Technology Futures analysis Methodsworking Group 2004; Cagnin et al. 2008). ) The analytical components that we address should be considered in the context of performing FTA (Porter 2010)
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European commission, 2004. It is expected that converging technologies will trigger innovation and lead to the solution of social issues in the future.
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policy to support research'',COM (2004) 353, European commission, Brussels. European commission (2004b),‘Stimulating technologies for sustainable development:
an environmental technologies action plan for the European union'',COM (2004) 38, European commission, Brussels. Loveridge, D.,Georghiou, L. and Nedeva, M. 1995),‘United kingdom Foresight programme, Delphi survey'',PREST
& future technology of Korea-challenges and opportunities (Korea 2030) China's Report of Technology foresight 2004 Report year 2005 2005 2004 Project promoter/initiator Ministry of Education
) since its launch in 2004. They claim that current trends in FTA and the increasing policy demand for robust evidence for decision-making indicate that there may be a momentum for pushing FTA towards integrating qualitative (QL) and quantitative (QT) approaches,
) since its first edition in 2004. For the 2011 edition, the Scientific Committee decided to focus specifically on the combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies.
JRC Technical Report, EUR 21473 EN, European commission, 2004, Available at: http://forera. jrc. ec. europa. eu/fta/Proceedings%20short%20version. pdf. Last accessed July 2012.2 P. Bazeley, Issues in mixing qualitative and quantitative approaches
Res. 33 (7)( 2004) 14 26.61 A. Tashakkori, C. Teddlie, Mixed Methodology, Combining Qualitative and Quantitative approaches, Applied Social research Methods Series, 46, Sage
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Policy 1 (3 4)( 2004) 1740 2816.39 C. Lee, Y. Cho, H. Seol, Y. Park, A stochastic patent citation analysis approach
State-of-the-art and new approaches Tessaleno C. Devezas Technological forecasting and Innovation theory Working group, University of Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal Received 13 may 2004;
accepted 6 october 2004 Abstract It is well known the fact that the world of technology is full of biological metaphors,
On the Internet, a Google search yields the following results (April 2004) 2, 800,000 hits for globalization, 6, 600,000 for complexity,
Change 71 (2004) 287 303.2 H. A. Linstone, TF and SC: 1969 1999, Technol. Forecast.
Change 71 (2004) 881 896.35 G. Silverberg, B. Verspagen, A percolation model of innovation in complex technology spaces, J. Econ.
Change 71 (2004) 287 303.18 A. Volkery, T. Ribeiro, Scenario planning in public policy: understanding use, impacts and the role of institutional context factors, Technol.
Des. 31 (2004) 743 758.21 R. d. Neufville, A. Odoni, Airport Systems: Planning, Design, and Management, Mcgraw-hill, New york, 2003.22 E s. Schwartz, L. Trigeorgis, Real Options and Investment under Uncertainty:
Res. 52 (2004) 35 53.60 L. Breiman, J. H. Friedman, R. A. Olshen, C. J. Stone, Classification and Regression Trees, Wadsworth
Chang. 71 (2004) 287 303.2 D. Jamieson, Prediction in society, in: D. Sarewitz, R. j. Pielke, R. Byerly (Eds.
Thus through trial-and-error and learning-by-doing 1 The Cost Action A22 network was a four year program (2004 2007) entitled Foresight methodologies Exploring new ways to explore the future and funded by the Individuals, Societies, Culture
Policy Pract. 6 (2004) 331 343.65 K. van der Heijden, Scenarios: The Art of Strategic Conversation, Wiley, Chichester, 1996.66 K. Weick, Sense-Making in Organizations, Sage, London, 1995.67 S. Inayatullah, Deconstructing
Since 2004, risk has become the subject of political concern as well as the subject of analysis. Public opinion about nanotechnology
Participatory FTA ACTIVITIES increased in both countries after 2004, when nanotechnology risks was perceived first as problems
unifying and transforming tools, AICHE J. 50 (2004) 890 897.10 M. Roco, Possibilities for global governance of converging technologies, J. Nanopart.
Chang. 71 (2004) 287 303.31 A. Rip, Futures of ELSA, Sci. Soc. Ser. Converg. Res. 10 (2009) 666 670.32 A l. Porter, W. B. Ashton, United states case study, in:
Res. 6 (2004) 395 405.42 O. Renn, M. C. Roco, Nanotechnology and the need for risk governance, J. Nanopart.
