This can also uncover discoveries in adjacent fields and new tools that might be adapted to one's purposes.
which they appear overlaid on a base map of science. 3 This illustrates that global DSSC research involves an extensive range of research fields concentrated in the Materials Science and Chemistry macro-disciplines.
This analyssi contributes to an understanding of the fields involved, which is necessary to identify technical experts.
4. 3. Profile innovation actors and activities (Step D) Since 2009, WOS has been providing a funding acknowledgement field as it indexes publications.
and AIST, only 4. Examination of the research emphases of such leading players can provide intelligence on where the field is heading.
Gratzel and colleagues continue to lead the field. 5. Table 2 does not include the full updated information through 2009 and 2010.
Measuring and mapping six research fields over time. Scientometrics 81, no. 3: 719 45. Porter, A l.,J. Youtie, P. Shapira,
Toward integration of the field and new methods. Technological forecasting and Social Change 71, no. 1: 287 303.
In this situation, the idea of placing special focus on particular fields has to be phased out, while the following themes will be central in discussions in the days to come:
Converging technologies, collaboration or fusion of several fields (nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology, and cognitive science) have been given attention since the mid-2000s.
VOL. 15 NO. 1 2013 jforesight jpage 7 Scenario requires extensive knowledge of the field under investigation,
panels consisted of experts in some related fields. The scopes and main focuses of the discussion were determined by panel members,
and cross-cultural cooperative management 11-C Service management, management in the education and research field, environment business management, governmental institution management 11-D Framework for facilitation
In a heterogeneous field of stakeholders, contrarian interests and different value propositions might be encountered. Therefore, it is essential to create an atmosphere of mutual understanding where different perspectives are being honored amongst the stakeholders involved.
Bringing in outside expertise Step 3 widens the field of exploration and brings in expertise on the subject matter from outside the ministry.
Furthermore, relevant activities in the field are mapped, such as pilot projects, existing networks and stakeholders in an international context.
Within the implementation of this foresight study it was realised that S&t priorities should be complemented by innovative priorities for corresponding development of the Russian management system in the field of natural resources,
and possible innovation projects for the most important S&t fields. The National S&t Foresight: 2030 was based on the FS1 results and also on a renewed version of the National S&t priorities and Critical technologies.
assessment of productivity of oil fields; techniques to monitor oil and gas fields, identifying possible ore-bearing,
oil-and gas-saturated zones 95.7 2018 Improving positions on international markets (78.1 percent) Contributing to dealing with social problems (25 percent) Technologies for environmentally safe mining
Thus, the major development areas relating to the‘‘Rational Use of Natural resources''field for the period until 2030 were described in the course of the exercise
. Introduction Foresight and competitive intelligence (CI) are two fields that seek to address future-oriented environmental scanning (Calof and Smith, 2010.
Descriptions of the 35 classification fields and their corresponding code numbers are listed in Table III.
and aggregated to the WIPO technology field, the linkage or interaction between the technologies can be demonstrated by a matrix table,
Table IV Examples of WIPO IPC technology concordance table Field IPC codes 1. Electrical machinery, apparatus, energy F21#,H01b, H01c, H01f
and identifying a broad field implicitly include the shaping of the field and its governance structure by including
In particular this paper describes the methodological state of the field through a tripartite taxonomy of increasing levels of qualitative and quantitative integration.
as well as on the reasons why, such combination, within the FTA COMMUNITY, seems to proceed at a lower rate than in other fields.
/Technological forecasting & Social Change 80 (2013) 386 397 identification of emerging clusters analysing citations and keywords for a particular technology field,
short-term/long-term As the examples provided in Sections 2 and 3 suggest that methodological integration can be promising and beneficial to the field,
which can also be applied in the field of FTA: perceptions on the expectations of different audiences, methodological preferences of the (mixed methods) researcher, structure of the research project, different timelines for different method types, skill specialisms, the nature of the data, ontological differences,
Much can also be learnt from the experience that the field of foresight has developed in dialogue and communication in support of building trust amongst stakeholders.
In trying to push forward the field of FTA towards methodological integration, this paper has explored possible barriers hampering such development,
and holds a Phd from the London School of economics and Political science in the field of Economic geography.
He contributed to several ex-ante and ex-post Impact assessment studies of FP programmes and activities in the fields of Environment, Bio-based economy and Socioeconomic sciences and humanities.
The number of IPC codes represents howmany fields are involved in the development of a technology.
