Google

Amazon com (14)
Bing (1)
Ebay (79)
Google (461)
Groupon (2)
Internet portal (45)
Internet provider (14)
Netscape (3)
Wikipedia (149)
Yahoo (33)
Youtube (70)

Synopsis: Ict: Communication systems: Telecommunication: Computer networks: Internet: Web: Web provider: Google:

The Google business model based on advertisements generates intellectual and visual pollution and is an important theft of time time to find how to close the advertisement window

According to Google Product Manager, their undersea fiber optical cable system needs extra protection because of shark attacks.

For that, Google cables are being wrapped in Kevlar-like material to prevent shark bites from damaging the line.

3 http://www. digiworldsummit. com. 10 The Innovation Biosphere Google has evolved from search engine to many other services related to data collected from users

Google are said to use 50%less energy than the typical data center. Designed to best use the natural environment and conditions,

Google also developed a machine-learning algorithm (artificial intelligence (AI)) that learns from operational data to model plant performance

NOTE. this study was sponsored by Google offering cloud services. We can certainly improve these results

The fact that Google bought the drones-maker Titan Aerospace is not insignificant. Drones also serve a military purpose that targets people, not always terrorists.

The users of Microsoft, Google, Ecosia and others have to set a search language, which will limit the results of search to the chosen language.

Google recently announced their diagnostic system using nanotechnology inside the human body for early detection of diseases.

health, buying behaviors in the Google or Facebook servers without any possibility to control them by tracked persons?

managed by the almighty Google, a world full of devices and brainless people driven by technology. 182 The Innovation Biosphere To face the crisis,

ALP 14 ALPENIA A.,Google's Nanotechnology, Red herring, available at http://www. redherring. com/hardware/googles-nanotechnology-microsoft-bandhp-goes-3d/,2 november 2014.

GOO 14 GOOGLE GREEN, Designing efficient data centers, http://www. google. com/green/efficiency/datacenters/,2014.

Retrieved from http://www. google. dk/books? id LTR93XIADTEC&PGIS 1 Butner, K. 2010. The smarter supply chain of the future.

-and-respond organizations (Google ebook)( p. 295). Harvard Business Press. Retrieved from http://books google. com/books?

An appropriately formulated Google search can easily identify a range of offerings for a particular PTBS that compete with an organization's internal and external service offering (s). The key issues here are:

and the ease of deployment by using the regular means for distribution of mobile applications like Appstore or Google Play.

For instance, they criticized that the insurance industry's hunger to chart customers in real-time may prove larger than Facebook and Google (Computersweden, 2013.

A classical example is that of Google analytics that offers free analysis of web browsing behavior, ready at the fingertips of any decision-maker.

Facebook, Linkedin, Google+,Youtube, Pinterest, etc. but many organizations have jumped also on the social bandwagon,

His work is cited highly (highest H-index among European computer scientists, 115 according to Google Scholar. In 2012, he received the doctor honoris causa from Hasselt University, Belgium.

Take Apple and Google often held up as the paradigmatic cases of open vs. closed strategies. 4 The basic analysis runs that Apple is closed'keeping tight control of Apple products (not allowing modifications, for example;

while Google is‘open'allowing other developers and organisations to develop their own innovations on its software. 5

Google's strategy is for its Android operating system to be part of an‘open'element of its value chain (something

Atlantic Books 5 http://googleblog. blogspot. com/2009/12/meaning-of-open. html 6 http://techcrunch. com/2011/03/25/search-googles-castle

In his August 2011 Mactaggart lecture, Google Chairman Eric Schmidt takes this line, suggesting Britain's failings are at the level of national policy:‘

Companies such as Google, SAP, Microsoft, Facebook, Dell and IBM are emerging partners with EI in supporting startups.

and Google's and Intel's R&d investments growing by 40%and 27%,respectively, in each of the last two years.

