training systems,
The existence of entrenched, non-standardised work practices tailored to specific patient populations or organisational systems or cultures means that ICT can fail to meet health professionals'specific needs,
When technology does not integrate into everyday work practices, things can go wrong. 4, 5 An Australian survey of 10 000 nurses in 20076 revealed that only 40%felt ICT was making their working lives easier.
I now spend more time filling out paper work and far less time face to face with patients.
the potential streamlining of work processes is hard to realise, and staff put great effort into maintaining multiple systems.
with a focus on training and on integrating systems into the realities of the complexity of clinical work.
ICT has the capacity to transform work practices and processes by creating opportunities for health professionals to take on new roles
To date, the focus has been on automating clinical work practices such as ordering tests and prescriptions, which significantly improves efficiency and safety.
and the results less favourable than anticipated for various reasons, including poor integration of systems into complex clinical work processes, limited training,
The focus must shift from automation of clinical work to innovation; from evolutionary application of ICT to revolutionary uses.
New technologies do not automatically lead to improvements in accompanying work practices organisational structures and models of care.
Most efforts to reform clinical work practices as part of health ICT implementation projects have adopted traditional business process re-engineering22 methods,
top-down and linear. 23 But this is the wrong fit for the complex, collaborative nature of medical work and for the unique organisational and workforce characteristics of the health sector,
or failing to deliver the much-touted benefits. 25-27 We need fresh approaches that look at how work is conducted in realworld clinical settings not as specified in linear policy
application and adaptation of their practices and behaviours to make things work in new ways.
RAND Corporation, 2005.22 Hammer M. Reengineering work: don't automate, obliterate. Harv Bus Rev 1990; 68: 104-112.23 Zuboff S. The emperor's new information economy.
Information technology and changes in organizational work proceedings of the IFIP WG82 working conference on information technology and changes in organizational work.
Does the Patent Cooperation Treaty work? A Global Analysis of Patent applications by Nonresidents. G. De Prato and D. Nepelski, JRC-IPTS Working Paper,(2013.
Examples of such externalities may include increased competition for skilled labour or R&d spillovers available to other companies.
In this context, our work delivers a valuable contribution by extending the analysis of knowledge networks by using a different type of information
We tackled these questions by building on previous work, in particular, through reference to selected ICT sub-sectoral studies for IPTS covered in the COMPLETE project. 2 The three sub-sectors were chosen because of the potentially disruptive nature of the technologies involved
Moreover, the literature shows that stricter regulation of labour is correlated with lower labour force participation and higher unemployment, especially of the young (Botero et al, 2004.
However it also shows how a determined niche strategy can work. So if there is to be government support for new ventures in the web services sub-sector (with support for clusters, tax-breaks,
or expand its global position of supplying some 40%of all robots worldwide by using a‘triple helix'that works between academia, private sector companies and public sector supported institutions.
http://www. thecityuk. com/research/our-work/reports-list/sovereign-wealth-funds-2012/37 Sovereign funds can spur entrepreneurial activity owing to their abundant capital resources and long-term outlook
and further work in jeopardy of being found in infringement of a patent, however remotely related.
it is likely that fear and uncertainty‘in the shadow of litigation'leads to inefficiencies in how well the market for ideas and the market for entrepreneurs work.
1999). 23 Recent work shows how"econometric estimates indicate that entrepreneurial ventures collaborating with the OSS community exhibit superior innovation performance compared with their non-collaborating peer"(Piva, Rentocchini and Rossi-Lamastra, 2012),
Today this is no longer the case as it is increasingly recognized that software is at the heart of the modern economy based on high technology and knowledge work.
But there has to be a critical mass of human capital for this process of interchange of people between companies to work.
This multiplies the supply of human capital as confidence is gained in this system for work and new funding
a location in a centre of brains is more important than a location near markets, raw materials, transportation or factory labour.
