the best known being expert panels and multi-round Delphi surveys. They differ in their expected benefits, conditions of use, time requirement,
mind mapping) X XX X X X X X Expert panels XX X X X X X Delphi survey X X X
of which is depicted by a different cell in the three-dimensional box of regions. results/outcome indicators classification scheme on the use of results/outcome indicators within a reformed Cohesion Policy adopted by the international panel of experts
of regions according to internal and external connectivity Connecting globally Sustaining momentum Cluster building Deepening pipelines Types of regions Peripheral regions lacking strong research strengths
Regional Innovation Monitor, 32 based on Benneworth and Dassen 201133 An element closely intertwined to formulating an effective vision is RIS3 communication.
which builds and reinforces the regional identity and puts innovation at its core; attractive and dynamic web pages, including parts in English for wider dissemination;
and clusters Venture and seed capital Guarantee schemes for financing for innovation Experimental instruments Cross-border research centres Open source-Open science Markets for knowledge Regional industrial policy;
the programmer may use intermediate result indicators to measure the progress towards the objective. For example
If the programmers use the latter, they should be aware that these statistics also cover non-beneficiaries
1994-2004 Innovation Union self-assessment tool Regional Innovation Monitor OECD 2011 Regions and Innovation Policy IRE-RIS Guide Directory No-nonsense to build S3 Diagnostic Systèmes d'Innovation (Praguer) Entrepreneurship and incubation Internationalisationcompetitive
SMES are thus at the core of Cohesion Policy. For the period 2007-2013 the Community Strategic Guidelines on Cohesion emphasise the key role of SMES,
the Commission has proposed an even stronger focus on enhancing the competitiveness of SMES in the context of Cohesion Policy. 44 See for example the Regional Innovation Monitor initiative at:
ICT-based e-Infrastructures (networks, computing resources, software and data repositories) for research and education; and any other entity of a unique nature essential to achieving or enabling excellence in research.
Spinoffs and SMES can find wider support services that allow them to better focus on their core business and on research for the development of innovations in science parks.
broadband and NGA networks and Digital Service Infrastructures including core service platforms and generic services.
or promoting specialisations in specific market segments or niches (such as micro-or nanoelectronics, photonics, embedded systems, smart integrated systems and complex systems engineering, next generation computing and future Internet, einfrastructures;
are catalysts for structural change and diversification in many industrial zones and rural areas with the potential to rejuvenate economies,
for international core, close to-market and supporting R&d. In some cases bold regional outsourcing or offshoring support policies should be deployed
funding in core European transport projects can be challenging due to the relatively high levels of revenue volatility in the projects'early operating stages.
Among the core measures that should be encouraged are: 109 Commissioning a strategic analysis and approach on the region's own characteristics, assets, challenges and opportunities as regards its environment, natural assets, renewable energy potential and climate impacts in the studies
Managing authorities are encouraged to put eco-innovations at the core of their innovation 161 http://ec. europa. eu/energy/technology/set plan/set plan en. htm 162 European parliament'Policy Department
new or improved services (e g. healthcare at home), organisational innovation, system innovation (e g. new patterns of co-operation and interaction) and conceptual innovation (e g. a change in the outlook of actors.
Horizon 2020‘Innovation in SMES'is a bridge between the core of the framework programme, the provision of support to research, development and innovation projects,
Where appropriate, a Panel Review will be organised remotely. Applicants can provide during the electronic proposal submission up to 8 The Director-General responsible may decide to open the call up to one month prior to
The core of the IMP rove platform is a benchmarking database for‘innovation management performance'with more than 3500 quality checked datasets.
million33 201534 Budget EUR million Experts (expert evaluators, experts groups, monitors) 0. 92 of which 0. 10 from 02.040203 and 0. 82 1. 14
and has the potential to reinvigorate communities in some of our most peripheral and deprived areas.
In the transport sector, research is at the core of developing innovative technologies and ways of working that will make the changes required to preserve our mobility at low costs to society.
and are now in many real life affordable devices, such as smartphones and tablets. The Commissions is investing €4. 4 million to support 12 different organisations across seven countries to identify just how well this new software works.
Researchers in the Tabula rasa project are looking into the growing phenomenon of spoofing i e. using everyday materials such as makeup,
Upper Austria has an industrial core region formed by the three cities of Linz (the capital of the province), Wels, and Steyr.
