Environment

Changing environment (9)
Climate change (108)
Ecology (48)
Environment (463)
External environment (29)
Institutional environment (4)
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Water management (16)

Synopsis: Environment: Environment:

In the paper entitled dthe role of Scanning in Open Intelligent Systemst, Patton describes the system in place in SRI CONSULTING BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE to scan the environment

and hence more powerful basis for informing strategic decisions because it stresses both the need to adapt to changes in the environment

Niche Management 25 and Transition Management 26.14 FANTASIE Forecasting and Assessment of New Transport Technologies and Systems and their Impact on the Environment,

He has published in journals such as Journal of Business strategy and the Environment; Journal of Cleaner Production;

but also national research agencies and businesses, in their efforts to cope with the increasing complexity of new technologies and decision environments, in an increased techno-economic competition worldwide 9. Since the 1990s,

Threats to health, safety and the environment can be identified by searches both in the patent data for 501 K. Blind/Technological forecasting

but especially those with possible impacts on health, safety, the environment and on the functioning of markets require an adjustment of the regulatory framework.

like the environment or in services 46.3 In contrast to the other obstacles, like technical or cost problems,

and secrecy of individuals and groups from the intrusion of ill-intentioned network intruders. 2010 4. 88 4. 17 3. 13 1. 86 4. 28 Realisation of an environment in

or using portable terminals. 2009 3. 38 2. 97 2. 32 2. 04 3. 13 Improvement of the data communication environment and widespread use of telecommuting support services,

The environment had to change and be realigned so as to accommodate to the new trajectory and its promises.

while modelling emergence on the basis of interactions of actors and their environment. Path creation acknowledges agency in the form of‘mindful deviation'and the mobilising of resources by actors leading to the creation of new paths 39.

Developing an Integrated Policy Approach to Science, Technology, Risk and the Environment, Ashgate, Aldershot, 2005, pp. 45 66.24 S. K. Kassicieh, S. T. Walsh

as well as the interaction of the system with the broader socio-technological-economic-political environment. Available online at www. sciencedirect. com Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 539 557 Corresponding author.

not only in terms of the management of health-and environment-related risks, but also in terms of ensuring sustainable development. These two‘pillars',the‘knowledge society'and‘participatory governance',can become the common framework in

This facilitates a greater understanding of the wider environment within which foresight exercises are implemented and the identification of many of the characteristics of emerging knowledge societies

the foresight system's interaction with the wider environment has to be studied in order to identify the factors affecting the success of the whole process.

which in turn call for new organisation forms and working environments. These factors seem to be interlinked with each other in a cycle reinforcing their development.

It calls for the establishment of an environment that encourages risk taking and is characterised by reflexivity

The literature suggests that the emerging knowledge societies are also‘risk societies',characterised by decision-making conducted within an environment of increasingly uncertain or incomplete knowledge.

and impacts (both direct and indirect) and with the broader socio-technological-economic-political environment.

An approach for developing an impact assessment framework the wider environment. 547 E. Amanatidou, K. Guy/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 539 557 principles that a foresight exercise should adopt

the wider environment also needs to be examined with the same logic in order to identify the factors enhancing specific foresight impacts.

and is affected by, the wider environment in which it operates (Fig. 3b). A conceptual framework of this nature sheds light on the dynamics of foresight programmes and helps identify the principles

thus providing comprehensive lists of criteria and important factors in different conditions and environments. 550 E. Amanatidou, K. Guy/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 539

Impact assessment framework wider environment (based on the cases of UK, Sweden and Malta. 551 E. Amanatidou, K. Guy/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 539 557 Given that all the elements of a foresight system can now be identified,

Furthermore, since organisations are isolated not from the environment in which they exist, the cultural context also plays a determining role.

as well as the interaction of the system with the broader socio-technological-economic-political environment. The model presented in Fig. 3a

thus providing comprehensive lists of criteria and important factors in different conditions and environments. This model can then direct the development of a common impact assessment framework based on the‘logic model'approach.

and the environment of universities is also undergoing fundamental changes. Thus, it is timely to consider alternative futures for them,

Second, universities just as other research actors cannot operate fully isolated from their socioeconomic environment. 26 For these two reasons

and able to adapt to this new environment Mobility of researchers, competition for talents Only a few‘world-class'EU universities can attract talents from advanced Triad regions A large (r) number of EU universities become attractive for talents from advanced

As both the activities of universities and their environment are undergoing fundamental changes, it is timely to think systematically about their new roles,

and juxtapose that set of features with different environments. In case they want to change the major features of their university

In other words, that would mean keeping the environment as given, and changing their university's own characteristics.

and potentially also newsgroups or other online collaborative environments. This work is similar in spirit to that of Swanson

and content scoring remains a subjective process. 2. Application to distributed design environments Our purpose in exploring this topic is to better consider the information needs of designers.

