Teece 2007) and the organisation theory literature (Dill 1958; Thompson 1967) have emphasised long the role of the environment as a major source of uncertainty for strategic decision-makers in charge of coping with emerging opportunities and threats.
Roveda et al. 2007. However, strategic foresight had uneven success. Rigby (2001) found that only 21.5%of North american executives used scenario planning in 1999, approximately 50%fewer than in 1994.
and Siemens. 5 Given the inadequate analysis in the literature and the open-ended nature of our questions, we felt that this methodological approach would be the most useful for theory building (Eisenhardt and Graebner 2007;
. and M. E. Graebner. 2007. Theory building from cases: Opportunities and challenges. Academy of Management Journal 50, no. 1: 25 32.
and P. Landoni. 2007. A new methodology for regional foresight. International Journal of Foresight and Innovation policy 3, no. 2: 218 34.
Teece, D. J. 2007. Explicating dynamic capabilities: The nature and microfoundations of (sustainable) enterprise performance.
For example, Aaltonen (2007) calls these places of combination‘chronotope spaces'.'The second component is a horizontal anticipatory culture that connects the critical knowledge in an RTO.
The aim of the process was to form an outlook of development directions in building services, its research needs and business potential to the year 2020 (Paiho et al. 2007.
The building services roadmap was realised in three phases in 2006 2007. In the first phase, a large background review was completed.
and knowledge spaces 831 Figure 4. The roadmapping process in the Building Services Roadmap (Paiho et al. 2007,
The process was realised in 2005 2007 between VTT Technical research Centre of Finlaand FOI (Sweden SINTEF (Norway), and DTI (Denmark.
References Aaltonen, M. 2007. Chronotope space: Managing the complex trade-offs between the properties of the strategic landscape and the time frame being considered.
and T. Parkkila. 2007. Talotekniikan kehityslinjaat Teknologiat ja markkinat Development trajectories of the building services.
2007) articulate‘functions of innovation systems'.'Some researchers look into what kind of innovation transfer is most effective (e g.
Boolean term search approach (Porter et al. 2007) to identify DSSCRELLATE activity in four databases: Web of Science (WOS), EI Compendex, Derwent World Patent Index (DWPI), and Factiva.
We created search algoritthm somewhat tailored for each of the four databases (details in Appendix 1). Data-cleaning in Vantagepoint software (Porter et al. 2007) refined the data downloaded from the four databases.
when we compared topical concentrations in the SCI DSSC publications between 2005 2007 and 2010 2011,
The base map used here reflects SCI journal crosscitaatio in 2007, aggregated into 175 Subject Categories.
and R. E. H. M. Smits. 2007. Functions of innovation systems: A new approach for analyzing technological change.
and D. Schoeneck. 2007. Refining search terms for nanotechnology. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 10, no. 5: 715 30.
2007) and reduced the burdens of cost and time (Gordon and Pease, 2006. Combining methods has been recognized as a precondition of successful foresight
References Cachia, R.,Compano, R. and Da Costa, O. 2007),‘Grasping the potential of online social networks for foresight'',Technological forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 74 No. 8
2007; Georghiou and Cassingena-Harper, 2011. Such approaches are built often into prioritisation exercises, where national governments formulate strategic responses that take into account the existing and anticipated developments in the sciences
Saritas, O.,Taymaz, E. and Tumer, T. 2007),‘Vision 2023: Turkey's national technology foresight program:
1995), Norway (Nordic Innovation Centre, 2007), Canada (National research council Canada, 2005) and other developed countries have accumulated significant experience with such projects.
Many international organisations, including the European commission (2004a, b, 2003), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2006), the United nations Industrial Development Organization (2007),
In 2007, the RF Ministry of Education and Science initiated the National S&t Foresight until 2025 to identify S&t priorities (Sokolov, 2008a,2009.
and implement the federal goal-oriented programme‘‘S&t priorities for Development of the Russian S&t Sector in 2007-2012''.