Outside this core area there are peripheral areas in the north and south of Upper Austria but also several smaller industrial centres.
two are research-oriented Software Park Hagenberg (SWP) and Research and Training Centre for Labour and Technology Steyr (FAZAT).
The technology centre which is most explicitly R&doriented is the Software Park Hagenberg (SWP), located close to the capital of Linz.
and research centre for software development, industrial mathematics, and related services, exclusively focusing on this technology field.
and belong predominantly to software, data processing, and consulting services. There are hardly any manufacturing companies and only a few high-tech firms.
and services (frequently software) while only 19 belong to the metal-and-steel industry, metal products, plastic products,
Specialised suppliers such as engineering or software industry frequently carry out product innovations, often together with customers.
in the‘New Economy'innovations would contain the introduction of new software products and services or the development of new customer segments.
demonstrating the extent to which this results in cumulative processes in core regions at the expense of peripheries.
The authors use the software agglomeration in Dublin and the IT-sector in Tampere as examples to demonstrate how the agglomeration process is contingent on local resources and processes.
which could originate out of territorial catalysts fostering a local innovation system such as technological parks.
space technology (Indian Space Research Organisation) and IT (esp. international computer hardware and software enterprises that have operations in Bangalore).
Texas instruments, Infosys Technologies Ltd..In total, Bangalore is the most important centre of civil and military aircraft and aerospace industry and IT in India.
In a historical context, the US major enterprise Texas instruments that‘discovered'Bangalore as a location is of great importance.
Bangalore's software cluster owes‘its origins and growth to increased cross-border flows of labour,
and Silicon valley one that could play an important role in upgrading the Indian software industry in the future.'
, free trade area and establishment of the‘Software Technology Park')so that the support reached the beneficiaries directly (Balasubramanyam and Balasubramanyam 2003.
This so called‘Massachusetts Miracle'(Rosegrant and Lampe 1992: 2) ended in the late 1980s when a severe crisis begun because of the decline of the minicomputer industry and a reduction in military budgets, both on
dislocation of emphasis from hardware to services) was a benefit for Boston that‘was poised ideally to take advantage of the rise in returns to skill that so marked the last quarter of the twentieth century.'(
The settlement of an IBM plant in 1965 can be seen as a major initial impetus for a new phase of economic development as part of a‘third industrial revolution'(Kolmer 1997: 127.
and basic research is seen as a core asset of the region (Stoerring and Dalum 2006).
that the region build on its core assets, namely ICT (Norcom) and the emerging life sciences at university for Biomedico.
Furthermore, Oxfordshire has the largest concentration of printing and publishing companies in the UK outside London (Oxfordshire County Council 2005.
or the settlement of major multinational enterprises such as IBM in Montpellier,'Big pharma'in North Jutland and Texas instruments in Bangalore.
The software cluster in Bangalore. In: J. H. Dunning (ed.:Regions, globalization, and the knowledge-based economy.
Innovation in Small Scottish Software Firms. In: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 12 (3), 217 244.
A Tudomány-Innováció Program 2015-re köztes célként 1, 5%-os K+F-intenzitást tuzött ki (az átfogóbb, 2011-es Új
0, 69%-os szintre emelkedett. Magyarországon 2003 és 2007 között a vállalati szektor teljes K+F-ráfordítását (BERD) tekintve csökkent a külföldrol befelé irányuló üzleti kutatás-fejlesztési
Magyarországnak a hetedik keretprogram keretében a 21,5%-os uniós átlaghoz közeli, 20,4%-os sikerhányada volt a pályázók száma alapján, és 2011 közepéig 681
A tudományos publikációk legtöbbet hivatkozott 10%-ába a magyar tudományos publikációknak mindössze 5%-a tartozik bele, szemben a 11,6%-os uniós átlaggal.
or ordered via the Europa server or directly at the Sebw website (www. europa. eu. int/comm/enterprise/ict/policy/watch/index. htm, www. ebusiness-watch. org).
50 3. 3. 3 Use of Open source Software...53 3. 3. 4 Deployment and implications of RFID technology...
60 3. 4. 1 Use of software systems for internal process integration...60 3. 4. 2 Use of ICT for cooperative and collaborative business processes...
outlook and policy implications...185 6. 1 Key findings...185 6. 2 Possible further developments of e-business...
and e-business (see Chapter 3). Basic ICT infrastructure Nearly all companies which use computers in the TLS sector said in 2007 that they were con E-business in the transport & logistics industry 6 nected to the internet (97%).
thus optimising the flow of information and documents in and between companies, taking advantages of the increased diffusion of advanced e-business software systems.
