Consolidation of an open source modular Health Information Sharing Platform supporting organizational interoperability among actors and clinical decision support systems An innovative business case Strategies for scalability of the ICT
62 Box 2. 4. Open source health ICTS...64 Box 2. 5. The progressive introduction of interoperability provides a continuum of added value...
Another area where industry collaboration is gaining traction is the development of open source health care software with several initial successes. Open source software is developed with an open code that is made available
open source could provide a possible reference point 1. The term open standard as used here refers to the nature of the standard's development with multi-stakeholder input and broad industry recognition;
The term open standard is coupled sometimes with open source with the idea that a standard is not truly open
if it does not have a complete free/open source reference implementation available. 64 CHAPTER 2
Making open source software such as EHRS available as an option for physicians offers significantly lower upfront costs.
The success of any open source software depends on the community of developers who participates in its development (California Health care Foundation, 2006.
Recently, a growing chorus of policy makers have been advocating government support for more open source development of EHRS (see Box 2. 4). Even
) Box 2. 4. Open source health ICTS Examples of open source software that have been developed and are being deployed widely, include EMR software such as OSCAR, Freemed, Vista and other software such as Medline, Epi-X and others.
To this effect, a 2002 NHS Information Authority paper on Open source Software and the NHS concluded:
Open source health care applications would provide healthy competition to the existing closed source commercial market, encouraging innovation whilst promoting compatibility and interoperation.
More recently in the United states, the success of the open source Vista EHR software developed by the US Veterans Administration,
Several law makers there have proposed legislation calling for grant programmes to support open source EHR development as well as encouraging federal agencies to evaluate implementations of open source technologies for their own use.
In another sign of increasing support for open source software, the Certification Commission for Healthcare Information technology (CCHIT) has created recently three separate pathways to electronic health records certification.
but the other two pathways were created with open source developers in mind, making their software potentially eligible under incentive programmes with funding guidelines calling for such certification.
California Health care Foundation (2006), Open source Software: A Primer for Health care Leaders, ihealth Reports. Center for Democracy & Technology (2008), Comprehensive Privacy and Security:
Smith, C. 2002), Open source Software and the NHS: White paper. National Health Service Information Authority, available at:
Certification addresses the full range of products open source, selfdeveloped, modular, and other vendor. Home-developed systems and open source developers, often don't understand why they need to go through the expense of detailed certification processes
and possibly developing unneeded functionalities for the sole purpose of meeting certification criteria. 5. http://healthit. hhs. gov/portal/server. pt/gateway/PTARGS 0 11113 881027 0 0 18/CA SUMMARY 071409
Lakhani and von Hippel (2003) listed different types of incentives that drive the firm to use open source management.
Open source biopharmaceutical innovation a mode of entry for firms in emerging markets. Journal of Business Chemistry 6 (1), 11 30.
How open source software works: Free user-touser assistance. Research Policy 32 (6), 923 943. Laven, F. 2008.
In the past both global buyers and open sources were located primarily in Europe and the USA. As European designs are about year IHS Working Paper 27.2013.
However, this is not its only role it should also endorse open source intellectual property in designs and software.
The policy suggestion is that much stronger affirmative action for open source is necessary, due to the advantages for innovating enterprises of a solid IP base at minimal cost,
This indicates that orienting public procurement towards open source software and design libraries to encourage common shared intellectual capital as a general basis for innovation in Europe has advantages for innovators and governments.
dependent upon open source software and libraries; producing a source of high quality staff from academic research.
Open source software (e g. from Willow Garage, DLR and others) is to be preferred, especially for government supported R&d projects,
The two leading open innovation structures are patent pools (Shapiro, 2001) and open source, which have different functions, applications, levels and modes of use.
The use of open sources in technology or software has a major impact on innovation as they reduce the cost of entry to a business,
2006) and recently this has taken new directions in‘open source goods'to solve the problems of product complexity (Wei and Wei, 2011).
and is still based on open source software for the World wide web, the internet communications and management protocols and the majority of web server operating systems (Forge, 2004).