Small Matter, Many Unknowns, 2004, p. 57s, Zürich. 56 B. Wynne, Public participation in science and technology:
Towards integration of the field and new methods, Technological forecasting & Social Change 71 (2004) 287 303 2004.2 F. Scapolo, New horizons and challenges for future-oriented technology analysis the 2004 EU US
This was the fourth in the FTA series that started in 2004 and was held again in 2006 and 2008.
like in 2004, that they were not being taken seriously by policy makers. Or that the reality of technological and societal interaction was being simplified overly even misunderstood.
The allocated budget consisted of DKK 24 million (ca. EUR 3. 2 million) for the period of 2001 2004.
36 (2004) 889 902.5 O. Saritas, M. A. Oner, Systemic analysis of UK foresight results:
joint application of integrated management model and roadmapping, Technological forecasting and Social Change 71 (2004) 27 65.6 O. Saritas, Systems thinking for Foresight,(Ph d. thesis), Manchester
Toward integration of the field and new methods, Technological forecasting and Social Change 71 (2004) 287 303.8 T. Ko nno la, A. Salo, V. Brummer, Foresight for European Coordination:
Community actors, institutions and multilevel governance in regional foresight exercises, Futures 36 (2004) 45 65.10 C. Cagnin, M. Keenan, R. Johnston, F. Scapolo, R
reflections from the Finish food and drink industry, International Journal of Foresight and Innovation policy 1 (1 2)( 2004) 70 88.14 T. Ko nno la, T
insights from the fostering of innovation ideas, Technological forecasting and Social Change 74 (2007) 608 626.16 L a. Costanzo, Strategic foresight in a high-speed environment, Futures 36 (2004
This International Seminar was founded on the success of the joint EU US Seminar on Future-oriented technology analysis (FTA) that was organised by JRC-IPTS in 2004.
and Innovation policy (IJFIP) 1 (2004) 4 32.6 C. Cagnin, E. Amanatidou, M. Keenan, Orienting innovation systems towards grand challenges and the roles that FTA can play, in:
521.15 P. Kristensson, A. Gustafsson, T. Archer, Harnessing the creative potential among users, Journal of Product innovation Management 21 (2004) 4 14.16 H. Rohracher, From passive consumers
. Pennington, B. Walker, Cultural probes and the value of uncertainty, Interactions 11 (2004) 53 56.30 F. Sleeswijk Visser, Bringing the Everyday Life of People into Design
41 (2000) 29 40.3 A. Raps, Implementing strategy, Strategic Finance June (2004) 49 54.4 H. Mintzberg, The fall and rise of strategic planning, Harvard Business Review
classifying the state-of-the-art, Journal of Intellectual Capital 5 (2004) 230 242.75 A. Wu, The integration between balanced scorecard and intellectual capital, Journal of Intellectual Capital 6 (2005) 267.76
EICT In 2004, the five German founding partners of the European Center for Information and Communication Technologies (EICT) Deutsche telekom AG (DTAG), Daimler AG (DAG), Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft
EICT When EICT was founded in 2004 its mission and vision were developed based on the aim to create a highly visible innovation center in ICT in Europe.
Decker and Ladikas, 2004) Valuing/decision-aiding/economic analyses Cost-benefit analysis, SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) and scorecard analyses (Sripaipan, 2006), analytical hierarchy process, data envelopment analysis, multicriteria decision analyses Combinations Scenario-simulation (gaming),
References Decker, M and M Ladikas (eds) 2004. Bridges between Science Society and Policy. Technology assessment:
N 2004, THE ERA NET FORSOCIETY1 began its mission to develop sustainable cooperation between national foresight programming bodies in 15 European countries.
Well-known examples include the Internaationa Council for Science (2002) exercise that focused on societal issues and research agenda settiin and also its foresight analysis (International council for science, 2004.
the horizon scan started in 2004 to guide this search in a systematic way. In 2007 The netherlands government decided to abandon the system of‘sector councils
International council for science 2004. Foresight analysis. Available at<http://www. icsu. org/Gestion/img/ICSU DOC DOWNLOAD/371 dd file foresight analysis. pdf>,last accessse 1 june 2009.
as well as cultural content)( United nations, 2004). The global entertainment and media industries were estimated to be worth US$1, 255 billion in 2004, North Ameriic leading with a 44.4%share, Europe,
the Middle east and Africa coming second with a 33%share. New distribution channels, like broadband internet and wireless communications are driving growth in this industry.