(EU-7) weighted by employment Use of specific software systems for transport & logistics management Specific software solutions for the TLS sector, such as Cargo Handling Technology,
and ITMS (see Section 3. 4).%of companies*using specific transport & logistics software systems 16 3 12 20 31 29 8 22 35 43 12
CRM (customer relationship management) systems, a comprehensive software to capture, storage and analysis customer data in an integrated way, is used not yet widely in the TLS sector (see Section 3. 6. 3).%Companies*accepting
On the other hand, in some other areas, European companies appear to be more active using specific software systems like Warehouse Management Maintenance Management Systems (MMS.
communications equipment (such as mobile phones), office equipment (such as copiers) and data communications and network equipment (such as switching and routing equipment, cellular mobile infrastructure) €159 billion Software products
System and application software €76 billion IT services Consulting, implementation and operations management €140 billion Carrier services Fixed voice telephone and data services, mobile telephone
and other public or private organisations, conducted over computer-mediated networks. The goods and services are ordered over those networks,
and other public or private organisations, conducted over computer-mediated networks. OECD) E-business: automated business processes (both intra-and inter-firm) over computer mediated networks.
OECD) e-Interactions: covers the full range of e-transactions as well as collaborative business processes. such as collaborative online design processes which are not directly transaction focused.
The OECD WPIIS12 proposes a definition of e-business as"automated business processes (both intra-and inter-firm) over computer mediated networks"(OECD, 2004, p. 6). In addition,
technological development has to be at the core. In other words, the utilisation of the most up-to-date technologies, including ERTMS,
and will have a total budget of EUR 400 million. 42 Revitalising the railways Transport is a key driver for the EU-25 outlook in terms of both energy and emissions.
and monitoring of freight haulage for terminals as well as for all other service providers of intermodal transport chains is one of the most challenging application domains for computer and business sciences in the transportation sector.
as ICT and e-business are relevant for nearly all core business areas of the TLS industry.
The accessibility and the numerous opportunities to creatively use the Internet has brought many implications to the organisations core business processes to generate enormous benefits in terms of performance as well as provide greater value-added products and services.
This has changed with the introduction of warehouse management system software. Warehouse management systems (WMS) assist managers in tracking products throughout the entire storage and distribution process.
These systems span from simple computer automation systems to high-end feature-rich management programs that improve order picking,
and monitor inventory management. Case studies about Geodis (Belgium) and AIT (France)( Chapter 5) represent the range of actual possibilities available to logistics companies large
*External integration of business processes refer to the automatic linking between a computer system for managing orders and a supplier's or customer's business system.
%which use computers in the TLS sector said that they are connected to Internet. Exhibit 3. 1-4 Internet access and bandwidth (2007) Of those:
The adoption of internal computer networks is a first step towards the computer integration of business processes.
A computer network is composed of multiple connected computers that communicate over a wired or wireless (Local area networks LAN,
the use of ICT to connect computers internally to a company network increases with company size.
and by the software controlling the communication (i e.,, the protocols. An Intranet is a specific application of the internal computer network
%Remote access means that employees can access data from the company's computer system remotely, e g. when working from home or travelling.
or purchase other applications that will come from software developers. Exhibit 3. 1-7 Percentage of firms who uses Voice-over-IP in the TLS sector 13 11 20 26 21 0 10 20 30 40 50
User skills cover the utilisation of common generic software tools and the use of specialised tools supporting business functions within industries other than the ICT industry. 63 There are companies-usually medium and large-sized firms-that can afford employing ICT practitioners,
Focussing on core competencies by outsourcing noncritical activities to specialised providers is a general trend in the TLS industry,
which made investments in ICT hardware or networks during the past 12 months Weighting:%%of empl.%
A Cross Sector Perspective and Outlook. 76 In the context of information systems, heterogeneity means that the systems are somehow different from each other.
A Cross-Sector Perspective and Outlook, e-Businessw@tch Special report 2005). 78 Technical Committee 278 (2007) Road Transport and Traffic Telematics, Open Call for Project Team Experts:
The IM@GINE-IT personal assistant is a small additional piece of software that will run on any mobile device
be it a mobile phone, mobile PC, PDA or in-car system. By communicating with Web-based services hosting the relevant information,
and interoperability by and for SMES. 3. 3. 3 Use of Open source Software The open source model Open source software (OSS) is computer software
and improve the software, and to redistribute it in modified or unmodified form. Open source is cited frequently as one of the most important movements in modern software creation.