S&t for the 21st century'',Foresight Consolidation Report, available at www. nrc-cnrc. gc. ca/Nordic Innovation Centre (2007),‘Foresight in Nordic innovation systems'',Nordic Innovation
United nations Industrial Development Organization (2007), Technology foresight Summit Workbook, United nations Industrial Development Organization, Budapest. University of Joensuu (2010),‘Foresight for the development of forest sector in Finland till 2020'',Future Forum on Forests of Finland.
in 2000,2002 and 2007, respectively. He is now an Associate Researcher at Science and Technology policy Research and Information Center (STPI),
12th International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium, US Naval War College, Newport R i. USA, June 19 21,2007, 2007, Available at:
Publications, 1998.62 A. Bryman, Barriers to integrating quantitative and qualitative research, J. Mixed Methods Res. 1 (1)( 2007) 8 22.63 J. Mahoney, G. Goertz
I. Miles, M. Butter, G. Sainz, Global Foresight outlook 2007: mapping foresight in Europe and the rest of the world, in:
The EFMN Annual Mapping Report 2007, Report to the European commission, University of Manchester, TNO, Manchester/Delft, 2007.69 R. Popper, Mapping Foresight revealing how Europe
and imported into MS Excel 13 rows of indicators, 30 columns (years) for TFT-LCD (from 1978 to 2007), 36 columns (years) for CRT (from 1972 to 2008),
) 1976 1990 1991 2007 2008 402 L. Gao et al.//Technological forecasting & Social Change 80 (2013) 398 407 We propose a normalisation method with two steps to pre-process the original data.
2007 2008 2009 Application Priority Corporate Non-corporate Inventor Literaturecitation Patentcitation IPC IP-CTOP10 MC MC-TOP5 IP-CTOP5 MC
2006 2007 2008 2009 Application Priority Corporate Non-corporate Inventor Literaturecitation Patentcitation IPC IPC-TOP5 IPC-TOP10 MC MC-TOP5
2007 2008 lb 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 So the TLC stages estimated for NBS are:
Policy 36 (2007) 387 398.16 X. Zhang, S. Fang, C. Tang, G. H. Xiao, Z. Y. Hu, L. D. Gao
Chang. 17 (2007) 73 85.41 R. J. Lempert, D. G. Groves, S w. Popper, S. C. Bankes, A general analytic method for generating robust strategies and narrative
and precautionary approaches, Risk Anal. 24 (2007) 1009 1026.45 E. Störmer, B. Truffer, D. Dominguez, W. Gujer, A. Herlyn, H. Hiessl, H
Technol. 41 (2007) 6649 6656.20 A. Valero, A. Valero, Physical geonomics: combining the exergy and Hubbert peak analysis for predicting mineral resources depletion, Resour.
Econ. 61 (2007) 115 128.24 J. Forrester, Principles of Systems, Wright-Allen Press, Cambridge, MA, 1968.25 J. D. Sterman, Business Dynamics:
Chang. 17 (2007) 73 85.33 J. H. Friedman, N. I. Fisher, Bump hunting in high-dimensional data, Stat.
Thus through trial-and-error and learning-by-doing 1 The Cost Action A22 network was a four year program (2004 2007) entitled Foresight methodologies Exploring new ways to explore the future and funded by the Individuals, Societies, Culture
followed by an open scientific conference in July 2007. The main research questions were: What methodological issues are salient in relation to the identification of emerging trends and change?
Soc. 12 (2007) 40 (online URL: http://www. ecologyandsociety. org/vol12/iss2/art40/./27 A l. Cunliffe, Reflexive inquiry in organizational research:
Chang. 74 (2007) 413 432.41 M. S. Jørgensen, Visions and visioning in foresight activities, in: K. Borch, S m. Dingli, M. S. Jorgensen (Eds.