%Corporate leaders in ICT R&d investment Nokia Ericsson Canon Huawei Alcatel Lucent Microsoft Intel Cisco IBM Google-10%0%10%20

W e it will arrive ly saw a bett o being Irela was a busin a short 15 m d day with pit ng to see the A lot of peo ow you mee I couldn't sto Google is goi

The table below shows the number of hits obtained by searching for composite indicators through Google (taken here as a proxy of overall diffusion of the concept)

and Scholar Google (taken as a proxy of academic interest). Google Scholar Google October 2005 35,500 992 June 2006 80,800 1, 440 September 2007 2 million 167,000 We alluded in the introduction to the controversy surrounding the use

of these measures, pitting aggregators against non-aggregators. The authors of this Handbook believe that individual variables

Scopus and Google Scholar. assessments of research performance. Widely used, especially in the exact sciences which tend to be well covered,

Webometrics and Google Scholar) currently cover only a limited part of universitybased research outputs, in the future they could become important sources of information

Increasingly web-based interfaces, such as Google Scholar, institutional repositories or other standardised webbased technologies, are used.

Since 2004, Google Scholar has provided a freely-accessible Web search engine that indexes the full text of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and disciplines.

7 general search engines (Google*,Yahoo Search*,Live (MSN) Search*,Exalead*,Ask (Teoma), Gigablast and Alexa) and 2 specialised scientific databases (Google Scholar*and Live Academic.

and number of publications being collected by Google Scholar database. As it has been commented already, the four indicators were obtained from the quantitative results provided by the main search engines as follows:

Google, Yahoo, Live Search and Exalead. For each engine, results are log-normalised to 1 for the highest value.

) These data were extracted using Google and merging the results for each filetype after log-normalising in the same way as described before.

Google Scholar provides the number of papers and citations for each academic domain. These results from the Scholar database represent papers, reports and other academic items.

Google Inc. cited troubles in obtaining work visas for its prospective employees as a reason to set up its first engineering research and development centre outside the US in Bangalore in India (The Hindu,

) Many firms, including as reputed names as Google and Infosys, are complaining of a shortage of suitable candidates.

Google to set up R&d centre in Bangalore, in: The Hindu, 13.12.2003. Tiwari, R. 2007: The Early Phases of Innovation:

The site also has a Google Refine reconciliation function that matches legal entities to company names.

domain owners, domain users, Intermediaries, Registrars, Google, facebook, Twitter, etc. dothiv itself-Raise awareness and de-stigmatise-Provide a CSR service to companies Both examples use standard ICT.

such as the Google suite, Algodoo116, Brainpop117 and Dragon Box118. In the area of new learning environments, most cases display highly innovative technological state of the-art-the art solutions going beyond content creation to experience creation to create new ways of learning or to at least experiment with new ways

Such evaluation can be delegated to algorithms, like in the case of Google Pagerank, where search results are ordered according to different criteria such as relative relevance, search histories, etc.

strategies that in part, can be understood as reactions to the activities of commercial enterprises such as Google.

Archetypes of these three different actors are Wikipedia, Google and Europeana. While on the one hand these actors are competitors and hold suspicions of one another, on the other hand,

The Google books Project, the most famous example of mass digitisation, is by no means the only one.

While Google's projects were, and still remain controversial and contested, they have been very successful and many museums are currently cooperating with them, for example within the Google Art Project.

Google is a dominant commercial player in the field, but there are many others-competition is just a mouse click away.

Although clearly museums have so far not been the vanguard in the process of digitisation the need for them to become more active players is Where do museums stand in the digital age?

Soberly consider the new players in the digital age, Wikipedia, Google and the countless others.

For example, the Bavarian State Library and Google entered into a very beneficial partnership, but as they did not publicise the cooperation agreement from the very beginning the reputation of the partnership suffered.

which has until now been dominated by private companies, like Google or Wikipedia. Through Europeana, the EU has established a platform that will not only democratise information

and Google Scholar (http://scholar. google. com). 2. The conference took place at Georgetown University's Mcdonough School of business in WASHINGTON DC.

http://www. google. ie/#hl=en&biw=1020&bih=539&sa=X&ei=kwamtfqh F9-qhafzisizcw&ved=0cbqqvwuoaq&q=An+EHEALTH+Transition+strategy.%

Samasource secures contracts with companies including Google, Intuit, and CISCO; it has provided services to Linkedin and the U s. State department,

Large companies such as Amazon, Apple, Google, Microsoft, and RIM, who develop and maintain mobile app ecosystems/platforms.

Household tech names such as Google, Intel, Microsoft, Nokia and Vodafone all have a presence there,

and tactics used to increase the amount of visitors to a website by obtaining a high-ranking placement in the search results pages of internet search engines such as Google,

ITU Google summer of code, launched in 2005, is a global programme that has granted over 6 000 stipends to post-secondary developers for writing code for open source software projects.

code. google. com/soc 7. 3 Learning and innovation places The classic notion of the learning place is associated with organized institutions such as schools, universities,

and Google, also offer certificates. The self-directed learner can earn some of these certificates online directly.

and then launched hackathons (such as the Summer of code with support from Google) to develop apps for these two systems.