Designers may soon be positioned in a new and radically decentralized environment. In this section, the paper explicates the social and technological organizational structures which may permit a new era of open innovation.

rather than simply describing a new and distributed environment, they prescribe the manner in which innovative organizations can create an open and porous environment by

which to participate in this anticipated new mode of innovation. Given the imperative of new conduct in innovation,

it is necessary for responsive organizations to restructure themselves to exploit this knowledge environment. The actual economic and institutional arrangements necessary to create flexible and distributed networks may have been captured in the regional development literature 13.

and infrastructural capabilities to succeed in this emerging environment. In the following paragraphs some ideas about the organization of technological knowledge is described;

creating software solutions to help innovative organizations develop new technologies within an open innovation environment. Knowledge is structured hierarchically.

that many users of technology roadmapping exist in a vertically integrated environment where a few big players have the interests and capabilities to assist in technological coordination.

and weaknesses of the prevailing technical and organizational setup to address claims from customers, public, regulatory bodies and the affected environment 62.

I) The high quality of life region with a majority of citizens favoring a sound environment.

/Technological forecasting & Social Change 76 (2009) 1150 1162 Acknowledgements The project Regional infrastructure foresight was funded by The swiss National science Foundation within the National research Program 54 Sustainable development of the Built Environment.

analysis. Power tools series, International Institute for Environment and Development, London, 2005.62 E. Störmer, Greening as strategic development in industrial change why companies participate in eco-networks, Geoforum 39 (1)( 2008) 32 47.63 J. Gausemeier,

sense making and decision making as well as diffusion/acting on environment and interaction with other actors in real world. 1164 R. Koivisto et al./

and how it may change the business or the environment around us. A paradigm shift and interesting methodological developments are seen for Technology assessment too:

there was a growing public awareness and concern regarding the threat to people and to the environment due to industrial activities.

the process, the technology, people, the environment and so on should be known as fully as possible. The project states that a good modelling tool would help to model the future interdependencies supported by an integration of the scenario work and the systematic risk assessment. 3. 2. Managing opportunities,

and risk assessment traditions will be profitable at least the integration process would be easiest to carry on in this environment,

Information on changes in the environment in business and in the society in general is crucial for both FTA and risk assessment.

but a socio-technical complex system also interacting with its environment and the whole society. The focus has shifted from positivist

Technology assessment for managers, Routledge, London, 1998.12 R. Fairman, C. D. Mead, P. W. Williams, Environmental risk assessment approaches, experience and information sources, European Environment

44 H. H. Willis, Using Risk analysis to Inform Intelligence Analysis. RAND Infrastructure, Safety and Environment,,

45 Futuríbles, THE Strategic Environment for Companies: Guideline Scenarios General Summary, 2004 http://www. futuribles. com/pdf/Strategicenvironment. pdf. Read 28th 2009.

Her special interest lies in enhancing innovations provoked by societal concerns for wellbeing of the aging society and for cleaner environment.

and strategic perspectives on howwell the Finnish innovation environment is positioned now and how competitive it is assessed

and methodology Technology barometer is a societal indicator instrument with a strong emphasis on the innovation environment.

The purpose of a technology barometer is to give data of how favorable and competitive the Finnish innovation environment is assessed to be now and in the future.

and the actual state of the environment. In conclusion, an indicator study of the technology barometer comprises 12 sub-indicators providing an index-type key value indicating the state of technology at a given time.

the state of the environment, and action taken by the authorities. Indicator-based information being backward looking by nature,

the technology barometer has proven to be capable of casting additional light on bottlenecks and problem areas within the national innovation environment in Finland.

Political decision-making takes place in an environment characterized by ambiguity of problems and a multitude of conflicting interests between different stakeholders,

In order to respond to the systemic challenges of the innovation policy environment, there is also a need to increase the proactive and future-oriented elements in technology barometer.

Index (Economic Freedom Network) Economic Sentiment Indicator (EC) Internal Market Index (EC) Business Climate Indicator (EC) Environment Environmental sustainability Index (World

cohesion Health Income distribution Employment Equality between sexes 3. 4. 2. Environmental management 3. 4. 3. State of the environment Quality of air Quality

. Sustainable development 4. 5. 1. Factors threatening the environment 4. 5. 2. The state of the environment and the actions of the authorities Appendices Content of the Technology barometer Key results Competence and knowledge

quality of life, the economy, the environment etc. The topics that were chosen and identified during the search phase should be checked and by a broader information base,

But in detail, there were differences when looking at the relevancy for economy, relevancy for the quality of life, relevancy for the environment, and so on...