Rev. 32 (2007) 1 20.74 S. Funtowicz, J. Ravetz, Science for the post-normal age, Futures 25 (1993) 735 755.75 A. Jetter, W
Paper Presented at the Future seminar of the Centre for Technology, Innovation and Culture, University of Oslo, 7th of June, 2007, in:
Interface 4 (2007) 707 719.79 P. Goodwin, Spanning boundaries: social innovation in a complex world, in:
and instead focus on Feynman as the genius behind the origins of the field 11 (C. Selin, Expectations and the emergence of nanotechnology, science, technology & human values,(2007) 196 220).
In 2007, the Nano-Initiative Action Plan 2010 emerged as an important part of the high-tech strategy of the German government.
Values (2007) 196 220.12 A. Nordmann, No future for nanotechnology? Historical development vs. global expansion, in:
Stud. 28 (2007) 1243 1264.16 M. Roco, The long view of nanotechnology development: the National Nanotechnology Initiative at 10 years, J. Nanopart.
Int. J. 1 (2007) 99 110.57 D. Barben, Analyzing acceptance politics: towards an epistemological shift in the public understanding of science and technology, Public Underst.
which was scanned then systematically back to the year 2007 by the project teammembers, who acted as signal scouts in this phase of the project.
a hybrid strategic scenario method, Futures 39 (4)( 2007) 341 362.3 European commission, Communication from the Commission to the European parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions
which was initiated by a passage in the Parliament in November 2006 as part of the national budget negotiations for 2007.
This mapping was conducted from March to October 2007. The mapping consisted of three parts. On behalf of DASTI, the OECD's International Futures Programme Unit carried out an international horizon scan,
insights from the fostering of innovation ideas, Technological forecasting and Social Change 74 (2007) 608 626.16 L a. Costanzo, Strategic foresight in a high-speed environment, Futures 36 (2004
Contributed paper for the 2007 conference on corporate R&d (CONCORD: new and emerging issues in corporate R&d, JRC-IPTS, 8-9/10/07, 2007.25 M. Taish, J. Cassina, B. Cammarino, S. Terzi, N
and received funding from the European union Seventh Framework programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n°246016.
24 (2007) 53 75.21 R. W. Veryzer, B. Borja de Mozota, The impact of user-oriented design on new product development:
an examination of frontline perspectives, Journal of American Academy of Business 11 (2007) 11 16. 16 O. Furrer, H. Thomas, A. Goussevskaia, The structure and evolution of the strategic management field:
uma propuesta metodolo'gica, Revista de Economia Pu'blica, Social e Cooperativa 57 (2007) 117 149.20 M. Grasseova',Utilization of balanced
dynamic capabilities for managing strategic fit, Management Decision 45 (2007) 518 538.71 G. Walker, R. Macdonald, Designing and implementing an HR scorecard, Human Resource
a reorganization in 2007 resulted in the aim to cooperate with external organizations. Initially, this resulted in a partnership with Deltares,
This program also integrated external parties starting in 2007 to a new innovation program that is facilitated
results of a quantitative benchmarking study, R&d Management 37 (2007) 383 397.5 R. Rohrbeck, H. Gemu nden, Corporate foresight:
and tipping points, Technological forecasting and Social Change 74 (2007) 715 730.19 K. Cuhls, Foresight with Delphi surveys in Japan, Technology analysis & Strategic management 13 (2001) 555 569.20 K
in Germany, Journal of Forecasting 22 (2003) 93 111.22 P. Saffo, Six rules for effective forecasting, Harvard Business Review 85 (2007) 122 131.23
15 (1995) 241 257.37 R. Cowan, N. Jonard, J.-B. Zimmermann, Bilateral collaboration and the emergence of innovation networks, Management Science 53 (2007
H.-J. Bullinger (Ed.),Beschleunigte Innovation mit regionalen und industrienahen Forschungsclustern, Fraunhofer IRB Verlag, Stuttgart, 2007, pp. 146 157.51 European commission
and Popper (2007) defined six principles to distinguish FTA from other policy-support techniqques future-orientation, participation, evidencebassed multidisciplinarity, coordinated mobilisation of people and resources,
2007. Guide to Research Infrastruccture Foresight. Brussels: European commission. Popper, R 2008. Foresight methodology. In The Handbook of Technology foresight:
2007; Quiggin, 2007. Other examples were initiated by ministries or departments, such as the Department for Environment, Food and Rural affairs (DEFRA) in the UK (DEFRA, 2006), the Ministry of Economic Affairs of The netherlands (Ministerie van Economische Zaken, 1998), The french Department of Transport
and Maritime Affaair (Direction générale de l'Industrie, des Technologiie de l'information et des Postes, 2000) and of Industry (Ministère de l
A more recent case is the Horizonscan of the Environment Research Fundeers Forum in the UK (Environment Research Fundeers Forum, 2007.