But there has to be a critical mass of human capital for this process of interchange of people between companies to work.
and Shleifer, A. 2004), The regulation of labour, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol 119, No 4, http://www. doingbusiness. org//media/FPDKM/Doing%20business/Documents/Methodology/Supporting
they were expected to present their work and so a paper was prepared eventually and delivered in January 1998.44 Location:
The company founders, Niklas Zennström and Janus Friis, bid adieu to salaried work and dove headlong into enterprise.
and not do needed the work to develop it,'comments Friend. The university lacked the resources and skills to licence
avoiding the need for them to do independent development work. It would also give licensees immediate access to all materials required for display manufacture The growth in CDT's patent portfolio is a measure of the company's R&d achievements,
The overall mission of these Fraunhofer institutes is to help drive technological innovation by performing contract research and development work in support of industry and government agencies.
and The Droid Works. The latter has received also SBIR support, while Jeff Bezos'investment company (Bezos Expeditions) has invested $7 million in the former.
The same software works on many different robots, so a single software engineer can quickly and easily program many robots without having to learn specialized languages for each one.
and the commercialization of the resulting work. irobot views collaboration with external developers as an essential way to provide a broad range of new capabilities to its products. irobot is happy, for instance,
Carnegie mellon University also bought one in 2005 for their research work, 94 but the main customer was again NASA who placed an order in 2005 in connection with their Robonaut project.
The work of the Realsim project was funded in part by the EC DG INFSO's IST Programme.
RUR works with leading universities and other technology providers to gather the latest and most relevant technology for each application it sees its advantage as being able to deploy the very latest in robotics technology.
but has currently 16 subcontractors and a rapidly mounting volume of project work. Growth has been slow
and 25%allowance for R&d for work delivered to external customers. Each year it is necessary to negotiate again with the tax authorities to receive this
This work was documented in a series of EIPE reports: Defining European ICT Poles of Excellence.
Research and development comprise creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications (OECD 2002.
The employer survey works on a similar basis to the academic one only without the channelling for different faculty areas.
or in the past, cites this work. In addition, literature which shows the greatest impact in a field covered by Web of Science,
This work was documented in a series of five EIPE reports: Defining European ICT Poles of Excellence.
R&d activities Research and development comprise creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications (OECD, 2002.
Intensity measures, for example, the amount of labour, human, and physical capital relative to physical space (Ciccone & Hall, 1996) or relative to the size of population (Perez & Sanchez, 2002;
The employer survey works on a similar basis to the academic one only without the channelling for different faculty areas.
which currently cites this work, or has done so in the past. In addition, literature which shows the greatest impact in a field covered by the Web of Science,
and evaluation How do you make this work? Continue GAP analysis through comparison with others.
and the work of DG Regional and Urban Policy (DG REGIO) and regional policy makers on regional innovation strategies (RIS) and regional innovation and technology transfer strategies
Also DG REGIO observed this challenge in its work with RIS and RITTS, as well as DG Enterprise and Industry in the context of politically driven cluster initiatives.
such as labour, organisations, publications and patents. Figure 8: Patent applications in absolute numbers (2010) Source: Patent applications to EPO at the national level by IPC sections
and performance indicated by regional data on labour, organisations, publications and patents. 21 References Aho, E.,Cornu, J.,Georghiou, L,
A large part of labour productivity growth in Hungary comes from the ICT sector. The ICT sector is a significant boost3 to labour productivity:
it is estimated by OECD that labour productivity in Hungary improved year-on-year by an average 3. 1%in 1995-2008, from which National Innovation Office RDI MIRROR-1. Review on the ICT
Sector11 2 The Power of Simplicity Toward a smarter and streamlined innovation policy in the EU 3 Average cost of labour per unit of output Figure 2:
Annual average labour productivity growth and ICT contribution to such growth in total industries, 1995-2008(%.
%Source: OECD Key ICT Indicators, 2012.0%1%2%3%4%5%Slovakia Hungary Czech republic Sweden Finland USA Austria Germany Average annual
growth of labour produchvity excl. the ICT sector The ICT sector's contribuhon to the growth of labour produchvity 0. 5%(i e. nearly sixth of total growth) was due to impacts from the ICT sector.
direct and indirect cost of labour carried out by staff directly employed, using equipment directly owned less amortisation (research
Annual average labour productivity growth and ICT contribution to such growth in total industries, 1995-2008(%.
and promote networking between RDI players u provide innovation management services u boost the innovation activity of SMES To promote these objectives, NIH works in close cooperation with other government agencies, ministries, bureaus, the Hungarian
Research and experimental development (R&d) comprise creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humanity, culture and society,
R&d current costs are composed of labour costs and other current costs excluding depreciation. Capital expenditure is composed of expenditure on land and buildings, instruments, equipment and computer software.