Energy from the environment: energy harvesting is known already, but limited. New ideas are expected that make it possible to harvest the energy from different environments

and transfer it into miniaturized machines. This is especially necessary for environments which are out of reach (implants,

build in house equipment...Human machine cooperation (firstly called human machine boundary shifts: technological innovations that are linked directly to human beings (inside and outside of the body) need new technologies on the one hand,

Understanding use, impacts and the role of institutional context factors Axel Volkery, Teresa Ribeiro European Environment Agency, Strategic Futures Group, Kongens Nytorv 6, DK 1050

and international organisations 1. Technological forecasting & Social Change 76 (2009) 1198 1207 This article does not represent any official opinion of the European Environment Agency,

It has been written in the context of the BLOSSOM project of the European Environment Agency. 3 The project aims at building a platform for discussion

which would start a new cycle. 3 The European Environment Agency is a specialised agency of the European union with the prime task of providing targeted, timely, relevant and reliable data and information on the state and prospects of Europe's environment.

which incorporated much of the thinking from the Environment Agency's preceding Flood and Coastal Defence Project.

Whether specific foresight units should be located physically within departments for the environment for food, for energy or transport for example,

2 European Environment Agency, Looking Back on Looking Forward. A Review Of Evaluative Scenario literature, Technical Report 3/2009, Copenhagen, EEA, 2009.3 R. J. Lempert, S. Hoorens, M. Hallsworth, T. Ling, Looking

Integrating the Environment for Sustainability, Edgar Elgar Publishing, London, 2008, pp. 114 133.42 Scottish government, National Planning Framework 2 SEA Annex to the Environmental Report:

Axel Volkery, Phd, is a project manager for policy and scenario analysis at the European Environment Agency in Copenhagen, Denmark.

Teresa Ribeiro heads the Strategic Futures Group of the European Environment Agency in Copenhagen, Denmark.

as it lies at the heart of Foresight Environment of knowledge development: 7. Trust between organisers and all participants, even among those whose opinions may not be deemed to be‘influential'8. Establishment of a new balance between participants with special expertise

Co-evolutionary scenarios Selection environment Nanotechnology Responsible development Anticipatory coordination 1. Introduction The path to innovation is journey-like, certainly so for radical innovation.

and dynamics in the environments the hopeful technology may encounter. For those wishing to enable beneficial technology applications stemming from potentially breakthrough areas of science and technology, such as nanotechnology,

But the potential breakthrough nature of nanotechnologies as enablers of radically new applications may mean a complex reconfiguration of the environments that a nanotechnology innovation may traverse during its‘lifetime'from concept to well embedded technology in our society.

and the various environments (industrial, market, society, regulation, research, etc.).5 To this end it was necessary to create a scenario method

and (co-)evolving environments whilst still allowing the formulation of strategies and concrete steps to take action.

The key point here is that novelties do not traverse a static landscape made up of various selection environments (such as regulations, markets, policy etc.

The idea from evolutionary economics of a selection environment indicates the part played by economic, institutional and social factors in shaping a technology. 4 Braun for example describes the early notions of innovation as being characterised by a‘linear'view of innovation as an automatic spill over process between basic knowledge

and technological application whilst recent notions regard innovation as being nonlinear and recursive interactions between a variety of actors participating in the quest for innovation. 8. 5 These environments,

I will call selection environments. 1224 D. K. R. Robinson/Technological forecasting & Social Change 76 (2009) 1222-1239 Sociologically inclined innovation scholars have focused on analysing

Against this background I propose that there is a clear gap in the literature so far regarding the shifting natures of selection environments

There is a gap in capturing the shifting natures of the selection environments and mechanisms of action 14

and embrace these dynamics of selection environments but go no further. Green et al. 16 in their comparison of the techno-economic networks (micro-level analysis stemming from sociology)

The advantage of this conceptualization is that it allows selection environments and framing conditions to be an explicit part of the mapping. 2. 2. Innovation chain+:

and creating scenarios for a CTA exercise. 3. Evolving selection environments, and their internalisation 3. 1. A project is initiated In Autumn 2007 (as still the case 2 years on) there was an increasing emphasis on societal impact and embedment of nanotechnology applications.

