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Synopsis: Ict: Computing: Computing:

such as high-performance computing (HPC), big data, M2m, cloud, security and mobility, dovetail neatly with the most crucial health issues:

Comic computing uses a graphic art form and interaction technique that combines text and images to represent a story

They have launched a number of projects to raise awareness about the issues through volunteer computing for climate modeling

Even computing would take its cue from nature, with software that †evolves†solutions, and hardware that uses the lock-and-key paradigm to compute by touch†BEN 97.

â€, Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), vol. 56, no. 7, pp 37†39,2013, available at http://cacm. acm. org/.

and adding mobile computing components) triggering the process innovation. Additional capabilities of the system allow a new way of doing business.

as the embedment in enterprise systems (e g. mobile computing, in-memory computing, cloud computing) is a possible source of process innovation.

It exemplarily highlights the potentials of cloud computing paradigm adoption based on company size as classification criterion. 78 B. Schenk Cloud computing has been a buzzword in the area of enterprise computing for some years now.

integration of in-memory computing and mobile device access to enterprise systems. Integration can be achieved much easier in the cloud by using the existing infrastructure of a cloud solution provider than by implementation in conventional on-premise solutions.

The examples given above show the different expectations towards cloud computing deployment. While it is a clear cost-cutting measure

or integrating new technologies like in-memory computing or the cloud computing paradigm. What Weick (1977) calls a chronically unfrozen system in management theory can be transferred to the area of enterprise systems as a new modus operandi.

This transformation process is supported by achievements such as new technologies (e g. in-memory computing enabling real-time-process monitoring

and presentation layer extensions (e g. mobile computing allowing intensified interaction with the system in daily operations).

The data quality was assured by rigorous soft computing methods. However, the results did not fulfil all the initiative goals.

IEEE Transactions on Services Computing, 6 (4), 525†535. Aalst, W. van der (2014. Data scientist:

IEEE International Enterprise Computing Conference (EDOC 2011)( pp. 55†64. IEEE Computer Society WASHINGTON DC, USA.

In ACM Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC 2009)( pp. 1451†1455. New york, NY: ACM Press.

but typically also advantages in analytics and computing power; that is, while more data can be generated,

In Proceedings of international conference on service-oriented computing (ICSOC)( Vol. 6470. Berlin: Springer. Bose, R. P. J. C,

In Proceedings of international conference on service-oriented computing (ICSOC)( pp. 389†403. Berlin: Springer.

whereby stop words and waste characters like additional spaces are removed and (2) computing the Porter Stem stem wilã°Ã (Porter,

ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 31, 264†323. Karow, M.,Pfeiffer, D, . & Raâ ckers, M. 2008).

In 2006 I e. international conference on services computing (SCC€ 06)( pp. 167†173. Chicago, IL.

Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, 17 (4), 292†301. Pfeiffer, D. 2008. Semantic business process analysis †Building block-based construction of automatically analyzable business process models.

See Capability layer model (CLM) Closed innovation, 5 Cloud, 12, 52†53,79, 80 computing, 13, 78†83 Co-creation, 34,39, 53â€

Upgrade existing research infrastructure and develop new facilities; Develop sustainable career paths for researchers; Enhance the mobility of researchers;

Upgrade existing research infrastructure and develop new facilities; Develop sustainable career paths for researchers; Enhance the mobility of researchers;

or contestability of their markets, may force incumbents to upgrade. Empirical evidence across 24 countries confirms the relationship between productivity growth

The â€oeordinary†SME has a more important role in this mode, making incremental innovations that upgrade traditional sectors (Asheim, 2009.

•Convergent technology †the rise of general purpose technologies, particularly in digital, computing and internet areas has been identified by many as leading to a convergence of platform technologies,

IT upgrades. In almost every innovation activity there was little difference between firms in Ireland or Northern ireland.

The emergence of digital mobile systems (GSM) and open systems in computing and communications created an environment where even small companies could make an impact in world markets such as banking

Ireland†s universities in the 80s had many innovative programmes in computing and communications, which were very current with trends in the industry.