and the data in the report on Denmark (OECD, 2007) and The netherlands'Horizzo Scan Report 2007 (In't Veld et al.
in March 2007 and a second in October 2007. The possible use of the horizon scan data at the European commission (EC) level was discussed in interviews with representattive of different directorates within the EC.
and impact (taking into account the sustainability dimensioon) At the end of the 2007 round, the issues were published in a final report.
2007) in that it does not solely focus on trends, but also on potential breakthroughs, analysis of risks, uncertainties and unexpected events that are considered as potentially disruptive in the future.
In 2007 The netherlands government decided to abandon the system of‘sector councils 'and to create new provisions within all ministries (so-called knowledge chambers).
2007). ) These issuue were published also on the Dutch horizon scan website at the end of 2005. References Academy of Finland and TEKES, 2006.
The DCDC's Global Strategic Trends Study, 2007 2036, third editiion Swindon, UK: DCDC. Available from<http://www. dcdc-strategictrends. org. uk/>,last accessed 1 june 2009.
Environment Research Funders'Forum, 2007. An Environment Research Funders'Forum report-horizon scanning study. Available from<http://www. erff. org. uk/publications/reports/20071212-horizonscanning-report. aspx>,last accessed 1 june 2009.
In't Veld, R, H Maassen van den Brink, P Morin, V van Rij, H van der Veen and B Verlaan, 2007.
Horizon scan Report 2007, Towards a Future Oriented Policy and Knowledge Agenda. COS. Available from<http://www. horizonscan. nl/uploads/File/COS BINNENWERK%20engels 06 (1). pdf,
NWO Strategy 2007 2010. Available from<http://www. nwo. nl/files. nsf/pages/NWOA 6PXJ9W ENG/$file/wetens chap gewaarderd lowres eng. pdf>,last accessed 1 june 2009.
OECD-DASTI, 2007, Horizon scan August 2007 (2007. Available from:<<http://www. oecd. org/dataoecd/22/56/39991237. pdf>,last accessed 1 june 2009.
Quiggin, T 2007. Seeing the Invisible: National Security Intelligeenc in an Uncertain Age. Singapore: World Scientific.
Spring, L, R Crawhall, J Smith and K Andrews 2007. Global Securiit Scan for Canadian Science Capabilities (2015 2020)- Report of Proceedings, Defence R&d Canada, Centre for Securrit Science.
When commissioning an FTA of the creative content sector in 2007 2008 the European commission was expecctin
Gordon, 2007. Like in a classical tworooun Delphi survey, experts participated in a surveey in which they had to assess topics based on statements about the future.
111 experts with a focus on creative content to participate in the Delphi survey that ran during June 2007.
in order to review the results and change their assessment as necessary (Friedewald et al, 2007). In a nutshell, the Delphi survey revealed only a small number of topics where experts did not reach a consensus about the likely future development.
Friedewald, M, von Oertzen, J and Cuhls, K 2007: European Perspecctive on the Information society: Delphi Report.
Gordon, T J 2007. Energy forecasts using a‘Roundless'approach to running a Delphi study. Foresight:
The study was performed by a team of researchers in Canada in the period 2005 2007.