At the time of the workshop (December 2007) the situation in and around nanotechnology involved mostly the discussion of Environment, Health and Safety aspects (EHS/HES) and other nanotoxicity related discussions,

This learning links up with the complexity of evolving (governance and other) environments. Working with such scenarios in strategy articulation workshops is a means of testing the scenarios

RRI topics begin to fork as actors focus either on Speculative Ethics 41 and nearteer Health Safety and Environment issues.

These scenarios embrace complexity by referring to the emerging natures of both the innovation chains and their environment.

the confrontation of script-based scenarios, Phd thesis, Ecole des Mines, Paris. 1996.24 S. Glynn, Constructing a selection environment:

such as those concerning health, energy supply and the environment. Modern societies have a strategic interest in research and technological development,

Both the environment-scanning and competence-based approaches are based on the assumption that rational-analytical processes are used in strategic decision-making.

In the same way, foresight exercises and similar strategic activities aim to position national research optimally in relation to future opportuniitie in the strategic environment of national research programmes:

and M. Borup With this understanding of strategy it is logical to use forecasting methods capable of analysing the uncertainties in the future strategic environment.

Whereas the Porter-inspired understanding of foresight focuses on the strategic environment, a contrasting understanding focuses on an organisation's internal resources,

The resource-based approach does not replace analyses of an organisation's strateggi environment, but supplements these by analysing internal competencies.

The argument is need that organisations to understand core competencies before analysing the environment and opportunities to exploit these competencies.

1) biotechnology and chemistry,(2) energy,(3) environment,(4) nanotechnology,(5) production and materials technology,(6) information systems,(7) simulation and, finally,(8) research consortia.

A third funding source for energy research, a New energy and Environment Research programme, was established also in the period through the Strategic research Council, under the auspices of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation.

An important part of his work is also strategic foresight on environment and technology. Notes 1. The two electricity grid operators were at that time Eltra and Elkraft System.

The exercise also helped the FNR to better comprehend the Luxembourg STI environment while strongly highlighhtin the dearth of statistics and analyses.

Overall, the successful conduct of the Foresight exercise and its implementation, together with all the other ongoing structural changes, indicate a growing maturity of the Luxembourg STI environment, particularly around public governance.

Second, it is clear that a forward-looking process like foresight needs to be underpinned by sufficient and appropriate‘objectivised'data, e g. publication data, statistics on the national R&d environment, reports on the state of economy, environment or society

To get access to the other environments contactwas established with the visioning project leader in the municipality's administration.

simppl because existing rules and constraints are taken for granted as preconditions for future environments (Jenssen, forthcoming) 9. Community engagement refers to the process by

Towards a research agenda for environment, learning and foresight. Paper presented at 3rd Strathclyde international conference on organisational foresight, 16 18 august 2007, University of Strathclyde Graduate school of Business, Glasgow, UK.

Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 28, no. 2: 219 41. Pløger, J. 2002.

Environment and Planning A 34, no. 1: 7 22. Shipley, R.,B. Hall, R. Feick,

Environment and Planning B, Planning and Design 26, no. 4: 573 91. Slaughter, R. A. 2004.

Risk and environment as legitimatory discourses of technology: reflexivity inside out? Current Sociology 50, no. 3: 459 477.

1) Learning and learning society (2) Services and service innovations (3) Well-being and health (4) Environment and energy (5) Infrastructures and security (6) Bio-expertise

for example, advances in relation to forest-related industries were discussed in panels on Environment and energy, Bio-expertise and bio-society, Materials,

and substance abuse research Home care and telecare technologies 4. Environment and energy Operation of ecosystems Water systems and water cleaning technologies Smart sensors and new energy conversion and storage

By June 2009, six strategic centres have started their operations (i e. energy and environment; metal products and mechanical engineering;

built environment. Although the establishment of these centres cannot be attributed to Finnsight, the results of Finnsight were published at an opportune moment for the development of the strategic research plans for these centres.

Moving forward the edition has shown FTA to be in a transitional stage brought about both by its internal dynamics and by the broader global environment.

Recently also political science approaches have been advocating the idea that innovation in the environment of the political system needs a corresponding increase in complexity of the political system or

and pursuing political objectives by influencing the environment. If such congruence of structures does not occur,

and innovation areas develop across and beyond inherited national environments. This choice does not mean that the national and regional levels are not to be taken into consideration.