2004; Ilmolaa et al. 2006). ) Step 3: Design of scenarios for the future The sector analysis carried out as the first step of the process
Mendonça, S m Pina e Cunha, J Kaivo-oja and F Ruff 2004. Wild cards, weak signals and organisational improvisation.
United nations 2004. Creative industries and Development. Repoor TD (XI)/ BP/13. São paulo: United nations Conference on Trade and Development.
and Decker (2004) similarly identified the broad impacts of foresight exercises which they divided into technological/scientific aspects
Georghiou and Keenan (2004) recognized this when they wrote that: Despite the spread of foresight experience across Europe and beyond, there has not so far Table 1. Foresight:
Carlson (2004) also echoed these sentiments. Foresight success: what factors are associated with foresight success? We did not find much literature that looked at foresiigh success factors.
Finnsight 2015 (encompassing a mix of Nokia plus three government agencies (VTT, TEKES and SITRA) and Helsinki University of Technologgy in Finland UK Foresight, third phase 2004 2008;
Over the years the program went through numerous changes, in the host organization (from National Reseaarc Council 2002 2004, to Privy council office 2005 2006, to Industry Canada 2007 2008.
limited direct evidence Since 2004, with two successive minority governments, the policy agenda has been clearly dominated by short-term priorities (sometimes only five years) thus rendering foresight,
Carlson, L W 2004. Using technology foresight to create business value. Research Technology management, 47 (5), 51 61.
Georghiou, Luke and Michael Keenan 2004. Towards a typology for evaluating foresight exercises. Paper presented at EU US Seminar:
New technology Foresight, Forecasting and Assesssmen Methods, held 13 14 may 2004, Seville, Spain. Ladikas, Miltos and Michael Decker 2004.
Assessing the impact of future-oriented technology assessment. Paper presented at EU US Seminar: New technology Foresight, Forecasting and Assessment Methods, held 13 14 may 2004, Seville, Spain.
Rollwagen, Ingo, Jan Hofmann and Stefan Schneider 2006. Criterri for improving the business impact of foresight at Deutsche bank:
2004) directed to the application of converging technologies to development of a Europeea knowledge society. This report contains the pragmatic definition:
2004). ) The basic elements of a generic roadmap representiin market, products, technology, R&d programs, and resources, were changed into the elements listed below:
2004). ) According to the model, technological approaches can be used to combat EIDS at every stage of their life cycle, from preventive measures such as vacciine to biosensors for surveillance, bioassays for detection, drugs for treatment,
Nordmann, Alfred 2004. Converging technologies: Shaping the Future of European Societies. Report by High-level Expert Group on‘Foresighting the New technology Wave'.
Phaal, R c J P Farrukh and D R Probert 2004. Technology Roadmappping a planning framework for evolution and revolution.
Tegart, G and R Johnston 2004. Some advances in the practice of foresight. Paper presented at EU US Seminar:
New Technollog Foresight, Forecasting & Assessment Methods, held 13 14 may 2004, Seville, Spain. World health organization 2006.
there has been an explosion of nondisruuptiv innovations that are not always clearly different from other products on the market (De Marez and Verleye, 2004;
De Marez and Verleye, 2004. Furthermore, traditional product development strategies are said to have crucial shortcomings since they are no longer able to guarantee the successful adoption and diffusion of new ICT.
2004; Veryzer and Borja de Mozota, 2005. T Katrien De Moor (corresponding author), Katrien Berte and Lieven De Marez are at MICT-IBBT, Department of Communicattio Sciences, University of Ghent, Korte Meer
Tom Deryckere received an MSC degree in electrical engineeerin (micro-and optoelectronics) from Ghent University in 2004.
His research group joined the IBBT in 2004. User involvement in future technology analysis Science and Public policy February 2010 53 of the diffusion theory has to do with its proinnovvatio bias and the assumed linearity of the innovaatio and adoption process.
Boczkowski, 2004. User-driven innovation In this new context, the notion of user-led or userdriive innovation has assumed a prominent role.
2004). ) Kristensson et al. 2004: 4 5) attribute this discrepancy betwwee theory and practice mainly to the lack of empirical evidence on the benefits of userinvollvemen and user-oriented strategies compared to traditional research and development.
Although research has indicated that if new product developmmen fails, it usually goes wrong from the beginniin (Khurana and Rosenthal, 1998),
2004). ) User-driven innovation should thus go beyond merely asking users for feedback after the piloting phase or launch.