2007) Is financial support for foresight in your country stable, growing or decreasing in 2007 2008?
Is there a central foresight web page? are included web links? Is there a foresight support agency (or departmeent in your government?
Over the years the program went through numerous changes, in the host organization (from National Reseaarc Council 2002 2004, to Privy council office 2005 2006, to Industry Canada 2007 2008.
to the point in 2006 2007 where the only substantive client was the NSA and the science community,
European foresight monitoring Network Mapping Reports 2005 2007. Available at<http://www. foresight-network. eu>,last accessse 3 february 2010.
a final symposium was arrannge in Bangkok in December 2007. Approximattel 60 experts from over ten APEC economies
and beyoond Thirty three experts from seven economies met in Thailand in February 2007 to develop scenarios for the future of EID in the Asia-pacific region.
short term (2007 2012), medium term (2012 2017), and long term (beyond 2017). The structure of the roadmaps used in this study is shown in Figure 3. Two roadmapping workshops were organized in Tokyo in Japan on 22 24 may (42 experts from nine economies) 2007 and in Taipei, Chinese Taipei
on 24 26 october 2007 (41 experts from eight economies. Experts discussed the future changes in medical requirements in each research domain, the types of supporting technologies needed,
the key challenges that could possibly hinder the developmeen progress, and R&d activities. Results and policy impact/implications Scenarios and EID life cycle model The scenario workshop listed key drivers for EID in the areas of social, technology, economics, environmeent and politics (STEEP.
Adapted from presentation by Dr Silberglitt (Rand Corporation, 2007) Table 1. Key user requirements in diagnostics Short term Medium term Long term Accuracy,
to combating EIDS Biosecurity and emerging infectious diseases in Asia-pacific Science and Public policy February 2010 48 Table 3. Roadmap for development of EID diagnostics 2007 2012 2013 2017
Rand Corporation 2007. Suggestions from a 2020 Technology foresight: Technological Approaches to Combating Emerging Infectious diseases (EIDS.
Since October 2007, he has worked for IBBT-INTEC as a postdoctoral fellow (FWO-V Research Foundation, Flanders.
2007). ) Følstad (2008) situates the rise of living labs in this context of user-driven innovation. Living labs are innovation environments that provide full-scale test-bed possibilities for inventing, prototyping,
encouragiin the interaction between all stakeholders in the innovation process and facilitating the involvement of users as co-creators (Ballon et al. 2007).
De Marez and De Moor (2007) looked into Qoe at a conceptual level and identified five main dimensions and over 70 subdimensions.
Ballon, P, J Pierson and S Delaere 2007. Fostering innovation in networked communications: test and experimentation platfoorm for broadband systems.
De Marez, L and K De Moor 2007. The challenge of user-and Qoe-centric research and product development in today's ICT environment.
>last accessed March 2007. Schumacher, J and V-p Niitamo (eds. 2008. European Living Labs. A New approach for Human Centric Regional Innovatiion WVB, Berlin.
Sleeswijk Visser, F, R van der Lugt and P J Stappers 2007. Shariin user experiences in the product innovation process:
Görg and Strobl, 2007 (for Ireland. 1 A major advantage of the matching methods rather than the regression approach is that the matching is nonparametric.
2007). ) This tradition is based on a wide Spyros Arvanitis is a senior researcher at the KOF Swiss Economic Institute and a lecturer in economics at the ETH Zurich.
2007), less than 10%of Swiss firms perceive a lack of public R&d promotion to be a strong,
+for firms with less than 200 employees+for firms with low intensity of CIMT use Görg andstrobl (2007), Ireland R&d grants from (Industrial Development Agency (IDA) Ireland and Forbairt
no effect Bérubé and Mohnen (2007), Canada R&d tax credits versus R&d tax credits+R&d grants 584 Matched-pairs analysis (nearest neighbour matching) Firms with tax credits
and Feller (2007) for recent reviews of the central issues related to the evaluation of the effectiveness of technology programmes.