As a third new element we suggest to broaden the analytical framework (originally designed for purely scientific environments) towards the realm of technological knowledge,

the issues of monitoring GM plants released in the environment and of co-existence between GM and non-GM plants have fostered collaboration with environmental sciences.

and technological environments is essential to maintaining the needed flexibility. Such monitoring of the external environment is the foundation of an open intelligence system.

and cultural environments on a monthly basis. James B. Smith originally brought the scanning process to SRI International in 1979 with the assistance of the futurist consulting group Weiner, Edrich, Brown, Inc,

The commercial environment is constantly evolving through the interactions of thousands of variables from market-driven pricing processes to government regulations, from consumer opinion to market competition,

interpret, and act on cues from an ever-changing environment. Stephen Haeckel 2, author of Adaptive Enterprise, notes

and technological environments. The data points can be events, developments, opinions, research findings, or products that participants believe to be early signals that portend significant changes.

and technological environments. The scanning system captures and assembles the data points in the form of short abstracts,

SRIC-BI's system operates on a monthly schedule at the end of each Fig. 1. The complex market environment.

we become aware that products in today's highly competitive environment are increasingly competing with products outside their category for the attention of the consumer.

Formosa's points are that many disabilities derive from the user's environment and that designers frequently have much to say about what that environment looks like 8. Many abstracts deal with innovative business processes

and models and even philosophical shifts such as those currently occurring surrounding the concepts of intellectual property.

because they help define the environment in which commercial products must succeed. A plethora of abstracts on advertising indicate that tectonic shifts are under way in the marketing and branding domain.

is a necessity in today's fast-paced environment. A push mechanism, in which the scanners and meeting participants push content into distribution throughout the company,

and shape the future of their innovation environment 6. Firms are increasingly playing a role in defining innovation policy due to the rise of demand side approaches and the convergence of corporate and structural foresight.

FP1 Socioeconomic Improving human potential Innovation/dissemination International cooperation Energy Environment Competitive and sustainable growth Information society Quality of life Fig. 2. Evolution of framework programme priorities

and the broader socioeconomic environment and hence for some of their more prominent members to advocate simplistic remedies based on linear model thinking

One reason for this is that is many national environments there is insufficient autonomy or strategic space for universities to act upon the insights arising from foresight.

who are likely to influence the environment inwhich theywill operate. This argument is particularly strong for innovation in complex public/private systems such as vehicle route information technologies,

technological lock ins and an inability to engage in the kind of networks now recognised as the environment in

Diverse Description of a large degree of uncertainty of impact of ICTS on the environment. The scenarios developed during the project accommodated a diverse range of views

and security directly, including‘‘Advancing the E2 (Environment and Energy) Frontier''and the‘‘Improving National Safety and Prestige''.

) The findings of the project showed that a large degree of uncertainty existed on impact of ICTS on the environment,

pp. 71 88.13 World Commission on Environment and Development, Oxford university Press, New york, 1987.14 Sustainable development: a co-evolutionary view Futures 20 (6)( 1988) 606 620.15 M. Castells, The Rise of the network society.

The selection environment is more of a chain of fairly contained niches than it is a free market of ideas of a level playing field.

and convergent technologies) and the extensive and far-reaching implications of increasing capabilities to transform the natural and human environments (giving rise at one extreme to concerns about threats to human existence

which emphasises the interactive and interdependent nature of the new regulatory environment. According to Sheng 9, governance is the process of decision making and the process by

and protection or conservation of the environment. 7. Equity and inclusiveness that requires that all groups,

and the environment's interests into account. The question is how to formulate and facilitate policy making taking into account the active involvement of society and the requirements of the new governance systems.

but was disseminated only worldwide by the World Commission on Environment and Development 21. The concept means development that is able to meet the necessities of the present generation

The latter is the principle of Agenda 21 (the document consensually approved at the UN Conference on Environment

when innovation processes are shaped by the social environment. CSR brings wider societal concerns and values, such as human rights, ethics and corruption, into business strategy and decision making.

an emphasis on environment and community stewardship often invoking the so-called triple bottom line of economic, social,

offers nine principles relating to human rights and the environment which have become the ethical roadmap for the future.

environment; information disclosure; competition'taxation; and science and technology. Their aimis to ensure thatmnes operate in harmony with the policies of the countries where they operate.

technology, environment, natural resources, biomedical aspects, institutional and legal matters as well as the socioeconomic aspects.''Davitaya 41 enlarged Evan's definition describing,

Development Sustainability Environment, Newcastle Civic Centre on 27 september 2003 (available at: http://www. thegreatdebate. org. uk/GDDSEDL1. html, last visited on 03 october 2008.

Ph d. Thesis, University of Manchester, 2005.21 UN, Report of World Commission on Environment and Development:

40 H. Z. Evan, Seminar at Economic Commission of Europe, Warsaw, 1973.41 F. Davitaya, Changes in the Atmosphere and Some Problems of its Protection, in Society and the Environment:

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