2004; Jain, 2004) In this changed context, Corrie et al. 2003: 2) emphasiiz the importance of users'expectations and experiences:
Qoe is how the user feels about how an applicattio or service was delivered, relative to their expectations and requirements.
Microsoft, Concentra and i-City) and the IBBT, founded by the Flemish Government in 2004 to stimulate innovation in the ICT domain.
Boczowski, P J 2004. The mutual shaping of technology and sociiet in videotex newspapers: beyond the diffusion and social shaping perspectives.
Crisler, K, T Turner, A Aftelak, M Visciola, A Steinhage et al. 2004. Considering the user in the wireless world.
De Marez, L and G Verleye 2004. Innovation diffusion: The need for more accurate consumer insight.
Jain, R 2004. Quality of Experience. IEEE Multimedia, 11 (1), 95 96. Khurana, A and S R Rosenthal 1998.
Kristensson, P, A Gustafsson and T Archer 2004. Harnessing the creative potential among users. Journal of Product innovation Management, 21 (1), 4 14.
and the corresponding control groups for the period 2002 2004. Matching methods based on direct comparisons of participating
2004). ) We estimated the propensity scores with respect to the likelihood of receiving a CTI subsidy. We then applied four different matching methods
For the period 2002 2004 we found that (with one exception), for all six innovation measures and for all four matching methods applied,
Jaumotte and Pain, 2005), a finding also confirmed by the meta-analysis by Garcia-Quevado (2004)
if an amount of about CHF60 million in 2004 (meanwhile CHF100 150 million of additional R&d support per annum) could have a discernible impact on an economy that invested about CHF19 billion in R&d in 2004.
Arvanitis, S, J Von Arx, H Hollenstein and N Sydow 2004. Innovationsakttivitäte in der Schweizer Wirtschaft-Eine Analyse der Ergebnisse der Innovationserhebung 2002.
Garcia-Quevado, G 2004. Do public subsidies complement businees R&d? A meta-analysis of the econometric evidence.
as cited by Irwin (2004):.in a knowledge-based society, democratic governance must ensure that citizens are able to make an informed choice from the options made available to them by responsible scientific and technological progress.
and conducting foresight exerciise according to the CGEE's values and institutional mission (Santos et al. 2004).
2004) have coined the term technology futures analysis (TFA), which comprises technology intelligence, forecasting, roadmapping, technollog assessment, and foresight.
in informing the decision-making processes on ST&I (Santos et al. 2004). There are a number of key elements embedded in this methodological approach.
the Journal of Future Studies, 1: 5 9. Irwin, A. 2004)‘ Expertise and experience in the governance of science:
2004)‘ Technology futures analysis: towards integration of the field and new methods',Technological forecasting and Social Change, 71: 287 303.
2004)‘ Prospecc¸a o em cie ncia, tecnologia e inovac¸a o: a abordagem conceitual e metodolo'gica do Centro de Gesta o e Estudos Estrate'gicos e sua aplicac¸a o para os setores
So far, scholarly interest has focused on the overall evolution and design of China's science and technology (S&t system (Ke 2004;
in modern times it has lagged behind Western countries in S&t (Ke 2004). Beginning with the founding of People's republic of china in 1949, a Socialist centralized S&t system was built in the 1950s by adding the Soviet model of centralized planning onto the S&t system that had emerged in the Republic of china (e g.
Table 3. Allocations for S&t by Central Government in main S&t programs (in million RMB) Item 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
the Case 973 Program (in million RMB) Item 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total 589 686 800 897 983
In April 2004, the interim strategic research reports were sent to CAS, CAE, and the Chinese Academy of Social sciences for consultation.
and that hundreds of suggestions had been given by the public (Shi 2004) References Block, F. and Keller, M. eds)( 2011) State of Innovation:
Ke, Y. 2004) Science and Technology in China Reform and Development. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press.
Shi, D. 2004)‘ The policy-making of the medium-and long-term plan for S&t',<http://www. 93. gov. cn/kjxg/ghdt/ghdt16. htm>accessed 20 may 2011.
as analyzed by Malerba (2004), should have a set of specific knowledge bases, inputs and demands.
Malerba (2004) 272. C.-C. Chung has tried also to link the relationships within a sectoral innovation system to a country's international performannce as well as a sector to the technological opportunities which can be mobilized to develop new products and processes for that sector.
2004), is developed the biotechnology in the post-genetic engineering era in the 1970s and comprised of a broad range of knowledge fields. 1 The biotechnology developed before the post-genetic engineering era is defined in this paper as traditional biotechnology.