Related projects are supported by the European Commission82 and almost every further and higher education institution makes use of open source software.
The promise of open source is better quality, higher reliability, more flexibility, lower cost, and an end to predatory vendor lock in.
Open source licenses define the privileges and restrictions a licensor must follow in order to use, modify or redistribute the open-source software.
OSS includes software with source code in the public domain and software distributed under an open-source license.
It is developed often in a public, collaborative manner and is the most prominent example of open source development
and often compared to user generated content. The cost of immediate acquisition to the end-user is usually minimal;
this is because the right to freely redistribute the software makes selling licences for copies of open source software an unlikely business proposition.
The following research example shows the possibility of OSS in the logistics field: the Open source Warehouse Management System, developed at Fraunhofer-Institut für Materialfluss und Logistik in Dortmund, Germany:
Mywms-The Open source Warehouse Management System Modern Warehouse Management Systems (WMS) have to operate quite a number of different interfaces,
consider restricted storage strategies, minimize transport routes and times, support different kinds of stocktaking and many other things.
Despite of existing standards, e g. VDI or FEM which cover partial fields, there are no generally accepted standards for WMS.
for the prohibition to store goods together or for the optimal Networked Enterprise Applications and Software, FP6 508011),
Networked businesses and government set out in the IST 2003-2004work programme of FP6. 82 The European commission has taken several strides towards encouraging the development of open source software.
In October 2006, it granted €3m towards a project, called SQO-OSS, to test the quality of open source software.
And just days before, the Commission extended its open source web portal, the Open source Observatory, (http://ec. europa. eu/idabc/en/chapter/452) to develop interoperability between applications.
Open source development Another approach which has already been implemented successfully in many projects is based on openness
The keyword is Open source: disclosure of all documents and the source codes of a software project as well as a permanent communication between all participants.
This makes the interface specifications, the system architecture and the data models available to everyone.
mywms, the Open source Warehouse Management System. This system is designed with modern software technologies and tools with the aim to create a widely accepted WMS with well-defined interfaces
and data models. mywms will be coded object oriented and in the programming language JAVA. Free software products will be used for the development and operation.
LINUX, for example, will be preferred the operating system and Postgresql the preferred database. The complete user interface is based browser,
i e. it uses the common web browsers. This allows for the use of existing network structures and inexpensive personal computers with almost any operating system as workplace computer.
The first level includes a core system with the inventory management the master data management and the possibility to enter
and process storage and retrieval orders. For practical use mywms has to support concrete interfaces to ERP-systems and the conveyors.
The interface to SAP-systems will be certified for mywms. 83 Deployment of Open source Software Deployment of open source software should follow the same pattern of evaluation of needs
testing, and acquisition from a supplier and so on as would be used with proprietary software. The cost of deploying and supporting software,
whether open source or closed source, is very often much higher than the simple cost of licence acquisition,
and will often be the principal component of the total cost of ownership. 84 There are clearly a number of Open source products that can offer a fast return on investment,
because they are genuinely excellent software products and the support is acceptable. In comparison with proprietary software OSS is more inexpensive in acquisition and use (total costs of ownership
also because the direct and indirect maintenance costs are significantly lower. By integrating open standards in designs and other 83 Available at:
www. mywms. org/export/sites/default/introduction/downloadgallery/mywms beschreibung en. pdf. 84 Joint Information systems Committee (JISC),(2006) Open source Software briefing paper
, http://www. jisc. ac. uk/publications/publications/pub ossbp. aspx. E-business in the transport & logistics industry 55 applications and platforms OSS heightens the efficiency
The availability of the source code supports a high innovation grade, next to more efficient maintenance of the software which will result in a more effective effort by ICT experts.
and the cost of deployment and also the potential impact on the rest of the software that they are expected to integrate with.
OSS doesn't exclude the use of proprietary"closed source"software. The owner of a closed system can let his programme cooperate with opensource software;
after all he has access to the complete source. The opposite-closed source code, not able to cooperate with other programs-is more common than an exception in the world of modern IT.
Frequent implementation of OSS within companies improves interoperability of computer systems and with that the strategic strength.
