DEPARTMENT OF JOBS, ENTERPRISE AND INNOVATION 2 1. Introduction National or Regional Research and Innovation Strategies for Smart Specialisation (RIS3
entrepreneurs and smaller firms via the new Local Enterprise Offices. The Action Plan for Jobs
General of the Departments of the Taoiseach (Prime minister) and of Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation which reports to the Cabinet Committee on Economic Recovery and Jobs.
2. 2 Enterprise Context The overall objective of Enterprise Policy as set out by the Department of Jobs, Enterprise and
Innovation (DJEI) and Forfã¡s over many years 4 is to grow incomes and standards of living in
Ireland through competitive and sustainable enterprise, innovation, productivity and employment growth ï¿Ireland†s enterprise policy is focused on the core planks of productivity and innovation
delivering on an agenda of enterprise transformation †to create a competitive and sustainable platform for growth and job creation
ï¿Ireland†s enterprise policy embraces start-ups, Irish owned firms (both nationally and internationally trading) and foreign direct investment, including greenfield and
expansions. There is a strong focus on intensifying promotion of entrepreneurship and the scaling of Irish owned firms, further developing Ireland†s proposition for FDI in the
Ireland†s enterprise policy continues to focus on an export-led growth strategy as the most sustainable route to deliver jobs
Enterprise policy is focusing on realising the economic benefits of its investments to date in R&d infrastructures, by strengthening our IP framework, by brokering partnerships
Ireland†s enterprise policy aims to derive increased economic benefits by building sector-specific ecosystems, stimulating increased inter-firm linkages between our Irish
cooperation between enterprises (particularly SMES) and fostering better exploitation of innovation 2. 3 Ireland†s Enterprise Structure
Ireland†s enterprise structure is made up primarily of firms that •Are export oriented (or have the potential to export and internationalise
including •Irish owned firms that are regionally spread and create employment for a range of occupations, across a number of sectors involved in services and
4 Making It Happen †Growing Enterprise for Ireland, Forfã¡s/DJEI, 2010 5 technologies, tourism, construction etc.
MNCS have been key to delivering on Ireland†s enterprise policy since the 60s. The structure of the MNC base has transformed over the past decades
•Social enterprises also provide employment opportunities and contribute to the social fabric of local communities,
The categorisation of Ireland†s enterprise sectors set out in Figure 1 is based on a detailed
Indicators also show that Enterprise R&d intensity continued to increase. The number of firms active in R&d increased by a third from 1, 200 in 2005 to just over 1, 600 in 2011.
Survey of 1, 600 enterprises engaged in R&d in 2011 showed that 27 per cent had spending of
capacity and a reputation for research excellence and has an increasing base of enterprises engaging in RD&I activity with RD&I active enterprises demonstrating better resilience in the
current difficult economic climate Prior to a Government policy decision to make a significant investment in science, technology
enterprise sector to help individual companies to build their capacity for research and development This approach to the investment followed the recommendations of the Technology Foresight
the enterprise sector to accelerate Ireland†s economic path of sustainable growth. The Government made a major commitment, through substantial public investment, in the SSTI
providing enterprise support for R&d, investing in human capital, physical infrastructure and the commercialisation of research.
in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), the competitiveness of indigenous enterprise and to the creation and application of new knowledge and technologies
and enterprise partners in locations in more than one region for example INSIGHT and AMBER 9 Ireland also seeks to leverage the
However, the enterprise base in a priority area typically spans more than one region and research and development needs in companies are
deliver economic return through enterprise development, employment growth and job retention in Ireland •The process was expected to identify 10-20 priority areas/challenges †the final number
range of entrepreneurial actors including representatives from academia, enterprise, finance public sector organisations and advisory bodies and the Chief Scientific Adviser to The irish
6. 2. 1 National Research and Enterprise Strengths and National and Global Opportunities A significant input to the work of the Steering Group was background studies commissioned by
Enterprise Base 10 Drivers, Trends and Societal Issues from a National Perspective in a Global
enterprise dimension, the societal dimension, and Ireland†s existing research base, provided context and a basis for assessing the potential for innovation
10 Review of global market trends, growth markets and the positioning of The irish enterprise base, 2011.
sector, the institutes of technology sector and the enterprise sector. Technical experts were appointed to the groups to facilitate their work.