An increasing number of companies known for their hard-nosed approach to business such as Google, IBM, Intel, Johnson & johnson, Nestlé, Unilever,

A growing number of companies known for their hard-nosed approach to business such as GE, Google, IBM

Kindle, and Google Scholar (which offers texts of scholarly literature online) demonstrate, profitable new distribution models can also dramatically reduce paper and plastic usage.

Such evaluation can be delegated to algorithms, like in the case of Google Pagerank, where search results are ordered according to different criteria such as relative relevance, search histories, etc.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Digital technologies and the Internet have transformed many areas of business from Google and Amazon to Airbnb and Kickstarter.

so that both commercial entities (like Google) and noncommercial entities (like Wikipedia) were able to exploit the network effect.

an increasing concentration of power in services in the hands of a few data aggregators, none of which are based in Europe (Google controlling nearly 82%of the global search market and 98%of the mobile search market,

Google has developed the open source Android operating system and spawned innovation in applications worldwide; Facebook has enabled the building of thousands of apps

For example, even the European Smart Cities project risks being dominated by US companies such as IBM, Google and Ciscos, partly because of the lack of alternatives.

Take for example the commercial success of Google: Google has built already one of the world's largest networks of computers and data centres for online-search results,

and can repurpose their technology in order to expand into other data-driven services in order to increase their value, profit and marketability.

One of the most well-known is supported the Google programme Google for Entrepreneurs36 that in 2011 created a campus where innovation

Big OTT are Google, Skype, Youtube, Netflix, Facebook, Amazon and EBAY. 4 Sestini, Fabrizio.``Collective awareness platforms:

Workplace innovation concerns not only the private sector but also large parts of the social economy such as charities and foundations as well as the the public sector. Celebrated examples include Google,

Workplace innovation concerns not only the private sector but also large parts of the social economy such as charities and foundations as well as the public sector. Celebrated examples include Google,

Examples include tracking the performance of different plug-in hybrid cars through Google, and C40 city governments.

An example of open-testing, Google's initiative hopes to educate consumers body about the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of technology that is also environmentally friendly.

This is one of Google's test cars. This fleet of hybrid plug-in vehicles is monitoring greenhouse gas emissions.

Image courtesy of Google, Inc 3 54 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION Finance for emerging ideas A wide range of financial tools can be used at these early stages:

and has now been implemented in every ward in 35 KP hospitals. 393) Tithes of working time to generate collaborative public innovation an extension of the Google model where engineers are encouraged to spend 20 per cent of their time developing their own projects.

163 Good Deed Foundation 80 Good Food Guide 190 Google 53; 165 Gore, Al 26;

Camp, The Design Council, The Hope Institute, Plane Stupid, Americaspeaks, Dialogue Café, Helsinki Design Lab, Google Inc, Un Techo para Chile, Riversimple

and standardised public digital ID for all citizens Powers of companies such as Google and Facebook have a lot of control over an individual's online identity.

an increasing concentration of power in the hands of a few data aggregators (e g. over the top players), none of which is located in Europe (Google controlling nearly 82%of the global search market and 98%of the mobile search market,

It asks questions about Open source and the Linux phenomenon in the same breath as Schumpeter's (942) oversubscribed creative destruction from IBM to Microsoft to Google.

but simply makes it easier for Google to index and search through images (von Ahn and Dabbish 2005).

i e. institutions that have arisen during the rise of the Internet itself. 46 This is precisely why telecommunications companies must reinvent themselves in the presence of new, digitally native companies such as Skype and Google.

or CNRS are threatened by the research divisions of companies like Google, Yahoo, Microsoft who now increasingly dominate premier academic conferences such as the World wide web Conference.

The site also has a Google Refine reconciliation function that matches legal entities to company names.

It actively encourages collaborative coding for instance the open source coding for its collaborative project with Google,

Raspberry Pi has collaborated also recently with Google to deliver a new open source coding tool called Coder.