TFT-LCD or display fields were asked to give the time periods of four stages for TFT-LCD and CRT.
For TFT-LCD, the search terms are thin film transistor*liquid crystal display*in all fields. Using abbreviations TFT
which is used commonly in pattern recognition and some other fields, to process the 13-D data by calculating the nearest distance among the test point
Recognition of this fact in last decades is leading firmly to a new scientific paradigm, a complex bio-socioeconomics, with the convergence of different fields of science toward
The fields of evolutionary computation and artificial life have reached a stage of some maturity and we are witnessing today an intense debate on duniversal Darwinismt as a broad theoretical framework for the analysis of the evolution of all open,
and the integration of the field discussed in the above referred paper 1 (not to mention the umbrella concept of TFA recently adopted!).
tales from the frontier (new methods for TFA) and importing ideas (methods and tools adopted from other fields), respectively.
Although recognizing that the fields of evolutionary computation and artificial life are still emerging sciences, some important modeling attempts were undertaken along with the last decades and
with the convergence of different fields of science toward what may be the clue to understand the modus operandi of devolutiont per se the development of evolutionary algorithms for many different problem-solving and/or theoretical applications.
The fields of evolutionary computation and artificial life have reached a stage of some maturity and we are witnessing today an intense debate on duniversal Darwinismt as a broad theoretical framework for the analysis of the evolution of all open,
when we focus the evolutionary analysis on technological innovations we are not necessarily simplifying the field of discussion,
and using simulation methods in this field. Among the reasons for this lack of practical-oriented works we have referred to:
the fact that the fields of evolutionary computation and artificial life, despite of some maturity as source of efficient heuristic tools to solve complex problems,
The other approach forms the new sub-field of bartificial Lifeq (AL, for short) that uses so-called dsoft computingt models of complex adaptive systems (CAS) that encompasses several methods of simulation
This is a new and emergent scientific branch that is finding increasing application in a wide range of fields, from the physical sciences, to life sciences and to social sciences.
For a review on this field I suggest the reading of two recent review articles 29,30,
They claim to have reproduced din silicot 15 previously patented inventions in the field of electronics (6 of them patented after January 2000)
As a first step toward a research agenda for future development of TFA I propose the realization of an international seminar in this field (Evolutionary theory of technological change) bringing together specialists in evolutionary model building and digital Darwinism to discuss the existing approaches
toward integration of the fields and new methods, Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change 71 (2004) 287 303.2 H. A. Linstone, TF and SC:
Early applications of adaptive policies are also found in the field of environmental management 30,31,
toward integration of the field and new methods, Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change 71 (2004) 287 303.18 A. Volkery, T. Ribeiro, Scenario planning in public policy:
The various fields covered by the umbrella term FTA have at their disposal a wide variety of methods, techniques, and approaches.
In these various fields, people are grappling with the treatment of deep and irreducible uncertainty
A common theme across these fields appears to be a shift away from predictive model use towards more explorative model use 6
towards integration of the field and new methods, Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 71 (2004) 287 303.2 D. Jamieson, Prediction in society, in:
T. H. Moon (Ed.),The 28th International Conference of the System Dynamics Society, 2010, Seoul, Korea. 19 E. Alonso, J. Gregory, F. Field
and Health technical committee of the European Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical research (Cost.
the development of scenario practice as a methodology for planning and decision-making probably started more than half a century ago in the field of war game analysis. The Rand Corporation in the US became a major center for scenario thinking and Herman Kahn,
Developing and using scenarios can be considered a field of applied research, i e. where particular methods are applied to‘solve'particular puzzles.
Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, in press. 42 42 K. H. Dreborg, Scenarios and structural uncertainty, explorations in the field of sustainable transport, Doctoral thesis, KTH Infrastructure
His field of interest is socio-technological aspects such as uncertainty ethics and sustainability, of emerging technologies mainly inside agriculture, food production, biotechnology and bioenergy.
and technology forecasting to define the field and to explore what could happen in general. Participatory formats such as dialogues on ethical
In the case of nanotechnology, a variety of FTA ACTIVITIES have been in use over the last quarter of a century to structure the field itself
and to establish governance structures in the field of nanotechnology. Compared with other countries, the US and Germany started assessing the status and future trends in the area of nanotechnology early on 5,
the field, its definition and its governance The Technical Committee 229 on Nanotechnologies of the International Standardization Organization (ISO) issued a definition of nanotechnology in 2010
and as the field called nanotechnology. Many studies in the field of science and technology studies (STS) have shown that nanotechnology is as much a political as a cultural phenomenon 11 14.