A recent research has found that almost 40%of European companies already use some type of open source software,
Web server and server operating systems are the top two areas, with two-thirds of firms using alternatives like Apache,
Tomcat, or Linux. 85 The E-business Watch 2007 sectoral study confirmed that operating systems (including Linux) based on OSS are used widely by large companies (nearly 50%).86 Exhibit 3. 3-3
Special emphasis should be put on the deployment of OS Software in micro and small enterprises
Companies using Open source Software 8 9 21 28 10 13 32 41 21 24 30 47 05 10 15 20 25
30 35 40 45 50 TL (EU-7) 10-49 50-249 250+Open source operating system Open source databases Open source browsers Base (100%:
%Companies using computers. N (for sector, EU-7)= 997. Weighting: Totals (for the sector and for all 7 sectors) are weighted by firms.
Is Open source Gaining Adoption In Europe? http://www. forrester. com/Research/Document/Excerpt/0, 7211,38061, 00. html. 86 See e-Businesswatch (Survey 2007.
One of them is the ability to adapt software for local needs. Proprietary software companies are concentrated usually global
in a few parts of the world. This is the nature of the software market, which, thanks to network effects and proprietary standards tends towards natural monopolies. 87 Also,
as is the case in the TLS sector, many large corporations are now deploying Open source products at the heart of their IT,
but doing so in a considered and responsible way. 88 Digital signature In cryptography, a digital signature or digital signature scheme is a type of asymmetric cryptography used to simulate the security properties of a signature in digital, rather than written, form. 89 Digital signatures use
A digital signer will require software, and will probably have to pay a certification authority some price to issue a certificate.
Hardware to secure the subscriber's private key may also be advisable. Persons relying on digital signatures will incur expenses for verification software and perhaps for access to certificates and certificate revocation lists in a repository.
On the plus side, the principal advantage to be gained is more reliable authentication of messages.
Economic impact of open source software on innovation and the competitiveness of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) sector in the EU. Final Report. http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/ict
Open source: Revenge of the Nerds, IT DIRECTOR. 89 Wikipedia, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Digital signature. 90 American Bar Association Section of Science and Technology Information security Committee E-business
Improved efficiency in these core business processes leads to faster cycle times, reduced overhead, more competitive offerings,
scalable and reliable solution suitable for running a company's most critical core business processes. 3. 4. 1 Use of software systems for internal process integration Specific software applications
A document management system (DMS) is a computer system (or set of computer programs) used to track
and store electronic documents and/or images of paper documents. A DMS system allows an enterprise
A typical ERP system will use multiple components of computer software and hardware to achieve the integration.
A key ingredient of most ERP systems is the use of a unified database to store data for the various system modules.
Exhibit 3. 4-1 Use of e-business software systems Companies having Transport & logistics sector (TLS) an ERP system an SCM system a CRM system a software application to manage the placing
or receipt of orders a warehouse or depot management system Weighting%of empl.%%of firms%of empl.%
Sectoral e-Businesswatch (Survey 2007) E-business in the transport & logistics industry 62 In 2007, about a fifth of firms (representing about 44%of sector employment) in the TLS industry reported the use of software solutions
or internet-based services for eprocurement (see Exhibit 3. 4-1). This shows that there is a gap between the percentage of companies placing at least some orders online (41%)and those that use special software for this (20%).
%It can be assumed that companies without such software place orders mainly through websites or extranets of suppliers,
It is interesting to observe that the percentage of firms with special ICT systems for e-procurement is more than three times (20%)than those firms with an ERP system (6%).SCM software can help companies from the TLS industry to match supply
while in some other areas, US companies appear to be more active using specific software systems, like cargo handling technology and intermodal transportation management systems.
E-business in the transport & logistics industry 65 has legal implications to both transacting parties. e-invoicing is mediated a computer transaction between a seller/invoicer (invoicing entity) and a buyer/payer (receiving entity),
The solution is based on a software solution that allows automating the exchange of documents between customers
This software is linked to the internal information system of CEMAT, an Italian company specialised in combined transport of containers,
and customer-relationship management analysis to improve core business processes. For these type of reasons, e-procurement has been seen to have the potential to play a pivotal role in a firm's endeavours to create a competitive cost advantage that lasts for many years 99,
For those companies, a possible explanation is that many companies have software for managing their inventory and supplies internally,
%firms using SCM software/sharing information on inventory levels with suppliers (2007) 4 8 22 38 8 16 36 6 0 10 20
Customer service management Procurement Product development and commercialisation Manufacturing flow management/support Physical distribution Outsourcing/partnerships Performance measurement SCM software is intended
of which have their own specific software. Some vendors have assembled these different chunks of software together under a single solution,
but the development of a complete package that is right for every company is a big challenge.
such as barcode scanners, mobile computers, wireless LANS and potentially RFID to efficiently monitor the flow of products.