The overall cost for the DIY programming project, using Google's recommended materials, is under $50 and, importantly,

In late January 2013, Google announced it was giving the Raspberry Pi Foundation a grant worth an estimated £670

And let you take decisions about do you trust Google, do you trust Amazon, do you trust the BBC, whatever.

and text message and placed them on Google maps. This website had 45,000 users in Kenya,

but requires the Google maps API for geocoding. Ushahidi is often set up using a local SMS gateway created by a local Frontlinesms,

but simply makes it easier for Google to index and search through images (von Ahn and Dabbish 2005).

i e. institutions that have arisen during the rise of the Internet itself. 46 This is precisely why telecommunications companies must reinvent themselves in the presence of new, digitally native companies such as Skype and Google.

or CNRS are threatened by the research divisions of companies like Google, Yahoo, Microsoft who now increasingly dominate premier academic conferences such as the World wide web Conference.

The site also has a Google Refine reconciliation function that matches legal entities to company names.

It actively encourages collaborative coding for instance the open source coding for its collaborative project with Google,

Raspberry Pi has collaborated also recently with Google to deliver a new open source coding tool called Coder.

The overall cost for the DIY programming project, using Google's recommended materials, is under $50 and, importantly,

In late January 2013, Google announced it was giving the Raspberry Pi Foundation a grant worth an estimated £670

And let you take decisions about do you trust Google, do you trust Amazon, do you trust the BBC, whatever.

and text message and placed them on Google maps. This website had 45,000 users in Kenya,

but requires the Google maps API for geocoding. Ushahidi is often set up using a local SMS gateway created by a local Frontlinesms,

Google user data requests...29 Figure E. 4. 4: Percentage of user-data requests filed by governments where Google provided at least some of the data requested...

30 9 Introduction 1. 1. The context for this study and the European Strategy and Policy Analysis System effort Over recent years, the European union has experienced a number of challenges.

Google user data requests9 Source: Google transparency reports 9 The category includes the following countries, from

which Google reported having received requests (not all countries are reported to have filed requests in all years covered):

Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, The netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain and the United kingdom. It comprises user-data requests,

or provide information on Google's services. 30 Figure E. 4. 4: Percentage of user-data requests filed by governments where Google provided at least some of the data requested10 Source:

Google transparency reports However, it has to be kept in mind that data mining is not only a tool for the surveillance of citizens and the limitation of freedom of speech.

Several governments have shared their databases with the public to spark innovation through data analytics and seek answers to societal problems. 11 10 For EU countries,

Young Global Leader Building a database and evaluating data with a clearly defined process Google Ventures uses algorithms with data from academic literature or from due diligences.

New york times (2013), Google Ventures Stresses the Science of the Deal, not the Art of the Deal. 61.

as well as serving to enhance the region‘s international reputation by attracting global firms, such as Microsoft and Google,

Eze Vidra, head of Google's London Campus co--working space, has spoken of the pivotal role of London with the potential to become the leading start-up hub in Europe based on its access to talent

and digital processes 5 http://www. standard. co. uk/news/techandgadgets/google--chief--london--can--be--leading--hub--for--europes--tech--startups--9234955. html

and CISCO at Google Campus, London where centres of excellence are spread out across thousands of miles and differing time zones.

‘Bournemouth Digital Pier'ESRC Report Dec 2013 http://www. standard. co. uk/news/techandgadgets/google--chief--london--can--be--leading--hub--for--europes

percent went through Dublin Port. 13 Google maps 24 securing business friendly services that are faster

Ireland has a strong track record to date as an offshore location for centralised customer support and shared services activities with companies such as Facebook, IBM, Dell, Google, HP,

2013) Deeply Engaged Learning As suggested by Google's Eric Schmidt and Jared Cohen, the interconnected student can become an active collaborator in a continuous learning process (2013).

Mounting a national R&d programm www. google. at/url? sa=t&source=web&cd=1&ved=0cbsqfjaa&url=http%3a%2 F%2fwww2. ademe. fr%2fservlet%2fgetbin%3fname%3d91375dbf7a06a5 CCF071CFAF3A6C0F7A1242119409511. pdf&ei=q8xstd3cem238qoqu4xrd Q&usg

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Digital technologies and the Internet have transformed many areas of business from Google and Amazon to Airbnb and Kickstarter.

so that both commercial entities (like Google) and noncommercial entities (like Wikipedia) were able to exploit the network effect.

an increasing concentration of power in services in the hands of a few data aggregators, none of which are based in Europe (Google controlling nearly 82%of the global search market and 98%of the mobile search market,

Google has developed the open source Android operating system and spawned innovation in applications worldwide; Facebook has enabled the building of thousands of apps

For example, even the European Smart Cities project risks being dominated by US companies such as IBM, Google and Ciscos, partly because of the lack of alternatives.