Visions, roadmaps, and visionary policy documents have been a main source for analyzing the social and political dimensions of nanotechnology in the broad range of STS,
Early and radical visions that shaped the field in the late 1980s were published by individual thinkers 17,18.
In the 1990s, studies mapping the field and technology assessment studies included actors and knowledge mainly from science and industry 1, 19 22.
though they seem to be very different phenomena with regard to the funding and policy dynamics in the fields.
The main difference is that in the field of nanotechnology the funding strategies were implemented before broader public discourses emerged,
whereas in the field of converging technologies broad futuristic discourses took place that were followed not by funding strategies dedicated explicitly to converging technologies. 445 P. Schaper-Rinkel/Technological forecasting
The studies brought together science and technology assessment of different fields of what would then be called nanoscale science and technology.
and Russia were used to gather additional information for worldwide studies in the field of nanostructure science and technologies 37.
and instead focus on Feynman as the genius behind the origins of the field 11 (C. Selin, Expectations and the emergence of nanotechnology, science, technology & human values,(2007) 196 220).
The report included insights from US experts in the field, examinations of lessons learned, and integrated international perspectives collected through multinational workshops held in the US, Europe and Asia.
The BMBF commissioned several forecasting studies on nanotechnology-related fields starting in the early 1990s.
to deliver a sound and broad information basis for funding decisions in these research fields and to prepare these issues for funding activities 48.
or sub-field, documenting its potential prospects from the perspective of various sectors of industry,
and future market assessment were used to identify the promising areas of the field and to assess the market potentials of future nano-applications.
, University of Münster, Technische Hochschule Aachen) participated first in defining the field and then received public funding later.
One of the recommendations published in the Nanokommission's final report in 2011 is that the German federal government should establish a national cross-departmental internet platform providing information on developments and activities in the field of nanotechnologies 51.
and this institutional fragmentation can also be observed with regard to the governance of science, technology and innovation in the field of nanotechnology. 4. Comparing the US and Germany 4. 1. Timing and intervention Between the late 1980s and the late 1990s,
FTA aimed mainly at assessing the potential of the field known today as nanotechnology. Several industrial countries established their first programs in that field in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
But only in the end of the 1990s were disconnected the formerly fields of nanoscale science and engineering brought together under the broader umbrella definition of nanotechnology.
FTA ACTIVITIES were used in this early stage to facilitate a common understanding, develop visions, build up policy networks, as well as shape and prepare funding programs.
the field later called nanotechnology. Expert-driven FTA ACTIVITIES were used in the first stages to build a common understanding
These early activities brought together the formerly unconnected fields of nanoscale science and engineering under a broad definition of nanotechnology and served as the foundation in developing long-term R&d visions and strategies.
and not to shape the field. Nonetheless, these activities contributed to forming the field and shaping the expectations.
In both countries, early FTA envisioned innovative future nanotechnologies but did not provide guidance either for future innovative governance or for using nanotechnology for disruptive innovation to address grand societal challenges.
and identifying a broad field implicitly includes the shaping of the field and its governance structure by including
In the last two decades, FTA ACTIVITIES were important means for integrating the field and in spreading the idea that nanotechnology would become one of the key enabling technologies of the 21st century.
toward integration of the field and new methods, Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 71 (2004) 287 303.31 A. Rip, Futures of ELSA, Sci.
Their visibility is characteristically low 22 p. 4. The definition included uptake of newways of doing innovation in fields where they were previously unknown
and has influenced largely the practice of the field. Studies have indicated that the principal applications of FTA have been in supporting priority-setting and in the analysis and articulation of the potential of future technologies 9
contrary to earlier conclusion that FTA functions most effectively when it is tailored to the requirements of a field
not because of a lack of methods the field is rich with them but because there is a lack of agreement as to
Towards integration of the field and new methods, Technological forecasting & Social Change 71 (2004) 287 303 2004.2 F. Scapolo, New horizons and challenges for future-oriented technology analysis the 2004 EU US
T. Konnola, P. Warnke, R. Barré, S. Kuhlmann, Tailoring foresight to field specificities, Futures 43 (April 3 2011) 232 242.14 M. Weber
Furthermore, the editors of this Special issue, each from their own vantage point, have been following the evolution of the disparate fields brought together by FTA over the years.
to be confused and fragmented perspectives across the field. All of which threatens to undermine the credibility and relevance of anticipatory thinking for decision-making.