R&d investments is likely to continue through the end of the decade. •Significant R&d investments by western countries in long-range technology platforms like robotics, high-performance computing, social media, software,

cloud computing and technologies built on it will remain a major R&d thrust for the foreseeable future.

One way to slow the growth of Social security retirement spending is to require progressive indexing while computing initial benefits

SFI) 9 Provide support to institutions in delivering Summer Computing Camps to encourage second-level students to consider ICT careers.

and speckled computing (wireless sensor networks). Additive manufacture (also known as 3d printing) is enabling development of extremely complex products without the normal stresses

and advanced central computing facilities. Decentralized intelligent control could enable islands to accommodate their native load and generation in a more reliable and efficient manner.

Dr. Simã es is currently the Past Chair of the IEEE Industry Applications Society/International Advance Computing Conference and a Cochair of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society Smartgrid Committee.

when outsourcing their computing resources will be the most efficient option. Finally, once migration to cloud computing takes place, the process by

Information and Computing Technologies, Q1 2011 (The Open university Business school. EIM Business and Policy Research (2010), European SMES under pressure:

G#4v 7676 High-performance computing 0#5#high performance computer High-performance computing 0#5#high performance computing High-performance computing

G#4v 7677 Supercomputer 0#5#supercomputer Supercomputer G#4v 7678 Tianhe-1 0#5#tianhe-1 Tianhe-1

G#4v 7679 Tianhe-1a 0#5#tianhe-1a Tianhe-1a G#3v 7680 Tablet computer 0#4#internet tablet Tablet computer

G#1v 7682 Computing G#2v 7683 Computational mathematics 0#3#computational mathematics Computational mathematics G#2v 7684 Computer engineering

G#2v 7755 Computing G#3v 7756 Booting 0#4#booting Booting 0#4#booting up Booting

G#3v 7757 Bus mastering 0#4#bus mastering Bus mastering G#3v 7758 Computing 0#4#computing Computing

G#3v 7759 Docking station 0#4#docking station Docking station G#3v 7760 Upgrade 0#4#upgrade Upgrade

G#2v 7761 Information system 0#3#information system Information system G#2v 7762 Information technology 0#3#information technology Information technology

G#2v 7763 Software engineering 0#3#software engineering Software engineering G#1v 6925 Crowdsourcing 0#2#crowdsource Crowdsourcing

0#2#crowdsourcing Crowdsourcing G#1v 6926 Cryptography 0#2#cryptographer Cryptography 0#2#cryptography Cryptography

G#1v 6927 Cryptology G#2v 6928 Cryptology 0#3#cryptographic key Cryptology 0#3#cryptologist Cryptology

0#3#cryptology Cryptology G#2v 6929 Homomorphic encryption 0#3#homomorphic encryption Homomorphic encryption G#1v 7764 Data

G#2v 7765 Backup 0#3#backup Backup G#2v 7766 Big data G#3v 7767 Big data

0#4#big data Big data G#3v 7768 Big data analytics 0#4#big data analytics Big data analytics G#3v 7769 Hadoop

The Vilnius International airport is going through many changes and upgrades also 22/38 Best practices in transport infrastructure financing 1/23/2013

and computing power it is now possible to deliver health care in fundamentally new ways (OECD (2013.

f) Tangible Computing †Whilst this is still a very experimental and future oriented trend area, tangible

Web 2. 0 social computing principles motivate the importance of placing useful, usable analytic tools in the hands of users themselves, balancing the traditional focus on †executive

Especially now that computing is everywhere in every pocket, on every desk, in every home people, including children,

zz We will boost the use of green computing in industry for example, by offering additional certifications and

It requires investment in constant development, upgrades, and new features. App stores are highly competitive

as government officials, to work on precompetitive issues that improve the cluster and upgrade the value chain for all

Web 2. 0 social computing principles motivate the importance of placing useful, usable analytic tools in the hands of users themselves, balancing the traditional focus on †executive

