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Figure 2 also shows cardinality constraints. These are not part of the unconstrained class model. Later we will define constrained class models (Definition 4). However,
The cardinality constraints in Fig. 2 impose restrictions on object models. For example, a ticket corresponds to precisely one concert
Instead, we assume a given set VOM of valid object models satisfying all requirements (including cardinality constraints.
Relþ VOM satisfies all (cardinality) constraints including the following general requirements: for any ðr, mapk1, mapk2þ Rel there exist c1, c2, mapa1,
Moreover, all cardinality constraints are satisfied if OM VOM. Definition 4 abstracts from the concrete realization of object
Note that events may have varying cardinalities, e g.,, one event may create five objects of the same class.
The cardinality describes the cardinal number of node sets which are being matched to each other. A sample of a node matching with both 1: 1 and M:
FOREWORD ix CARDINALITY, ORDINALITY, RANKINGS AND RATINGS One feature of the report that has received a lot of attention is its use of rankings.
The cardinality of the different stakeholders involved in the smart city business is so big that many nontechnical constraints must be considered (users, public administrations
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