FTA is clearly a diverse and inventive field, able to serve a wide array of decisionmakkin process.
in order to‘prepare the field'.'According to Da Costa et al. it is very important to position foresight studies within the complex process of building
when the use of such tools is an integral part of the design of the whole exercise a finding that deserves further research in order to advance the field of future studies.
Toward integration of the field and new methods, Technological forecasting and Social Change 71 (2004) 287 303.8 T. Ko nno la, A. Salo, V. Brummer, Foresight for European Coordination:
This biannual event is becoming a reference within the FTA COMMUNITIES to increase understanding of the advances occurring in the field of FTA for academics
This is especially the case for implementations around Emerging s&t fields. These depend on strategies requiring coordination of research activities from different research actors,
The paper informs on the outcomes of a project on the simulation of alignment tools to allow the creation of innovation chains in the field of micro and nanotechnology.
Moscow 101000, Russia 1. Introduction Over the last decade, scholars, policy makers and practitioners from various fields have witnessed
continuous interaction with current/anticipated users and a better integration of methods and approaches from different fields, including Foresight, user/market research and human-centred product design.
Through a better introduction of the future based on Foresight theory and practice and through an integration of methods and approaches from other fields, including user/market research
In a next research phase, these potential Lead User-ideas were evaluated by a group of 15 Flemish experts in the field of digital TV (consisting of content managers and innovation managers from Flemish broadcasters
which in itself is an original contribution to the former field. By doing so the authors'claim that the use of the system proposed aligned with FTA helps overcoming overall PMS (and in particular BSC) limitations.
an examination of frontline perspectives, Journal of American Academy of Business 11 (2007) 11 16. 16 O. Furrer, H. Thomas, A. Goussevskaia, The structure and evolution of the strategic management field:
or identifying new business fields or new policy issues. The link between futures research and open innovation became apparent in past research.
Heger and Rohrbeck 39 describe the collaborative application of a set of foresight methods for exploration of new business fields,
/Futures 59 (2014) 62 78 66 field and carries out various foresight activities organized in separate programs and projects.
‘‘Deltares is an independent, institute for applied research in the field of water, subsurface and infrastructure''.
and other studies Program 2. 2 Business field exploration Explores predefined business fields with various innovation management methods, i e.,
and integrate the three fields education, research and business creation. Heger & Bub provide an in depth introduction to the EIT ICT Labs in 55.4.3.1.
The EIT ICT Labs envision their operations to substantially improve various fields related to innovation in ICT:
and developments in preselected fields, provides images of the future, identifies innovation opportunities and potential for commercialization,
and drawing research attention toward activities within these fields Program 3. 2 Experience and living labs Let researchers
in yet underexplored business fields Project, singular activity 3. 6 Technology transfer program Increases the transfer activities from academia to business by detecting, stimulating
trends and developments in selected fields, establishes a common outlook on the future of ICT
and business opportunities on a yearly basis and provides the means to explore the field further Program 3. 9 Best-practice benchmarking Collects information about best practices in collaborative R&d,
Moreover, its thematic focus fields reflect external developments of the market and technological developments. The organizational build up basically a businesslike setup that includes a supervisory board with representatives from the partner organizations
Activity Initiator role Strategist role Opponent role Scope 2. 1 Future studies & (&) Open (organizations and end-users) 2. 2 Business field exploration
Networked foresight is driven endogenously in selected fields with dedicated funds. Foresight activities are longer-term activities than in the other two cases.
of new business fields, Technological forecasting and Social Change 79 (2012) 819 831.40 O. Gassmann, E. Enkel
a prospective study dealing with the future evolution of the creative content industtries She has worked also for many years in the field of electronic communications policy and regulation at Europeea level.
and structuring the field, resulting in a set of 36 uncertain issues and open questions in six thematic blocks (see Table 1). Experts were asked to assess the importance of each thesis in different dimensions (economic, scientific, society,
It emphasizes producctiv interactions between previously separate fields of research and technological development. Such shifts can result in new technological possibilitiies with potentially revolutionary impacts associated with changing innovation patterns, industry structurres and broader developments in society.
no need to refrigerate Long shelf life Rapid test Gives result rapidly Easy to use in the field Small sample consumption Reliability Individual Information for decision at national level Sharing intellectual property and experience
stic system for sample delivery Research on personal diagnostic devices Need to solve problem of benefit sharing Research on field diagnostic devices New light source for internal body
Beyond 2017 Validated, easy to use in the field or local site, low cost, suitable for developed and developing countries, no cold chain required Higher sensitivity and specificity Simultaneous,
The implication of this project is that it has creatte a new network of knowledgeable and concerned scientists and technologists in the field of biosecurity in the Asia-pacific region.
it remains difficult to create a meaningful synergy between users and technology in the field of ICT development.