This may be permitted explicitly, for instance with open source software licences of the UNIX BSD type. A major example is Apple's ios and Macos
which are based on developments from an open source operating system from Carnegie mellon University, Mach 3. 0. Note that where there are grey areas in the uses of IPR for web services
and its open source status has always been in a grey, relatively undefined area. The use of a programming language to create the APIS has been considered‘fair use'in the past.
From our case studies, especially in robotics it is evident that open source IPR is important in innovation, specifically for software and for standard design libraries of structured data.
under open source licences for use in commercial applications. This provides the basis for KUKA's own design libraries.
open source is based on disclosure and freedom to use the IPR built by a team of collaborators under acceptance by contract of various conditions contained in the open source licence,
of which there are many variations in legal constraints (Forge, 2004). Open source projects are collaborative developments (often of software),
where the source code as well as any updates are openly available to its users and creators. Although most related to the software industry, in theory open source can be employed to share original IPR in any sector. 23 By using open source software, in accordance with the open source licence, the SME gains significant protection from infringements on proprietary
software, ideas and copyrights, as the source code and thus its concepts are openly available to all.
or additions to the original open source library (as for instance the GNU licence requires). Perhaps it is for this reason that three of the most important operating systems in the world are, in their fundamentals, based on open source injections of IPR from various versions of the Unix operating system.
These are Apple's ios (whose origins lie in Steve jobs'Next Nextstep operating system, based on the MACH kernel from Carnegie mellon University, with Freebsd source code extensions), Linux,
therefore indicating that collaborations with the OSS community should exert a positive effect on entrepreneurial ventures'innovation performance. 24 Berkeley Software Distribution a free open source licensed version of the Unix operating system from the Regents of the University
but also in endorsing open source. The latter action may be through 25 The rulings against Microsoft on bundling
and services having open source licences. This can reduces costs and increase security, especially for software for common utilities and applications
but also in endorsing open source IPR, research results and software. The policy suggestion is that much stronger affirmative action is necessary for public procurement to be oriented to open source software
libraries and common shared intellectual capital (Forge, 2006. Internet start-ups are ideal VC investments, as our case studies of Google, Skype and XING show having relatively low entry costs and low capital intensity.
Forge, S. 2004), Open source Software: Importance for Europe-What Future does OSS hold for Europe today?
the economic impacts of open source software, info, Vol 8, No 3. Forge, S. Blackman C.,(2010), A Helping hand for Europe:
C. 2012), Is Open source about innovation? How interactions with the Open source community impact on the innovative performances of entrepreneurial ventures, Journal of Small Business Management, 50,340 364.
Porter, M.,(1985) Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, Free Press NY, 1985. Pricewaterhousecoopers (2006), Luxembourg:
AWARE 2 is open source software, i e. irobot supports third-party technical development and the commercialization of the resulting work. irobot views collaboration with external developers as an essential way to provide a broad range of new capabilities to its products. irobot is happy, for instance,
In 2010, the company received undisclosed funding from the Ministry of Defence to develop a robotic hand to help defuse roadside bombs. 95 Open source platforms As we have seen elsewhere in the sector,
the use of open source software and hardware platforms is seen as fundamental. Shadow Robot joined the ranks of Willow Garage
Note also that this library is built using the open source (free) object oriented modelling language Modelica, whose model libraries cover many aspects of physical systems
This approach has advanced the robot component library mentioned above, based on the open source Modelica language. Further development took place in this international effort involving EU companies, universities,
was developed in 1ka tool for online surveys. 9 1ka is an open source online survey application,
These include adoption of open source standards-based software platforms and data exchange standards to make efficient use of existing resources.
and supported by private enterprise and also in the form of free open source software systems which are supported by non-profitmaking organizations and private enterprises.
Open source systems have advantages of local sustainable community development and support and lower cost by building on a proven software foundation (19.
Free open source software is particularly a boon to countries with financial constraints. The survey demonstrates that the greatest barrier to adoption of patient information systems is the lack of resources.