Their computing power can now then be used to store and analyse medical information, sensor and

By centralising computing, data storage and service provision (via the Cloud), and by striking strategic alliances between the largest

as well as access to computing resources). Any privileged access provided to the owner/managers of the infrastructure would alter free competi

for statistical computing that is also free of cost. While R offers no cost access to its software and source code

/93. http://www. revolution-computing. com/revolution-r-enterprise 94. http://floksociety. org /95. http://publiclab. org

â€oenature-inspired computing technology and applicationsâ€, BT Technol J, Vol ï oe8 No 4 october Maturana, H and F Varela (ï oe998.

Collecting information and computing the tax payable Completing tax return forms, filing with proper agencies Arranging payment or withholding

By centralising computing, data storage and service provision (via the Cloud), and by striking strategic alliances between the largest Over-The

Computing sites such as Avaaz, is the potential for adoption by a large number of organisations belonging to the so-called third-sector (char

increasingly adopt Social Computing applications to manage, promote and run their activities, and change their ways of organising,

In fact, Social Computing is seen even to challenge the established mode of operation of the third sector, by favouring light structures of

-ing and Social Computing. This is critical in the context of informed poli -cy implications. According to the IPTS, the most urgent need is certainly

of Social Computing trends in terms of their socioeconomic impact and the quantitative and qualitative differences between the EU and the

Security Upgrades: One challenge Avaaz was forced to overcome was a â€oemassive†persistent cyber attack, which it believes a government or

asking for donations to allow for this security upgrade Avaaz†s site shows that almost 42,000 people have donated to this cam

that this is an opportunity to do more than simply upgrade technological products and service offerings, and to instead reflect more deeply upon

-derpinned by the fact that as the cost of computing, storage, and (most importantly) bandwidth has fallen over the past few years.

It is beneficial for all parties to provide upgrades and additions to the community whenever possible so that the next user

in computing storage and high levels of Internet penetration Enhancing collaboration and engagement: DSI network effect Open Government Vienna has centred itself around interaction, com

people engage with computing †with the hope of transforming them from passive consumers into active creators

a new generation of students to pursue computing science scholarship which would become the Rasperrypi

Raspberry Pi is a simple computing device that looks like a motherboard with the mounted chips and ports exposed (something you†d expect

an emerging class of computing devices they refer to as ultra-low-cost computing (ULCC. These are defined as devices that wrap computing pe

-ripherals around a cellphone hardware core; meaning that such devices can be produced for just a few tens of dollars

For this reason Raspberry Pi computers have already been used as as learning tools in the context of various developing countries such as

By centralising computing, data storage and service provision (via the Cloud), and by striking strategic alliances between the largest Over-The

Computing sites such as Avaaz, is the potential for adoption by a large number of organisations belonging to the so-called third-sector (char

increasingly adopt Social Computing applications to manage, promote and run their activities, and change their ways of organising,

In fact, Social Computing is seen even to challenge the established mode of operation of the third sector, by favouring light structures of

-ing and Social Computing. This is critical in the context of informed poli -cy implications. According to the IPTS, the most urgent need is certainly

of Social Computing trends in terms of their socioeconomic impact and the quantitative and qualitative differences between the EU and the

Security Upgrades: One challenge Avaaz was forced to overcome was a â€oemassive†persistent cyber attack, which it believes a government or

asking for donations to allow for this security upgrade Avaaz†s site shows that almost 42,000 people have donated to this cam

that this is an opportunity to do more than simply upgrade technological products and service offerings, and to instead reflect more deeply upon

-derpinned by the fact that as the cost of computing, storage, and (most importantly) bandwidth has fallen over the past few years.