The detailed setup and processing within a WMS can vary significantly from one software vendor to another;
improving customer services Hupac The case study about Hupac, Switzerland (see Section 5. 8) deals with the integration of a software management (GOAL) system with GPS train control (e-train.
The solution has been implemented in over 245 railway stations where each selling point is equipped with a PC
and a printer linked to the different systems. 90 million tickets have been sold through the system
CRM software suites are quite expensive and require intensive organisational preparation to be introduced effectively in a company.
%Companies using computers and which have the respective business function asked. N (for sector, EU-7)= 970 Weighting:
%Companies using computers and saying that only some or none of their processes are conducted as e-business.
(and the implied computer usage) is related to the LAN, WLAN and own company website adoption.
Thus, the existing ICT infrastructure and e-business software systems analysed in the preceding sections led the TLS sector to a situation in
Open source Software. The use of OSS seems to be correlated positively to the size of the company in employees.
"it will be assessed how the adoption of ICT hardware and software correlates with innovation activity of firms("conduct),
"and whether there are any significant links between innovation activity("conduct")and turnover growth("performance")."The Chapter is structured in three sections, each
we have estimated a stochastic production possibility frontier (SPF) model by using a panel data set for 14 EU member states for
1995 2004 (Gross production value per total working hours based on EU-141 Multi-Country-Panel) Explanatory variables Coefficient Standard error t
115 For the econometric estimation, the software package Frontiers 4. 1 was used (Coelli, 1996. E-business in the transport & logistics industry 103 With respect to the significance of the estimated parameter values we observe that except of the ICT capital stock and medium-skilled labour intensity,
The most obvious example of investments in complementary assets include investments in software, training and organisational transformations that accompany ICT investments.
or teams managing the same tasks (Mcafee, 2006). Rather than e-commerce, it is the use of electronic networks that leads to a higher probability of firms collaborating in innovative activities
and follows all steps of the new process in a way specified in the software design. The copy-exactly strategy is particularly beneficial
banking (Mcafee, 2006. ICT facilitates firms'innovativeness by propagating innovations that are structured less than business processes.
Infrastructure endowment index that comprises of hardware components used by a firm and includes the share of employees with an internet access at their workplace, internet connection capacity and the use of LAN, Intranet and Extranet.
Software endowment index that comprises of software applications used by a firm. The index includes the following applications:
a software application to manage the placing or receipt of orders, ERM, SCM, CRM and the use of the internet to buy
ICT use and organisational change Independent variable a Coefficient Standard Error Infrastructure index (A2, A3, A4) 0. 000 0. 002 Software index (A6, A7, B1,
ICT hardware of little importance for organisational changes: Hardware endowment, measured in terms of network infrastructure usage and internet access, does not increase the likelihood of introducing organisational changes.
Software use and IT practitioners drive organisational changes: The intensity of ICT applications and in particular IT-skilled employees are the major drivers of organisational changes.
This together with the previous result indicates that ICT skills, soft-and hardware have different implications for companies'conduct and performance.
Whereas hardware is a necessary condition for an efficient ICT use, it is not a sufficient condition for business transformation.
These are rather human 123 Similar to probit/logit regressions, ordered logit model is used when the dependent variable is ordinal.
E-business in the transport & logistics industry 113 skills combined with innovative software that enable firms to rearrange their operations
Hardware infrastructure, in contrast, is already a commodity that does not offer companies any potential to create a competitive advantage. 4. 3 ICT,
as well as the outsourcing of non-core activities may actually play a more important role. Finally, there seems to be some (preliminary) evidence regarding the time structure of TFP growth accelerations.