Arvanitis, S, H Hollenstein, N Sydow and M Wörter 2007. Innovationsakttivitäte in der Schweizer Wirtschaf t Eine Analyse der Ergebnisse der Innovationserhebung 2005.
Bérubé, C and P Mohnen 2007. Are firms that received R&d subsiddie more innovative? UNU-MERIT Working Paper No. 2007-015.
Maastricht: UNU-MERIT. Bozeman, B 2000. Technology transfer and public policy: a review of research and theory.
Switzerland 2007 2008 European trend chart on innovation. Brussels: European commission. Feller, I 2007. Mapping the frontiers of evaluation of public-sector R&d programmes.
Science and Public policy, 34 (10), 681 690. Garcia-Quevado, G 2004. Do public subsidies complement businees R&d?
Görg, H and E Strobl 2007. The effect of R&d subsidies on privaat R&d. Economica, 74 (2), 215 234.
OECD. OECD 2007. Science, Technology and Industry Board Innovatiio and Performance in the Global economy. Paris:
the Brazilian ST&I Plan of action (2007 10; the government's multi-year budget plan; the political changes that could affect it as a government-owned company. 5. 2 Future perspectives A tool the future timeline was developed
2007) and Popper (2008. These authors have proposed a classification of methods and techniques by the type of approach (exploratory or normatiive) method (qualitative, semi-quantitative or quantitattive or source of knowledge (creativity, expertise, interaction or evidence.
Wang 1993), selected sectors and actors (Jakobson 2007; Zhang et al. 2009) or assessment of the state of its STI capabilities (D'Costa and Parayil 2009;
Jakobson 2007; Lv 2007; OECD 2008; Zhou and Leydesdorff 2006. Surprisingly little attention has been paid, however, to how decisions are taken
and priorities set in Chinese S&t policy (see, however, the primarily quantitative policy analysis in Liu et al. 2011)).
Today's mechanism for priority-setting in these countries is therefore a hybrid, sometimes drawing upon scientific expertise not only in low-level decision-making but also in the framing of societal challenges underlying science policy priorities (Pielke 2007),
Schwaag Serger and Breidne 2007. So-called mega-engineering and mega-science projects are aimed at‘leapfrogging'in key areas,
'Thus, the‘Innofund+programs'includes Innofund, Spark, Torch, Agricultural S&t Transfer Fund, National Engineering research Centers (data from 2007) and the New National Products Program.
Table 3. Allocations for S&t by Central Government in main S&t programs (in million RMB) Item 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
the Case 973 Program (in million RMB) Item 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total 589 686 800 897 983
Schwaag Serger and Breidne 2007. These two groups were responsible for identifying key S&t issues relevant for the next medium-and long-term plan.
Wu Y.‘Three suggestions to improve China's S&t policy',Guangming Daily, 14 may 2007, <http://www. gmw. cn/01gmrb/2007-05/14/content 605455. htm>accessed 20 may 2011.9.
The website was<http://gh. most. gov. cn>.>A key official and policy-maker of the MOST reported that more than 3, 000 people had registered at the website
Jakobson, L.,(ed.),2007) Innovation with Chinese Characteristics: High-tech Research in China. New york: Palgrave Macmillan.
Lv, W. 2007)‘ Enhancing the basic role of knowledge innovattio in the innovation system',China Development Review, 9: 38 47.
Paris. Pielke, R. 2007) The Honest Broker. Cambridge: Cambridge university Press. Ruivo, B. 1994)‘ Phases or paradigms of science policy?'
Schwaag Serger, S. and Breidne, M. 2007)‘ China's 15-year plan for scientific and technological development a critical assessment, Asia Policy, 4: 135 64.
and sold watermelon seeds since the 1960s (Cai 2007). The technology used by these private companies was the traditional biotechnology of hybridizatiio
Cai, H.-Q. 2007) The King of watermelon: the story of Wen-Yu, Chen(:.Taipei:
Hekkert et al. 2007; Jacobsson and Bergek 2006; van Lente 1993; von Hippel 2005; Woolthius et al. 2005), the following six‘high-level'functions of innovation systems can be identified:.