It is beneficial for all parties to provide upgrades and additions to the community whenever possible so that the next user

in computing storage and high levels of Internet penetration Enhancing collaboration and engagement: DSI network effect Open Government Vienna has centred itself around interaction, com

people engage with computing †with the hope of transforming them from passive consumers into active creators

a new generation of students to pursue computing science scholarship which would become the Rasperrypi

Raspberry Pi is a simple computing device that looks like a motherboard with the mounted chips and ports exposed (something you†d expect

an emerging class of computing devices they refer to as ultra-low-cost computing (ULCC. These are defined as devices that wrap computing pe

-ripherals around a cellphone hardware core; meaning that such devices can be produced for just a few tens of dollars

For this reason Raspberry Pi computers have already been used as as learning tools in the context of various developing countries such as

•Developing information, computing and telecommunication systems that enable businesses to utilise innovative service arrangements to improve their efficiency

•Develop information, computing and telecommunication systems that enable businesses to utilise innovative service arrangements to improve their efficiency

repair, upgrade or recycle all/part of the product? Are parts separable Can less material and fewer material types â€

2. 1. Social computing is transforming communications, but the extent of global interconnectedness may be expected less than...

and modelling of super-complex interactions through computing and emerging technologies such as 3-D printing.

2. 1. Social computing is transforming communications, but the extent of global interconnectedness may be expected less than

connectivity at a global scale through social computing, a closer look at the evidence for connectedness

In advances in Social Computing (pp. 169-169. Springer Berlin Heidelberg Corneo, G, Income Inequality, Value systems,

††â€,"Share of women among tertiary students Total-science, mathematics and computing -engineering, manufacture and construction(%)code tps00063,"Eurostat website, 2012b.

computing in which the limited computing resources at several locations can be combined to undertake massive computing tasks as provide flexible use of resources for a variety of

applications REFERENCES Barenzi, J. Makumbi, I. and Seruyange, I. 2000). Immunization practice in Uganda. A manual

more to innovative activity in electronic computing equipment and process control instruments, but large corporations contribute more in pharmaceuticals and aircraft.

Free and quick solution upgrade Monthly subscription fee for usage Better performance through internal businessâ€

An important and effective regional programme to upgrade local talent is Talentia, by which the

the relatively new field of computing science in the 1960s and 1970s. The exposure that students had

Developing entrepreneurship skills to upgrade local industries Universities are being geared up to be conduits for knowledge and innovation in the new

or computing, and will most likely do so in the future Common characteristics of KETS include a high demand for R&d, skills and capital

environment, communication and computing, scientific tools and industrial manufacturing will be affected largely by this emerging technology (Miyazaki and Islam, 2007

Computing (all microelectronics patents with co-assignment to IPC classes G06, G11, G12 Measurement (all microelectronics patents with co-assignment to IPC classes G01, G05, G07

Semiconductors Computing Measurement X-ray Bonds/crystals Devices Source: EPO: Patstat. ZEW calculations When looking at the development of market shares across subfields over time (Figure 4-6), it

Semiconductors Computing Measurement X-ray Bonds/crystals Devices 90/93: average of the four year period from 1990 to 1993

Semiconductors Computing Measurement X-ray Bonds/crystals Devices Total Europe -5 0 5 10 15 20

Semiconductors Computing Measurement X-ray Bonds/crystals Devices Eight European countries with the largest number of microelectronics patents (based on inventors†locations) from 1981-2005. â€oeroeâ€:

patenting by Frech inventors is specialised on semiconductors, bonds/crystals and computing applications, whereas UK inventors are specialised on x-ray

all patents) while overlaps to other KETS are lower for bonds/crystals, computing and semiconductors

of computing is linked strongly to nanotechnology while measurement has strong ties to advanced manufacturing technologies.

consumer electronics and computing together with a focus on green technology are identified as the most rapidly growing market segments.

environment of existing and established electronics and computing industries. The number of biotechnology companies grew steadily until the mid 1990s, when international investments

Optical Computing Tetrahertz Systems in Photonics Lighting Lamps LEDS OLEDS Flat Panel Displays LCD Displays

microelectronics as the technology that computers use to †think†(optical computing), leading to a huge increase in performance (EC, 2008a

with further upgrades in the other related sectors, including advanced materials. Following the implementation of policies from the Central Government of China, the Ministries of

forming, pressing, chipping), electronic and computing technologies measuring technologies (including optical and chemical technologies), transportation

technologies emerge (e g. steam engine, electrical motor, computing. In this respect, AMT can be characterised as the oldest key enabling technology in human history.