Hardware infrastructure, in contrast, offer companies less potential to create a competitive advantage compared to software applications and skilled employees.
and improve the transport document management for CEMAT and its customers. 3. 4 Internal Process Integration 3. 4. 1 Use of software systems for internal process integration E-business in the transport & logistics
Integrated software management with GPS train control at Hupac, Switzerland. Discussion of challenges and success of the application of an innovative IT solution that manages transport information in real time
and monitor stock levels, keep pace with demand and check the order shipment status. 3. 5. 2 e-Integrated supply chains:
SCM, WMS and ICT links with suppliers 3. 4. 1 Use of software systems for internal process integration Case study 11:
a commitment towards innovative retailing and ticket solutions 3. 4. 1 Use of software systems for internal process integration Case study 12:
and statistics on the operations, using the information downloaded from the machines and consolidated in the computers of the company,
of computers in the year 2000. In this year the company had four computers operating. The computerisation of the main business processes of the company started in the year 2000 and now,
in 2008 the company has more than 50 computers. The big change in the computer adoption in the last has eight years has been the computerisation of all the processes.
This long and complex process has replaced previous manual processes with automated processes using computer systems and applications.
The computerisation of processes has represented a major operational change for the company. This centralised information system started as an e-business system project in the third quarter of 2007.
The main objective was to integrate information flows of the different company facilities, including the offices, buses, lines and garages.
The technical backbone of this centralised information system are two high E-business in the transport & logistics industry 124 capacity computer servers (from Hewlett packard) in the central company office.
They are connected with all computers in centres with offices and ticketing offices. This way, AISA collects
The accounting information from the different company centres are integrated in the central servers. The company has designed this proprietary system in conjunction with its ICT provider and a specialised consulting company.
accounting and payroll software; panning; garage software for management. A practical example of applications enabled by the company-wide integration of data flows is a new timetable
which manages the timetables of all individual workers and automatically links these data to the payroll application.
when it will be integrated fully (with the new software version operating). The centralised information system has also a positive impact on data security.
It is now possible to make backup copies of all the relevant data from the central servers,
files have to be saved on the server and not in the local hard drive. Employees have been trained to use the new system properly.
a Sage software solution for the accounting, as well as a global transport management solution. AIT implemented a first transport and warehouse management solution in 2000.
The solution developed by an external provider was composed of a core programme with specific developments to match AITS specific needs.
E-business in the transport & logistics industry 129 The solution that has been developed is composed modular software of the core Solulog solution
Since the 1980s, with the introduction of the first computers in the ticket sales area, ALSA has been developing its current modern e-business and ICT systems.
The company introduced the first computers in the sales area in the 1980s. These computers were dedicated mainly to the ticket selling systems, the first E-business in the transport & logistics industry 135 implementation of ICT technology in the company in this department.
Since the year 2000 ALSA started the ticket sales system via internet (based on a B2c platform.
The Integrated Sales system is in its majority an internal development of the IT department of ALSA, with a total budget of €300. 000 (€100. 000 corresponding to hardware and licences and €200. 000 to development.
which is implemented with business objects to provide the necessary information for the integrated sales system and the resource planning system mentioned above.
Another important point is to involve a representative panel of customers in the pilot phase.
a central reservation system (xsellcentralseats) linked to more than 200 local servers that host the ticket sales system,
For a nationwide system, a unitary hardware and standard software architecture has been chosen to offer long-term benefits, like improved technical support, technical operating services and reduced TCO (Total Cost of Ownership.
In this respect, the solution is based on Hewlett-packard hardware, Oracle RDBMS software and Practical Automation thermal printers, verified for more than 7 years in real-time operation
and being the architecture of an accepted system. The operating system is Microsoft windows NT for PC's & PC Net Servers and HP-UX for RISC machines.
The solution has been implemented in over 245 railway stations where each selling point is equipped with a PC
and a printer linked to the different systems. When a customer goes to a selling point to buy a ticket
the sales system sends the inquiry (entered by a CFR employee into the computer) to the reservation system
which checks if a seat is available. If so, it blocks the seat and sends seat number
The pilot system validated the technical solution (hardware and software) as well as the design and provided real data to determine the transaction volumes needed to operate such a system.
From 2000 to 2004 a new version of the software solution was designed by the CFR information technology team
and was rolled out between 2005 and 2007 in more than 245 railways stations. The costs of this project (not including the first pilot) were about 25 million euros,
20 million euros for the hardware including the services and 5 million euros for the application software and deployment.
as well as to equip train staff with mobile devices connected to the systems to sell and print tickets in the train.
CFR Informatica Feroviara managed the software development, the infrastructure setup and the deployment of the solution.
as well as hardware and software for the four deployed eservices. Maintenance cost for the portal is about 11000 Euros per month.
an software that manages transport data in real time, coordinating all phases of intermodal traffic. GOAL is connected to e-train, an innovative GPS train control system.