Weerawarana S, Weeratunga J. Open source in developing countries. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, 2004,(http://www. eldis. org/fulltext/opensource. pdf, accessed 1 june 2012). 20.
e g. open source software (also referred to as free and open-source software). The user has the freedom to:
Promote transparency and openness (Operational) Use of open source and open standards and providing access open to the application already purchased
to consult and debate o Involvement in the Digital Sunrise Europe initiative. 2. 5 OPEN DATA 2. 5. 1 Introduction Preamble Openness is a concept common to open source, open
The final goals of the open data movement are similar to those of other"Open"movements such as open source, open hardware, open content,
lessons, educational content, educational evaluation and research OER is both an open source of digital content,
and for the improvement of cybernetic security Support for the use of open sources and standards for future facilitation and assurance of interoperability of the informatics systems Introducing technologies such as Cloud computing
Google has developed the open source Android operating system and spawned innovation in applications worldwide; Facebook has enabled the building of thousands of apps
developers and social entrepreneurs are innovating with cheap open hardware, open source software, open knowledge, data storage and analytics and are producing valuable data about people, the environment and biometric and sensor data.
Goteo is managed by the nonprofit Open sources Foundation that supports projects that offer some kind of collective return,
such as the open source DIY shoest kit8, a project developed with the support of Fablab Barcelona,
and open source designs are now giving innovators better access to the enabling infrastructures, products, skills and capabilities they need to enhance collaborative making.
People working on open source hardware are creating new organisations, such as the Open source Hardware Association, to coordinate research projects,
such as the open source cars Wikispeed, and build farming tools and new fabrication machines like the Reprap and others.
These products are open source and free, with a worldwide community of peers contributing to the collective discoveries.
A project like openp2pdesign is opening up design processes and tools to enable collaborative communities to undertake large-scale projects that can lead to innovative results in open business, open government or open data.
Projects like Open source Ecology are promoting a shift towards a more sustainable lifestyle. The makers movement is showing how experiments of collaboration
Interesting trends are emerging at the intersection between open hardware, DIY culture, open source software and open data.
Projects and areas of work like Safecast or open source Geiger, the Smart Citizen Kit and open wearables are showing interesting potential in combining innovative technology trends to generate unexpected services.
free CAD/CAM software and open source designs are now giving innovators better access to tools, products,
a makerspace in Milan with a focus on open source, design, digital fabrication and micro enterprises. 28 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe MAKERS MOVEMENT Maker Fairs are interesting expressions of this new form of networking events
and decision-making and is piloting open source solutions across Europe engaging new political partices, citizen movements and governments.
contributing to the W3c Federated Social Web Working group. 32 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe Safecast is both the name of a Geiger counter built by the open source community as well as a global
a nonprofit tech company that specialises in developing free and open source software for the collection, visualisation and interactive mapping of information.
open source and open access Communia PUBLIC DOMAIN The contribution of open knowledge covers the variety of ways in
and moving towards and Open source Internet of Thingst Open-source hardware consists of hardware whose blueprints are made publicly available
largely because of its creators'decision to make the board's design‘open source, 'along with its quick adoption by the international maker movement of D. I. Y. hardware hobbyists, such as makerspaces and Fab Labs. This makes Arduino a key building block of many digital social
the best possible decision making based on a real time data and information from open sources and the best possible alignments of my local providers with the global potential of wider communities (Van Kranenburg 2014) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
and federated social networks based on open source code and open standards to promote open democracy, collective debate, deliberation and voting.
(i e. free and open source software) can be obtained at a lower cost with a better quality from reliable suppliers,
In effect, open source software should be easy to acquire from government at all levels. Open source procurement As an example, in 2004, the UK government launched
(and reviewed in 2009 and 2010) its policy on ICT32 where special attention was paid to open source procurement.
In this respect, a toolkit was used to ensure that there is a level playing field for open source and that some of the myths associated with open source are dispelled.