computing was hardly on the radar. For any CIOS wanting to introduce an innovative new application, one of the first steps would be to build the

 Completion of the N11/M11 upgrade, specifically Gorey to Enniscorthy and New Ross bypass, which the Government has committed to deliver by PPP as part of the

The emergence of †Cloud computing†is a key enabler †whereby computing resources and

computing is impacting the ICT industry in terms of the products and services offered, how they are delivered

 Bachelor of science (Level 8) in Applied Computing †5 Places  Bachelor of Engineering (Level 8) in Electronic Engineering †11 Places

In a similar manner, the Department of Computing Maths and Physics has put together A level 8 course in Business Systems analysis specifically for Sunlife

 Science & Computing (Computing, Networking, Science & Health  Engineering (Built Environment, Electronic, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

a broad range of full and part-time courses in the areas of Business education, Computing &

 Completion of the N11/M11 upgrade, specifically Gorey to Enniscorthy and New Ross bypass.

management, advanced technology and computing skills, analytics etc are increasingly relevant as the sector evolves toward knowledge intensive services

Electricity Upgrade local 110kv electricity network (NW in particular Water/Waste Water Address Water and Waste Water capacity deficits in

Upgrade N20 Cork-Limerick (Atlantic Corridor Upgrade N28 to Ringaskiddy Upgrade Bandon and Sarsfield Road interchanges on Cork

Upgrade N22 Cork-Killarney and Cork NRR Broadband Construct MAN in Mallow Extend Cork MAN

qualifications in the areas of Engineering, Manufacturing and Construction, Computing and Education 44 Dell plans to retain approximately 1, 200 people in employment in Limerick

Upgrade N20 Limerick-Cork Upgrade N24 Limerick-Waterford Broadband Construct MANS in Shannon, Ennis and Thurles

Other Advance Limerick Regeneration Key Actions (Extract) 45 ï§Develop the urban core of Limerick city in a structured and cohesive way,

a significant deficit and a formal application by WIT for upgrade to university status is

N24 Upgrade Limerick-Waterford Waste Water Address Waste Water capacity deficits in Wexford Broadband Extension of Waterford MAN

The upgrade of the N9 in particular will enhance interregional connectivity and reduce travel times to Dublin.

and completion of the N11 upgrade as far as Wexford. Key investments in the electricity network are required to satisfy future demands, and the

application by WIT for upgrade to university status is currently with government FORFÃ S REGIONAL COMPETITIVENESS AGENDA:

approach, combining mainly engineering, computing and business, and seeks to achieve both academic and commercial excellence.

remains of poor standard and requires upgrade. The N24 route has wider significance in facilitating logistics movement from the Northwest, West and Midwest

infrastructure upgrades. However, the following routes should commence at the earliest opportunity ï¿N11 (Arklow/Rathnew;

30 The Southeast Regional Authority have produced a report examining the need for an upgrade of the

take different forms, such as upgrades modifications, and extensions of exist -ing products The most prominent innovation

Their computing power can now then be used to store and analyse medical information, sensor and

By centralising computing, data storage and service provision (via the Cloud), and by striking strategic alliances between the largest

as well as access to computing resources). Any privileged access provided to the owner/managers of the infrastructure would alter free competi

computing resources, software and data repositories) for research and education and any other entity of a unique nature essential to achieving or enabling

complex systems engineering, next generation computing and future Internet einfrastructures; content technologies and information management; robotics

ï Upgrade or create new services and trainings for the target groups according to the needs of SMES.

partners need to upgrade, diversify, and scale. The ICT sector has an opportunity to play a similar role, both

and leave the rest †especially in enterprise computing †to a vast network of partners who custom tailor final solution for particular markets.