The importance of transnational foresights is highlighted also specifically for joint programming (Acheson et al. 2007. In this regard, the importance of the informing role and benefits from FTA are recognised already in the new instruments.
2007) point out, the notion of‘function'is provided useful its heuristic value is stressed. 2. COM (2010) 2020, Brussels, 3 march 2010.3. COM (2010) 546 final, Brussels, 6 october 2010.4.
References Acheson, H.,Amanatidou, E. and Boekholt, P. 2007)‘ Optimising research programmes and priorities',Report of the ERA Expert Group, EUR 23324.
Hekkert, M. P.,Suurs, R. A a.,Negro, S. O.,Kuhlmann, S. and Smits, R. E. H. M. 2007)‘ Functions of innovation systems:
>accessed August 2007. Stirling, A.,Geels, F.,Scrase, I.,Smith, A. and Van Zwanenberg, P. 2009)‘ Transformative innovation',A research report for the Department for Environment, Food and Rural affairs. Brighton:
Taleb 2007) dominate our attention, these can overshaado less noticeable and gradual processes of transformmatio
Geels and Schot 2007) or rapidly (policy shocks)( e g. Skoufias 2003. The categories of grand challenges identified by theeuropean Research area (ERA) Rationales Expert Group (European commission 2008) provide one typology of transformations.
Coping with a fast-changing world. 155 2007. Social organisation can be understood in terms of the extent to which an individual is bound in a unit or social group and the degree to
Cachia et al. 2007. Examples of web 2. 0 networks include: EFP, FORWIKI, iknow, and the Millenium project.
Cachia, R.,Compan o, R. and Da Costa, O. 2007)‘ Grasping the potential of online social networks for foresight',Technological forecasting & Social Change, 74: 1179 203.
Geels, F. W. and Schot, J. 2007)‘ Typology of sociotechnical transition pathways',Research policy, 36: 399 417.164.
Taleb, N. N. 2007) The Black swan: The Impact of Highly Improbable. New york: Random House. Thompson, M.,Ellis, R. and Wildavsky, A. 1990) Cultural Theory.
Tukker, A. and Butter, M. 2007)‘ Governance of sustainable transitions: about the 4 (0) ways to change the world',Journal of Cleaner Production, 15:94 103.
In 2007 ESF evaluated the experiences with Forward Looks (Van der meulen 2007. Though the Forward Looks focus on science agendas,
Van der meulen, B. 2007)‘ Looking Beyond the Endless Frontier, ESF Forward Look Scheme: Analysis and Recommendations',report to the European Science Foundation.
Secondly, the literature on systemic innovations and transition managemeen emphasizes the dynamic relations of sociotechnoologica landscapes, socio-technical regimes and niche-level innovations in the context of emerging technologies (Geels and Schot 2007.
Geels and Schot 2007; Eerola and Loikkanen 2009. Heiskanen et al. 2009: 411 2) have provided a crystallizaatio of the central features of TM.
Geels, F. W. and Schot, J. 2007)‘ Typology of sociotechnical transition pathways',Research policy, 36: 399 417.
An example is the co-operation between ERA NETS and European technology platforms (Niehoff and Andersdotter 2007.
while policy co-ordination can only assume soft forms (Reid et al. 2007). 2. 2. 3 Horizontal co-ordination between research and other policy areas.
Niehoff, J. and Andersdotter, C. 2007)‘ Report on the Workshop for ERA NETS on industrial technologies',<http://netwatch. jrc. ec. europa. eu/static/download/Report%20workshop
Reid, A.,Miedzinski, M.,Bruno, N. and le Gars, G. 2007)‘ Synergies between the EU 7th Research Framework programme, the Competitiveness and Innovation Framework programme and the Structural Funds',Policy
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