Participating in open procurement calls should be made easy. Public procurement of innovative solutions Commissioning tools could also be set up to see
if the deployment of the DSI strategy across Europe is meeting the needs of their target beneficiaries (entrepreneurs, business, developers, citizens and other communities).
It can also include the development of open source mobile phone alternatives such as Fairphone69 on top of which a whole new open ecosystem of services and applications could flourish, based on open-source and open-hardware developments.
ü Explore DSI specific indicators such as Open Data access, digital skills and proliferation of open source projects or creative commons licenses.
Interoperable, customised and modular services and applications based on open source, open access and open hardware can then be built on top of a public federated platform in a dynamic and flexible way,
open source software has been proposed as an economically viable solution for establishing and upgrading ICT systems. It can enhance system interoperability
Open source software has been proposed as one means of reducing anti-competitive pressures. It may be easier for small firms to have relationships with larger firms at lower cost
if open source fosters wider compatibility between different applications and operating systems and lowers the cost of ICT adoption.
on 21 january 2010 the Commission agreed to the planned acquisition of Sun microsystems by Oracle. 213 The acquisition raised the issue of the competitive effect of open source software products.
the mobile phone industry, the digital amplifier industry, the open source software industry, the mobile operating system Android, the biopharmaceutical industry, Procter&gamble, Italcementi, Deutsche telekom, Innocentive, Roche or the Dutch special
differences in confidentiality (open source publications vs competitive nature; organisational differences (curiosity-driven vs problems-solving;
In times of 3d printing, open source solutions and new forms of crowdfunding, even enthusiastic hobbyists face relatively low barriers to innovate.
Seminars and events address topics such as open source software, mobile applications or 2d/3d design. Nonmembers have restricted access to the lab facilities that comprise
Open Remote provides an open source software platform to integrate lighting and open data from various sources is used together with data from large numbers of sensors from various suppliers.
And as it is built on the open source principle it also allows for the integration of new sensors as they become available on the market
I O N y E A r B o O k 2 0 1 4 flat model emerge as in open source communities,
the Open Innovation, Open source and ICT Infrastructure Community and the Start-up Ecosystems in different networks around Europe to submit their innovative ideas within the subsequent Open Calls.
and open source code writing, where the skills are vested individually but create value collectively and are bound collaboratively to a common end.
open source production, and collaborative consumption models that require a group of participants to deliver. The crowd asset model maps the breadth, spread and specific dynamics of the way in
what is now known as Local Motors, the world's first open source car company. The company brings together a global community of designers, engineers, fabricators and car enthusiasts to build new automobiles through distributed manufacturing channels.
By engaging in an open exchange and collaboration in developing open source thinking on this subject we will embed
‘open source'or anything we academic lawyers would have thought had paved the way to the Internet future.
2013 16 open source software communities on the Web can help SMES overcome financial constraints and access external competencies and valuable complementary assets (e g.,
Is Open source Software about Innovation? Collaborations with the Open source Community and Innovation Performance of Software Entrepreneurial Ventures, Journal of Small Business Management, 50 (2), pp. 340-364.61.
Plehn-Dujowich J. M. 2009. Firm size and types of innovation, Economics of Innovation & New Technology, 18 (3), pp. 205-223.62.
but focuses only on companies that develop open source software. Lecocq & Demil (2006) study the U s. tabletop role-playing game industry,
such as in the open source software (Henkel, 2004; Hienerth, 2006. This practice is also becoming fashionable in other industries such as car design, electronic games,
Henkel (2004) argues that firms (adopting open source strategies) may make their technology available to the public
Open source software from commercial firms Tools, complements, and collective invention. Zfb-Ergänzungsheft. Henkel. J.,2006.
Melding proprietary and open source platform strategies. Research Policy 32,1259 1285. West, J.,Callagher, S.,2006.