Take for example the commercial success of Google: Google has built already one of the world's largest networks of computers and data centres for online-search results,

and can repurpose their technology in order to expand into other data-driven services in order to increase their value, profit and marketability.

One of the most well-known is supported the Google programme Google for Entrepreneurs36 that in 2011 created a campus where innovation

Big OTT are Google, Skype, Youtube, Netflix, Facebook, Amazon and EBAY. 4 Sestini, Fabrizio.``Collective awareness platforms:

One example is Google dashboard privacy tool, which through a web interface displays to users what information about them is stored

The emergence of global technology-based giants like Google and the different models of business they bring,

Vogel-Verlag Würzburg, 1992 If you use a search machine like google and search under methode 635,

To put these findings in perspective one has to consider that the search engines with the largest number of Web pages indexed (such as Google) index no more than sixteen per cent of the surface Web.

Literature searches page 249 of 271 http://www. google. com http://www. alltheweb. com http://www. msn. com http://www. yahoo

http://www. google. com http://www. alltheweb. com http://www. msn. com http://www. yahoo. com Databases http://www. census

Google Inc. cited troubles in obtaining work visas for its prospective employees as a reason to set up its first engineering research and development centre outside the US in Bangalore in India (The Hindu,

) Many firms, including as reputed names as Google and Infosys, are complaining of a shortage of suitable candidates.

Google to set up R&d centre in Bangalore, in: The Hindu, 13.12.2003. Tiwari, R. 2007: The Early Phases of Innovation:

Cisco, Google, Motorola (R&d centre), IBM (R&d centre), HP, Delphi (R&d centre. Stakeholder and policy dialogues to achieve the ambitions One of the main goals of the regional authorities of the Malopolska Region is to engage citizens, especially scientists,

Falagas, M. E.,E. I. Pitsouni, G. A. Malietzi and G. Pappas (2007), Comparison of Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar:

and data collection taxes, directed specifically at large internet companies such as Google and Facebook. 125 Higher taxes on ICT-producing companies may raise the price of ICT goods and services for everyone else.

With the great success of some of the world ICT leaders, such as Apple, Google, Intel,

Greg Sterling, France Wants To Tax Facebook, Google‘Personal data Collection,'Marketing Land, January 21, 2013, http://marketingland. com/france-wants-to-tax-facebook-google-personal data-collection-31196;

Jacob Albert, France Wants to Tax Data mining, and It's Not a Bad Idea, Quartz, January 22, 2013,

or Uber, or Google, or...Bloombergview, February 12, 2014, http://www. bloombergview. com/articles/2014-02-12/france-loves-tech-but-not-amazon-or-uber-or-google-or.

-152. Miller and Atkinson, Are Robots Taking Our Jobs, or Making Them? 153. Nicholas Oulton, Long term Implications of the ICT Revolution:

/and Will not Let Norwegian Enterprises use Google Apps, Datatilsynet, January 25, 2012, http://www. datatilsynet. no/English/Publications/cloud-computing/Will not-let-Norwegian-enterprises-of-Google-Apps/.

/184. Merkel Proposes Secure European Web, BBC News, February 15, 2014, http://www. bbc. com/news/world-europe-26210053.185.

Case studies of Apple, Google and Robotdalen emphasize the importance of prior government intervention to form clusters, from

16 Google key lessons...18 Amazon key lessons...19 Skype key lessons...20 XING-key lessons...

60 Google...62 Skype...66 XING AG...71 6 A1. 2 Display technologies...74 Cambridge Display Technology (CDT...

Case studies of Apple, Google and Robotdalen emphasize the importance of prior government intervention to form clusters, from

and to some extent Google, has shown, innovation cannot be centred only on technological areas but must also be applied in product and service design.

From the US experience we know that Stanford university has had a tremendous impact on the emergence of high-tech companies in Silicon valley, starting with Hewlett packard all the way to Google.

Google, Apple and Amazon. Even so, there are well known examples of European innovation in this sub-sector, e g.

See the web services value chain in Appendix 3 for the verticalization strategy used by Apple, Google, etc.