upgrade firm capabilities often becomes vital to its continued success. Advantages that are developed through the interaction of individuals, firms,

continuously upgrade e-skills stems from technological change an increasingly from Internet-enabled global sourcing

collection, storage and distribution of products supported by state of art computing technology and robotics.

visible and invisible computing power around us. ICT services and devices have become an integral part of our way of life

energy sectors and communication and computing capabilities which are widespread in normal houses and working environments

been designed to work for any data centre, Computing style, Monitoring and Automation frameworks, and also federated data centres

The project dynamically tunes the amount of computing resources to the workload, unused servers are turned off

and quality upgrades have featured prominently in this regard (Codogno 2009). ) Export quality cannot be observed directly, but the clearest evidence of this trend

eventual major upgrades or system replacement. Physicians in all six of our case studies repeatedly referred to cost,

a move away from mainframe computing to desktop PCS. Combined with continued research and live implementations throughout the

for National Highway Upgrades, Black Spots and Roads to Recovery programmes •Provided a concessional loan of up to $2 billion to the New south wales Government to

In some cases this debt financed critical infrastructure, like upgrades to the Pacific Highway in NSW.

with job-relevant skills. supplementing support for maths, science and computing in schools The Chief Scientist has identified a critical need for learning resources that will engage

•Northern territory road upgrades •$229 million in a National Highway Upgrade Programme •additional funding of $200 million for the Black Spot Programme;

and •an additional $350 million for the Roads to Recovery Programme The package further includes $2. 9 billion towards the

investments and upgrades to the national rail network where appropriate. The Government is TPO00007 An action plan for a stronger Australia

•$75 million for the next stage of upgrades to the Port Botany Rail line in Sydney

roadmap that can help companies and organisations to successfully develop new products or upgrade existing ones through a series of logical steps, starting from the process of idea generation and ending

ï Upgrade or create new services and trainings for the target groups according to the needs of SMES.

but needs), such as installation, operation, upgrades, maintenance, spare parts, decommission etc.,, requires some sort of service (Oliva and Kallenberg, 2003.

service may now include upgrades and refurbishing. One major challenge is to assure that the

more to innovative activity in electronic computing equipment and process control instruments, but large corporations contribute more in pharmaceuticals and aircraft.

•Upgrade the innovation capacity of existing enterprises in the partner regions, by using structural funds to capitalise on the results

ICT visual computing, building physics and energy systems, Materials, tribology (friction, wear, lubrication medical technology, sensory technology and actuators, surfaces, Green building, Food safety and

one of the next three target technologies of Gwangju, can upgrade technological competitiveness of these strategic industries and help their modernisation

visual computing, building physics and energy systems Materials, tribology (friction, wear, lubrication medical technology, sensory technology and

Computing activities 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 (1 Other 2 2 7 1 2 2 1 2 19 (6. 1

The sector thus upgrades, as knowledge is shared within value chains and spills over across chains.

>upgrade Public Safety Answering Points (PSAPS) to enable them to handle ecalls >achieve the full-scale roll out of ecall throughout

A Critical review of the Empirical Evidence, †ACM Computing Surveys 35, no. 1 march 2003): 1

next upgrade, and can increase scepticism. Risk MJA •Volume 193 Numb people want it to do.

ï ICT and †electric communication technique†and †computing, calculating, counting†ï energy and †generation, conversion or distribution of powerâ€

Cable can and does serve (1) as an alternative to making FTTX upgrades, especially in areas where the cost of fibre upgrades would be particularly uneconomic, thus providing

cost savings; and (2) as a second fixed network in a given area, providing a facilities

The upgrade to HFC cable systems to enable state-of-the-art bandwidth is comprised of two distinct processes:(1) upgrade to Eurodocsis 3. 0 standards,

and (2) driving fibre progressively closer to the end-user as and when needed to meet customer demand

however, the upgrade can be undertaken as and when needed. This cost can vary greatly depending on how the existing cable plant was deployed,

Moreover, these upgrades have been in progress for some time (and are continuing), so part of the cost has already been incurred

comparison with customer willingness to pay for the upgrades; consequently, there is no need for subsidy Many capacity enhancements improve both upstream and downstream capacity.