While the majority of the existing literature on modern biotechnollog focuses on the empirical experiences of European countries and the USA (Mckelvey et al. 2004;
Brink et al. 2004; Senker 2004; Mckelvey 1996; Kaiser and Prange 2004; Geseisk 2000; Torgersen and Bogner 2005;
Boschert and Gill 2005), only a few papers discuss the develoopmen of biotechnology (both traditional and modern) in Taiwan (Dodgson et al. 2008;
Wong 2005. Indeed, the existing literature considers Taiwanese biotechnology to be a‘new sector 'which has emerged only in the last ten years
and rarely exported their products (DCB, 2004: 100). ) Only after the 1980s, was modern biotechnology graduaall adopted by the companies producing Chinese herbal medicines.
the experts at the ASS also carried out genetic research on subtropical fruits and vegetables, such as sugar cane and tea (Su 2004:
The knowledge about hybridization which had been accumulated by the Japanese scientists was developed then further by the Taiwanese experts, especially in rice research (Su 2004:
In fact, many graduates from the National Taiwan University took important positions in the ASS (Su 2004:
Su 2004: 18). ) A group of Taiwanese scientists trained in US universities introduced modern molecular biotechnology to Taiwanese universities in the 1980s.
and there was very limited coordination between the research teams (Su 2004: 18,20. Until 2000, most results of modern biotechnology research done by the universities were transferred to the ASS for further application (Su 2004:
18,20. The ASS created a microbial gene bank, the Agriculture Gene Resources Center, in order to store the genes of hybrid and GM seeds.
and shipping for their services (Su, 2004: 18). ) Indeed, until the 1990s, the modern biotechnology innovated by the universities was transferred only occasionally to particular agricultural companies, such as Taikong. 3. 2. 3 National institutions:
and after the 1980s, research in modern biotechnology was funded merely to increase the farmers'welfare (Chang 2004:
and sub-cellular organnism (Laage-Hellman et al. 2004). 2. The medical device sector also adopts biotechnology through the development of bio-chips
Brink, J.,Mckelvey, M. and Smith, K. 2004)‘ Conceptualizing and measuring modern biotechnology'.'In: Laage-Hellman, J.,Rickne, A. and Mckelvey, M. eds.
Chang, M.-Y. 2004) The Change of Taiwan's Agricultural Community(.Taipei: Council of Agriculture.
DCB (2004) The Yearbook of Chinese Herbal Medicine Industry 2004. Taipei: Development Center of Biotechnology.
Kaiser, R. and Prange, H. 2004)‘ The reconfiguration of national innovation systems the example of German biotechnoology'Research policy, 33: 395 408.
Laage-Hellman, M.,Mckelvey, A. and Rickne, A. 2004)‘ Introduction'.'In: Laage-Hellman, J.,Rickne, A. and Mckelvey, M. eds.
Lee, S.-J. and Hua, J. 2004)‘ The economic evaluation of the food industry using biotechnology'(.
2004)‘ Sectoral systems of innovation: basic concept and issues'.'In: Malerba, F. ed.)Sectoral Systems of Innovation:
Mckelvey, M.,Orsenigo, L. and Pammolli, F. 2004)‘ Pharmaceutical analyzed through the lens of a sectoral innovaatio system'.
Paris. Senker, J. 2004)‘ An overview of biotechnology in Europe: firms, demand, government policy and research'.
Su, J.-C. 2004)‘ Global perspective of Taiwan's agricultural science and technology: A review of the past and projectiio for the future',Forum for Agricultural Innovation and Development Council of Agriculture, 26 nov 2004, pp. 15 21.
Taikong. 2010),‘Company statement'.'Taikong<http://www. azoo. com. tw/azoo tw/instruction/004. php>accessed 14 december 2010.
Fagerberg et al. 2004. It occurs mostly in firms that respond to expected market opportunities by combining different types of knowledge, capabilities, skills and resources (Hall and Rosenberg 2010.
and this has implications for policy (Fagerberg et al. 2004). Factors vary, for instance, on R&d intensity (i e. high-tech,
and the workings of institutions (Arnold 2004; Woolthuis et al. 2005. Indeed, expected system elements might be completely absent in some national settings particularly in less developed countries and/or weakly developed or dysfunctional in others.
Orienting European innovation systems. 151 Arnold, E. 2004)‘ Evaluating research and innovation policy: A systems world needs systems evaluations',Research Evaluation, 13:3 17.