358 27 214 450 159 626 477 59 131 661 208 151 more than half of the nation's all researchers work in budapest.
and also as a function of labour costs that vary among the Member States. In any event, upgrading existing digital cable is substantially less expensive than deploying new fibre-based telecommunications networks, thanks to the benefits of sharing existing coaxial cable to multiple customer premises.
even though it implicitly recognises a number of net benefits that tended to be ignored in previous work.
and also as a function of labour costs that vary among the Member States. In any event, upgrading existing digital cable is substantially less expensive than deploying new fibre-based telecommunications networks, thanks to the benefits of sharing existing coaxial cable to multiple customer premises.
Fibre Hub Active digital equipment 55.5.3.1 Upgrade of traditional broadcast cable networks to enable broadband communications Considerable work is needed to enable a traditional cable network to deliver broadband connectivity;
which do not require carrying out civil works (digging, burying new fibre), for example in cases where surplus fibre is available.
The upgrade will tend to be more expensive in those cases where civil works are required;
76 based in part on earlier nonpublic work by Pantelis Koutroumpis, represents one of the few studies of the costs of achieving DAE goals that explicitly considers technologies other than FTTX.
5 Support curriculum development that allows teachers to work in small autonomous and interdisciplinary teams;
Built on work undertaken in previous phases of the SCALE CCR project (Bocconi et al. 2012;
For instance, the need for more innovative Education and Training has been confirmed by the work of the ICT cluster,
%)Curriculum development that allows teachers to work in small autonomous and interdisciplinary teams (62.4%)has proved to be a very effective mechanism for empowering teachers to act as agents of change rather than objects of change
& Punie, 2013) teachers work in autonomous multidisciplinary teams of five to thirteen members, each team being responsible for three or four classes.
and avoid teachers'workload. 148 67.5 2. Promoting curriculum development that leaves room for teachers to work in small autonomous and interdisciplinary teams,
Promoting curriculum development that leaves room for teachers to work in small autonomous and interdisciplinary teams,
and avoid teachers`workload. 1. 4 2. 7 6. 1 5. 4 16.9 21.6 45.9 67.5 Promoting curriculum development that leaves room for teachers to work
) 21 Promoting curriculum development that leaves room for teachers to work in small autonomous and interdisciplinary teams,
Special thanks to Mark Spohr for his generous contribution to this work and who drafted this report.
In fact, these systems require abundant resources including skilled labour, technological, and financial means, all of which can be difficult to procure in low-income settings.
and strengthen capacity through training to use, work with, and develop effective ICTS. It is useful to design a communication strategy with the ICT project to ensure that everyone understands what is being done
Although the lessons discovered from the work of the Gates Foundation and infodev were drawn all from developing countries with the goal of providing guidance on
what works and how many of these lessons apply equally to developed countries. 4 http://www. asksource. info/res library/ict infodev. htm Patient information systems in the literature 17 2. 3 Benefits of electronic
The systems were used for patient registration, HIV care, paediatric patient management, radiology, pharmaceutical and laboratory work.
It is essential that their individual patient information be available at all points of care and all sites for analysis. In order for this to work,
paper-based reporting at higher levels of the health system is more cumbersome (labour-intensive) and prone to error.
and representative data from local facilities is crucial to this work. Regional or district offices are involved often in immediate short-term operational planning for the facilities
Defining standards is a complex and labour intensive task. Fortunately, many international organizations have taken up the work of developing
and maintaining standards. This gives countries access to well researched and defined standards that they can adopt and modify,
a great deal of work is being done in this area. ISO TC 215 and CEN/TC 251 ISO's Technical Committee (TC) 215 on health informatics works on health information and communications technology to facilitate interoperability of health data.
TC 215 consists of eight working groups dealing with various aspects of electronic health records. These include:
The Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN) TC 251 on health informatics works on standardization in the field of health information and communications technology in the European union.
CEN TC 251 works closely with the ISO TC 215 to develop standards as well. Over the past few years these standards have addressed a wide range of interoperability issues for patient information
study how the program works and adapt it (freedom 1; redistribute (adapted) copies to others (freedom 2;
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011