Open source ways of working and IT solutions are part of the answer. We propose: Ambitious European initiatives with synchronised actions around the major challenges, engaging actors across the innovation chain, coordinating supply and demand of innovations,
and clusters Venture and seed capital Guarantee schemes for financing for innovation Experimental instruments Cross-border research centres Open source-Open science Markets for knowledge Regional industrial policy;
Social innovation can be driven by governments (new models of public health), the private sector (open source software) or civil society (fair trade)( Mulgan et al.
http://www. fixmystreet. com). The digital Open source movement is a driving force behind socially innovative cooperative co-production processes.
were developed collaboratively by Open source Community programmers and volunteers. Open Data movements and innovative/transparent forms of governance go hand in hand (http://data. gov. uk) with these new forms of coproduction.
The Survey has been conducted by the National Statistics Institute (INE), in cooperation with the National Foundation Centre of Reference for the Application of Information and Communication Technologies based on Open sources (CENATIC.
and issued as open source 10, which aims to create a highly open and flexible environment for In-Network Clouds in Future Internet.
and two IEEE 802. 3u links at 100 Mbit/s. Fig. 3. Test scenario 1 We have modified the firmware of a Netgear router (Gigabit Open source Router with Wireless
Last, we plan to open up our development activities via an Open source Project. The first framework version fully published as open source can be found at 5. Open Access.
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution,
LNCS, vol. 6369, Springer, Heidelberg (2010) 5. SLA@SOI Open source Framework. First full release by December 2010, http://sourceforge. net/projects/sla-at-soi 6. SLA@SOI project:
The Autoi open source implements a scalable and modular architecture to the deployment, control and management of active sessions used by virtual entities.
Based on the Autoi Java open source, in the ANPI demo, the ANPISDD class is prepared to use the IP and TCP (port 43702) protocols.
Open source communities may also substantially contribute to the exchange of good practices and open solutions.
using open source methods or crowd sourcing solutions. The view of innovation in the EU 2020 strategy risks being seen as somewhat top down
One is new forms of mutual action between individuals such as open source software and web-based social networking around issues such as the management of chronic disease or childcare.
students and small manufacturers, the UK based business Riversimple is creating the first, open source, highly energy efficient eco car.
Open source technology, such as wikis,‘can make government decision-making more expert and more democratic'.'cx Examples from the US and New zealand show how open
Developing materials, curriculum, case studies, open source materials Coordinating universities, civil service colleges etc to work collaboratively through the development of a network of institutions to spread
200 Open Organisation 74-77 Open Publication Licenses 200 Open source 154; 139 Open Space 45-46 Open Testing 53 Organisation 6-7;
20 Basic principles for the infrastructure 20 Open source basic infrastructure...20 The components the basic infrastructure...
, WTC regulations Basic protocols, network infrastructure TCP IP XML, ebxml organs Software components, business models Open source models, operating systems Simple species Grass, worms
In this landscape of virtual distributed communities, the active participation of open source developer communities is a measure of the success of the initiative.
software sharing, common development of open source software open and distributed common infrastructure use of digital business ecosystems Complexity of regulations Actions:
an open source model adopting multiple business models; for the digital species of specialised ecosystem: encouraging the maximum coexistence and diversity of models and licences, supporting as much as possible the equal opportunities of service/solution publishing and fair competition;
Open source basic infrastructure To guarantee that the ecosystems attracts a critical mass of developers of services
Models for sector-specific ecosystems The use of open source infrastructure, the convergence on open standard and open systems, the strong support for interoperability (if necessary through the creation of compatible free software;
or component (open source or proprietary), could substitute it as soon a more adequate one appears on the ecosystem,
on the other hand,(ii) a reduce function that merges all intermediate values associated with the same intermediate key 41.6 1 Big data the open source computing framework Hadoop have received a growing interest
bundling the most popular open source projects 1. 2 Case studies 17 in the Apache Hadoop stack into a single, integrated package.
and Twitter also for benchmarking analysis. Especially in the open source activities or in the development communities,
In particular, the areas of interest involved the open source practices, the professional use of 3d elements, software development and open innovation.
open source data and cloud technology to share knowledge, manage information and to have generated the user work shared
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