Finally, we summarriz our findings and identify some opportunities for further research in this field. Theoretical perspectives Interplay between technological and societal forces The relationship between technology and society has already been studied from various perspectives.
Her research interests and publications lie in the field of quantitative survey analysis, new media and advertissing She is currently working on a Phd thesis on advertisiin in a digital media environment based on the IBBT research project ADME (website<http://projects. ibbt. be/adme>).
electromaagneti field exposure assessment, propagation for wireless communication systems, antennas and calibration. In particular, he specializes in wireless performance analyssi and Qoe.
In the same year, he started as a research enginnee at IBBT (Ghent University) in the field of interactive media.
In this respect it is relevant to mention the gap betwwee Qoe and Qos, two important concepts in the field of ICT development.
It was mentioned that this predominant focus on the user led to an expannsio of the traditional range of user research instruument with methods and tools from other fields.
These firms received a shortenne version of the questionnaire of The swiss Innovattio Survey 2002.3 185 firms completed the questionnaire (see Table A1 in the Appendix to this paper for information on the response rates by scientiifi field.
The projects in the fields of machiiner and apparatus construction as well as informattio technology (software) amounted to about 33%of all projects
also covering currently fashionable fields such as biotechnnolog and nanotechnology. Further, subsidized firms represent a wide spectrum of manufacturing firms, the concentration on firms for machinery,
The criteria identified as being important for foresight specialists to achieve effective policy engagement were deep knowledge in the relevant field, a‘roadmap'style of thinking
towards integration of the field and new methods',Technological forecasting and Social Change, 71: 287 303. Santos, M m.,
even if individual scientiist can become very powerful in certain fields of expertise (cf. Greenhalgh 2008.
‘key fields'and‘priority themes'(zhongdian lingyu jiqi youxian zhuti),‘mega-engineering projects'(zhongda zhuanxiang),‘frontier technologies,
oriented to priority fields and themes identified in the MLP. In addition to the plans, research policy is structured
By strengthening innovation capacity in selected fields it aims to improve the international competitiveness of major industries.
The funding of the 973 Program by S&t fields is shown in Table 4. The most salient example is the 973 Projects where the average funding for one project is 30 million RMB, about 100 times larger
'Hence, Table 4. Allocation for S&t by Central Government in S&t programs by fields: the Case 973 Program (in million RMB) Item 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total 589 686 800 897 983
Perhaps the most important investments in institutionaan capacity-building are made in the field of education.
In themselves, the MLPS represent an important articulattio of science and innovation policy with the broader fields of policy:
The technological innovation system is defined in the sense of a knowledge field which has developed globally. As speculated by Carlsson et al.
and comprised of a broad range of knowledge fields. 1 The biotechnology developed before the post-genetic engineering era is defined in this paper as traditional biotechnology.
and successfully grown in the trial fields were milestones in the development of genetically modified organisms (GMOS).
Notes 1. These knowledge fields include: DNA (the coding), proteins and molecules, cell and tissue culture and engineeering process biotechnology,
Community financial support to be provided for topping-up joint transnational research funding. 5. Currently five JTIS exist in the fields of innovative medicines (IMI), aeronautics (Clean Sky), embedded computing systems (ARTEMIS),
‘intelligent piggybacking'approach is much more suitable for smaller catching-up economies than the traditional‘grand narratives'approach typically employed in larger advanced economies to define future developments at the cutting edge of a given field of technology.
it is a rather new development in the public sector, for instance in the field of RTI policy,
and to develop mobilising visions of the orientation of whole research fields (ICSU 2010). The purpose of its current foresight exercise is to explore the potential development of international science over the next two decades in a changing economic, social, political and environmental context.
The International Geophysical Year (IGY) in 1957 8 was the first large-scale international field study.
In contrast to these earlier foresight approaches, the exercise described in this paper neither attempted to identify research priorities nor did it focus on any particulla research field.
there is a high degree of certainty that these will occur over the next two decades, probably in several fields..
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011