The need to control train movements with railway partners that use different monitoring systems in a context of an ever enlarging network has led to the creation of an integrated software management system with GPS train control The main driving forces for implementing this combined solution (GOAL
The implementation phase has taken 8 months most of it being the software implementation, followed by a 4-months test phase.
The overall cost for the solution including software, hardware and implementation were approximately 100.000 Euros.
The cost for one GPS unit is about 1200 euros and 60 units have been deployed so far.
specialised in traffic system GPS (hardware and software) and intelligence traffic systems. This firm was in charge of the integration and implementation of the system,
Goal (Global Oriented Application for Logistics) is integrated an software designed by Hupac that coordinates intermodal transport from booking to billing.
This information is integrated then automatically within the Goal software, providing a constantly updated situation of the progression of each train.
E-business in the transport & logistics industry 162 The server where the Goal software is stored at is connected fully to the Hupac central system.
and monitor stock levels, keep pace with demand and check the order shipment status. Other effects acquired over the years include operational efficiency gains and improved profitability control.
putting them together into a load by taking into account all different factors and constraints and entering the whole data into the computer.
which was developing the software. The project commenced with a 6-months analysis phase for defining the application needs,
The software developed is running on a WINDOWS NT 2000 server that is managed in house. 15 terminals are connected to the system.
and allow the traffic planner to easily put the jobs together on the screen into a load.
when this activity became part of N c. Cammack & Son's core activity. The third requirement was to give customers online access to the system allowing them to see their job status, history and invoices.
& Son's customers to view their own stock records, print reports, plus monitor incoming and outgoing goods, online.
Thanks to the usage of‘Truck Business',N c. Cammack & Son remain competitive in its core markets trough improving operational performance while keeping the number of employees constant.
The solution was developed on the IBM tool Websphere. It is running on the company's main server (IBM AS 400.
Security requirements include user identification and password. The typical process is as follows: when a shipment is produced,
1050 vehicles with computers, GPS systems and meter measuring systems, 350 stops with signs, 12 depots with dispatch systems to upload
The FRIDA solution is based on software, entirely developed by Nordic Port. It is based a web system,
New functionalities that have been developed are the connection to the FRIDA system via mobile devices (through offline data synchronisation
The person in charge of the bus control is equipped with a handheld PC and directly enters the information about the vehicle in the mobile device.
Once the bus check is finished, the handheld PC is connected to the PC at the office
and the data directly fed into the system. The solution allows today counting any vehicle that runs in Sweden whatever kind of vehicle is used:
outlook and policy implications Due to the high turnover and number of jobs in the European TLS industry and its interrelation with almost all other European economy sectors, any improvements to the competitiveness and effectiveness
Nearly all TLS companies (97%)which use computers in the TLS sector are connected to Internet.
especially the development of affordable ERP systems for SMES Improve dialogue and cooperation with software providers.
In a nutshell SMES'ICT requirements are that they support their core business, work well, are user E-business in the transport & logistics industry 191 friendly,
"The use of SCM software is limited also very among smaller companies (6%).Against this background,
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using computer-aided telephone interview (CATI) technology. The overall survey was divided into four separate projects (each using a separate questionnaire) focussing on different sectors
Property rights in ICT SMES ICT manufacturing ICT services Software publishing 683 Questionnaire The questionnaires for Projects 1 and 2 contained about 70 questions
ICT Infrastructure and E-business software systems B: Automated data exchange (Project 1)/ E-business with customers and suppliers (Project 2) C:
the survey considered only companies that used computers. For the first time, a cut off was introduced with regard to company size.
The highest level of the population was the set of all computer-using enterprises (and, in Project 1
and whose primary business activity was covered by one of the five sectors specified in the NACE Rev. 1. 1. 129 Evidence from previous surveys shows that computer use can be expected to reach 99%or more among medium-sized and large firms
24,25 911 911 1. 2 Steel 27.1-3, 27.51-52 449 1. 3 Furniture 36.12-14 Companies which have at least 10 employees and use computers
63.11+12+40 Companies that use computers 1, 097 Sampling frame and method For each sector
1 9 1 6 24 1. 8 Company does not use computers 35 75 32 76 35 5 110 398 1. 9 Company
For this analysis a panel-data approach was used because of the low number of countries sampled.
frontier for an industry across all countries, we obtain a multicountry data panel with a common stochastic production possibility frontier.,
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