Google being a good example. It is a sub-sector where the USA dominates with the largest players all being first movers Google in search, Facebook in social media, Apple in music content with itunes, ebay with online auctions and Amazon in online retail.

The cases studies analysed in this sub-sector show that the success stories are based on a combination of two elements.

Silicon valley for Google, Apple and Facebook, Seattle for Microsoft and Amazon. These US clusters have drawn on government local investments for R&d

Apple was the first to do it followers are Google with Android and the various Android-based apps stores (with a Google smart phone or tablet possibly soon),

Google key lessons Google's success depended on two extraordinary, self-confident and highly talented people unwilling to follow the crowd.

Google's founders benefited from a very supportive and nurturing environment with mentors who were able to protect them

Public funding of basic research had a part to play in the Google success 19 story,

it is hard to identify any way in which Google directly benefitted from government support.

The lessons from Google are difficult to translate into policy support for innovation. It seems like a unique set of circumstances.

as Stanford did towards Google's founders. Amazon key lessons The more advantageous business environment in the USA was a key factor for Amazon's successful start up and growth in its first few years.

as our case studies of Google, Skype and XING show especially for US VCS, characterized by rapid payback with low entry costs

and far more recently in web services, e g. for Google. Here the protection of IPR through patents has allowed Apple to defend its position against newcomers attempting to enter some of its markets (e g. smart phones and tablets.

The competitive advantage from holding patents is behind Google's purchase of portfolios of patents from IBM, twice in 2011 and also the $12 billion acquisition of Motorola Mobility.

This is the case in the Oracle plea against Google in April/May 2012 over the use of the Java language to write APIS for the Android operating system. 21 Patent pools may be used where a standard complex technology is being assembled

Willow Garage, supported by Google, has made open operating 42 systems for robots available, which are used widely in the academic and triple-helix style innovation communities driven by academia. 22 In contrast to patent pools,

and Google's Android. We may expect this importance will be amplified over the coming decades as all three figure in tomorrow's ICT world of mobile devices,

Mr Almunia, to Google on abuse of its significant market power, in search related practices (Alex Barker, 2012, Google told to change

as in the case of Google or CDT. Sometimes, entrepreneurs were the driving force harnessing the skills of technicians (e g.

Google's founders benefited from a very supportive, nurturing environment, with mentors who were able to protect them

Case studies of Apple, Google and Robotdalen emphasize the importance of government intervention to form clusters from

The case studies of Google Apple, E Ink, irobot and Amazon emphasize that moving on to a new company is normal,

At Stanford, Google's founders benefited from a very supportive, nurturing environment, with mentors who were able to protect them

Case studies of Apple, Google and Robotdalen emphasize the importance of government intervention to form clusters from

as our case studies of Google, Skype and XING show having relatively low entry costs and low capital intensity.

Thus web services such as Facebook, Google, ebay, Twitter, etc are favoured strongly by the VC community.

8 easy steps to beat Microsoft (and Google), presentation, 2010. Isaacson, W.,(2011) Steve jobs, Simon & Schuster, NY, USA.

company reports) Amazon has had one of the fastest growths in the Internet's history even against ebay and Google.

http://www. slideshare. net/fabernovel/amazoncom-the-hidden-empire Google Google Inc. is an American multinational public corporation,

by Google's highly integrated online advertising platforms Adwords and Adsense. 63 Google was founded in Menlo Park,

CA in 1998 by Larry page and Sergey Brin while they were Phd candidates in computer science at Stanford university.

"36 Google's growth since its launch has been phenomenal, with annual revenue growing to almost $30 billion in a little over 10 years. 96%of revenue comes from advertising,

but was renamed Pagerank and then Google. In 2001, Google was granted a patent describing its Pagerank mechanism.

The patent was assigned officially to Stanford university with Lawrence Page as the inventor. Initially Google was very much an intellectual, scientific, Utopian endeavour.

Without doubt both Page and Brin were outstanding computer scientists but, beyond that, their most notable characteristic was their overwhelming self-belief as Barry Diller put it,

Google's success seems contradictory, the curious result of its founders'unstinting belief in pursuing

this was 35 http://www. google. com/about/corporate/company/36 http://investor. google. com/corporate/code-of-conduct. html 37 CEO, Interactivecorp.

Google wanted to get users off their site to where they wanted to go as soon as possible.

Google did not have revenue from subscribers. The commercialization breakthrough for Google came when it found a way to monetize search.