Fagerberg, J.,Mowery, D c. and Nelson, R. R. 2004) The Oxford Handbook of Innovation. Oxford:
Gertler, M. S. and Wolfe, D. A. 2004)‘ Local social knowledge management: Community actors, institutions and multilevel governance in regional foresight exercises',Futures, 36:46 65.
as discussed by Nordmann (2004)).The more impressive transformations are those which happen by design and are engineered through deliberate and concerrte action,
Nordmann, A. 2004)‘ Converging technologies Shaping the future of European societies',Report of an Expert Group to the European commission.
<http://ec. europa. eu/research/conferences/2004/ntw/pdf/final report en. pdf>accessed 15 dec 2011.
As Smits and Kuhlmann (2004: 11) argue, innovation is a systemic activity that:..involves a variety of actions within the system,
but also the policy-making process could benefit from the use of‘systemic instruments'(Smits and Kuhlmann 2004:
Kostoff et al. 2004; Phaal et al. 2004; Lee and Park 2005; Phaal and Muller 2009. The first is the culture of technology roadmapping, in
which roadmapping is approached as a normative instruumen to identify relevant technologies and align them with explicit product plans and related action steps.
The aim of TM is to connect micro-scale technical niches into macrosccal landscape developments through the middle-scale of a socio-technical regime (Geels 2004:
2004)‘ From sectoral systems of innovation to socio-technical systems. Insights about dynamics and change from sociology and institutional theory',Research policy, 33: 897 920..(
Kostoff, R. N.,Boylan, R. and Simons, G r. 2004)‘ Disruptive technology roadmaps',Technological forecasting and Social Change, 71: 141 59.
Phaal, R.,Farrukh, C. J. P. and Probert, D. R. 2004)‘ Technology roadmapping a planning framework for evoluttio and revolution',Technological forecasting and Social Change, 71:5 26.
Smits, R. and Kuhlmann, S. 2004)‘ The rise of systemic instrumeent in innovation policy',International Journal of Foresight and Innovation policy, 1: 4 32.
and foreign RTD investments (Kaiser and Prange 2004). Indeed, today the research system is an integral part of the prevailing multilayered innovation system.
Such challenges have been related to the systemic nature of innovation (Smits and Kuhlmann 2004), performmanc of innovation systems (Lundvall 1992;
and processes of regionalisation (Kaiser and Prange 2004), which have resulted together in complex multilayered policies especially in Europe.
(Smits and Kuhlmann 2004. Among different systemic instruments foresight has been characterised as a participatory, systemic and anticipatory vision building approach that supports the present-day decision-making (European commission 2002).
and respective foresight roles Case Partners Timing Goal Role of foresight Wood Wisdom-net20 18 partners from 8 European countries 2004 8 Establish
Furthermore, if one regards foresight as a creative process (Salo et al. 2004), then it may be impertinent to fix foresight objectives
2004) argue that responsiveness to shifting objectives and stakeholder expectations should be regarded as a major concern
Kaiser, R. and Prange, H. 2004)‘ Managing diversity in a system of multilevel governance: The open method of co-ordination in innovation policy',Journal of European Public policy, 11: 249 66.
Salo, A.,Ko nno la, T. and Hjelt, M. 2004)‘ Responsiveness in foresight management: Reflections from the Finnish food and drink industry',International Journal of Foresight and Innovation policy, 1: 70 88.
Smits, R. and Kuhlmann, S. 2004)‘ The rise of systemic instrumeent in innovation policy',International Journal of Foresight and Innovation policy, 1: 4 32.
This debate is unique for human beings with their ability of speech and writing (Chilton 2004;
The outcome of a political discourse is partly dependent on the contents and shape of the communicative expressions of the participants their cognition in wide sense as well as the power relationships between the participants (Chilton 2004;
P. A. 2004)‘ Analyzing Political Discourse: Theory and Practice'.'London: Routledge. Choo, C. W. 2001)‘ Environmental scanning as information seeking and organizational learning',Information Research, 7/1<http://choo. fis. utoronto. ca/IR/choo choo
Mendonc¸a et al. 2004. Especially in the case of weak signals and wild cards, sense-making builds on the scanners'creative and heuristic capabilities to detect meaningful observations in the presence of scattered or no historical evidence (Dervin 1998.
Mendonc¸A s.,Pina e Cunha, M.,Kaivo-oja, J. and Ruff, F. 2004)‘ Wild cards, weak signals and organisational improvisattion'Futures, 36: 201 18.
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