Conversely, upgrades to VDSL or to FTTH became more expensive on a per-subscriber basis as the population density declines.

Cable can and does serve as (1) an alternative to making FTTX upgrades, especially in

areas where the cost of fibre upgrades would be particularly uneconomic, providing cost savings; or (2) as a second fixed network in a given area, providing a facilities-based

and does serve (1) as an alternative to making FTTX upgrades especially in areas where the cost of fibre upgrades would be particularly

uneconomic, thus providing cost savings; and (2) as a second fixed network in a given area, providing a facilities-based fixed network alternative to an FTTX

Cable can and does serve (1) as an alternative to making FTTX upgrades, especially in areas where the cost of fibre upgrades would be particularly uneconomic, thus providing

cost savings; and (2) as a second fixed network in a given area, providing a facilities

•What does it cost to upgrade existing cable infrastructure to Eurodocsis 3. 0 •To what extent has existing cable already been upgraded for broadband

To what extent do the existence and/or upgrade of cable infrastructure accelerate the deployment of telecoms broadband

â The upgrade to HFC cable systems to enable state-of-the-art bandwidth is comprised of two distinct processes:(

1) upgrade to Eurodocsis 3. 0 standards and (2) driving fibre progressively close to the end-user as and when needed to

Both upgrades have been in progress for some time â The cost of upgrading existing digital cable systems to Eurodocsis 3. 0 is minimal

however, the upgrade can be undertaken as and when needed. This cost can vary greatly depending on how the existing cable plant was deployed, the availability of existing ducts

in comparison with customer willingness to pay for the upgrades; consequently there is no need for subsidy

•Upgrade to HFC cable systems is comprised of two distinct processes:(1) upgrade to Eurodocsis 3. 0 standards,

and (2) driving fibre progressively close to the end-user as and when needed to meet customer demand. Both upgrades have

been in progress for some time •Some cable operators choose to use purely fibre-based systems (e g.

The upgrades that we are considering in this chapter are concerned primarily with capacity, but there is also an issue regarding specifically upstream capability.

are no major impediments to the upgrade. Within the 2020 time frame that is relevant for

•Upgrade of the traditional analogue broadcast cable network to enable digital broadband communications •Upgrade to a Eurodocsis 3. 0 enabled network

•Upgrade of the Eurodocsis 3. 0 enabled network by progressively driving fibre deeper into the network if and as needed in order to meet capacity requirements

This process is already ongoing; thus, a portion of these costs have already been incurred

In understanding the cost and complexity of these upgrades, it is helpful to consider the physical and logical structure of the HFC/DOCSIS cable infrastructure, as depicted

5. 3. 1 Upgrade of traditional broadcast cable networks to enable broadband communications Considerable work is needed to enable a traditional cable network to deliver broadband

5. 3. 2 Upgrade from a DOCSIS 2. 0 to a DOCSIS 3. 0 enabled network

•Implementation of DOCSIS 3. 0 modules into the CMTS (an upgrade that is typically carried out for the entire CMTS

5. 3. 3 Upgrade of a DOCSIS 3 enabled network Cable is shared a medium; nonetheless, cable operators have considerable control over

on specific circumstances, such upgrades might or might not require physical deployment of additional fibre

The upgrade will tend to be more expensive in those cases where civil works are required

upgrades can be undertaken gradually and incrementally, if and as needed Cable systems can thus be upgraded incrementally, to 2020 and well beyond, in order to

which the upgrade from DOCSIS 2. 0 to DOCSIS 3. 0 has been handled One nasty problem would remain.

Conversely, upgrades to VDSL or to FTTH became more expensive on a per-subscriber basis as the population

Conversely, upgrades to VDSL or to FTTH became more expensive on a per-subscriber basis as the population density declines.

The cable industry can finance these upgrades itself, without public funding. The observation, rather, is that the degree to which cable (and to some degree

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