Adwords gave it a way of auctioning advertising slots on the search page, favouring firms offering the highest bid price and high benefits to users.

Google has continued to innovate or acquire a wide range of software products. It offers online productivity software,

and social networking tools, including Orkut and, more recently, Google Buzz and Google+.+Other applications include its web browser Google chrome, the Picasa photo organization and editing software,

and the Google talk instant messaging application. Google leads the development of the Android mobile operating system,

as well as the new Google chrome OS. In August 2011, it acquired Motorola mobility for $11. 5 billion.

Despite this activity, some analysts believe that as the company has got bigger so quickly it is finding it difficult to maintain its success. 39 Google has insisted famously that its employees be allowed to spend 20%of their time working on projects other than their core work (Innovation Time out ITO.

Gmail, Google news, Adsense and Orkut. But the policy of letting a thousand flowers bloom has also been difficult to manage,

and also has led to some mediocre products that have relied on the marketing power of the Google brand. 40 38 According to Ram Shiram (see Auletta,

p. 53). 39 Unleashing Google norms, running the rapid innovation engine, http://nbry. wordpress. com/2011/07/26/unleashing-google-norms-running-the-rapid-innovation-engine/40 http://smartstorming-blog. com/googles-8020-formula-it-can-work-for-you/;

/http://blogs. reuters. com/mediafile/2011/10/20/sergey%E2%80%99s-secret-google-projects -and-the-challenge-of-1000-blooming-flowers/65 Capital investment Google received about $1miilion in angel investment around the time it incorporated in September 1998, from Andy Bechtolsheim (cofounder of Sun microsystems) Ram Shiram

(ex Netscape), David Cheriton (Stanford computer science Professor), and Jeff Bezos41 (Amazon). In June 1999, a $25 million round of funding was announced,

with major investors including the venture capital firms Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and Sequoia Capital.

Google's initial public offering (IPO) took place five years later in August 2004. At that time Larry page, Sergey Brin,

and Eric Schmidt42 agreed to work together at Google for twenty years, until the year 2024.43 The sale of $1. 67 billion in shares gave Google a market capitalization of more than $23 billion.

The vast majority of the 271 million shares remained under the control of Google. Many of the Google's original employees became instant paper millionaires.

IPR was of great concern to Page and Brin and Backrub was kept under a cloak of secrecy.

Page was a huge admirer of Tesla and he was well aware that Tesla had shared carelessly his inventions with others.

In its very early days, Google operated out of the living room of the graduate housing apartment Brin shared in Escondido Village.

The Google computers and server were stored in Page's graduate residence. Stanford university seem to have extended considerable tolerance to Page and Brin, turning a blind eye to them acquiring computing resources.

Schmidt served as Google's CEO; he is now Executive Chairman. Prior to joining Google,

he was the chairman and CEO of Novell and chief technology officer at Sun microsystems. 43 http://money. cnn. com/2008/01/18/news/companies/google. fortune/index. htm

44 Page, Lawrence and Brin, Sergey and Motwani, Rajeev and Winograd, Terry (1999) The Pagerank Citation Ranking:

Stanford Infolab. 45 John Batelle, The birth of Google, Wired, August 2005, http://www. wired. com/wired/archive/13.08/battelle. html 66 Human capital:

Google benefitted enormously from the pool of talented computer scientists and other Silicon valley engineers because of the dot com crash and failure of other firms.

Google was able to take its pick from the best of the talented people around.

The VCS who invested in Google thought that Page and Brin needed proper and experienced business leadership;

but really didn't want a business executive to run Google they thought of them as bureaucrats rather than engineers and entrepreneurs.

How Google and Its Rivals Rewrote the Rules of Business and Transformed Our Culture, New york:

which some have questioned as being excessive. 49 It is being seen as a defensive move by Microsoft to avoid Skype falling into the hands of Google,

Both Google and Facebook were reported to have been in talks to buy Skype. 50 The battle over the coming years for the VOIP market will be between Skype in the hands of Microsoft and Google talk, Apple Facetime and Facebook Chat.

Google (especially Youtube) and other US web service providers may force them to align with EU standards of privacy in the future as legal processes develop.

) Later, the company adopted Google-like practices with employees encouraged to use"free time"to work on their own ideas to develop prototypes.

Sales & After sales Generic Web Services Value Chain for a large operation (Google, Apple, Amazon,

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