Enterprise ICT including next generation internet and computing, information security, software, gaming, social networking, digital media, digital
Creative and cultural enterprise Innovative Processes for Enterprise (Advanced Manufacturing and Business Services Advanced manufacturing (including applications in ICT
pharmaceuticals, biopharmaceuticals, bio processing, medical technologies, food and drink etc.;Business and services innovation e g. financial services, educational services, etc
enterprises already compete or can realistically compete ï¿What are the potential applications or products and
Group invited the main enterprise and higher education representative bodies to provide formal written inputs to the stakeholder engagement documents compiled by each TWG
investment that is oriented towards The irish enterprise base (see Table 3). Detailed descriptions of the priority areas and opportunities identified are provided in the Steering
and the funding administered by the enterprise development agencies for in-company performed R&d Figure 3:
•Alignment and coordination of funding programmes and calls across enterprise agencies •A requirement for all funding agencies to adopt a stage-gate approach based on excellence
•Deeper engagement between enterprise agencies and the national health system to maximise synergies between the biomedical enterprise base
and research in the public health sector •Funding agencies undertaking a cross-agency review of branding
•Active communication and cooperation between the enterprise development agencies and clinicians and medical regulatory bodies to ensure mutual understanding of regulatory
priority areas and the research needs of enterprise. The PAG carried out a series of 6 thematic
research funding agencies and departments on enterprise research needs within specific sectors. The objective was to synthesise this knowledge into a comprehensive national picture
across all sectors of internationally trading enterprise The collective understanding that emerged from these workshops has been opened up for
scrutiny and validation via subsequent direct engagement with enterprise This picture, when combined with the output from the exercise to map publicly-funded
capital in strategic areas, relevant to the competitiveness of Irish based enterprise. SFI programmes support academic researchers and research teams;
importance to enterprise •recruitment initiatives to attract iconic research leaders to Ireland, including support for the development and attraction of European Research Council (ERC
Enterprise Ireland •Provides direct supports for R&d activity within Irish firms, and supports for companies to build R&d capability and acquire new technology through licensing
This is a joint initiative between Enterprise Ireland and IDA Ireland allowing Irish companies and multinationals to work together in these
growth, and that is why the enterprise agencies decided to examine new ways of targeting support at manufacturing.
technologies and the Enterprise Ireland/IDA programmes will support their adoption and utilisation 8. Monitoring and Evaluation
1. To stretch the public enterprise support system in order to maximise the impact of public investment in R&d under Research Prioritisation
The PAG compiled a list of 78 metrics for the enterprise support environment at varying levels
and to ensure that the enterprise development system is aligned accordingly, a set of targets were developed for the agencies
Enterprise Ireland and others; and •Funding for Government sector-performed R&d e g. Teagasc, the Marine Institute, and
•Assessment of enterprise research needs to build a comprehensive national understanding of research needs across all sectors of internationally-trading enterprise
completed has been carried out; this enables gaps (current or potential future) in the capacity of the public research system to be identified
ï The innovative enterprises, business networks and regional clusters †generate innovation and disseminate it at the level of all the companies in the sector
ï development of †curricula partnerships†between educators and enterprises in the fields with regional smart specialization potential, in the view to actualize the education offer
in enterprises and coupling them with training coursed (for example †how its made...†or new technologies presentations
/internships i innovative enterprises from priority sectors (through bourses or other facilities Project ideea: Paied internships in the ITC sector
enterprises in the field are complaining of being difficult to find employable persons †among other reasons this is also caused by the deficitar image of the sector.
Support for the inovtive enterprises in Northeast Region Measure 2. 1: Assisatnce servicesfor transfroming inovative ideas in business ideas
enterprises or research institutes or universities •Global Value Chain analysis The panels working on candidate smart
technologies within the business model of a small and medium enterprise is a difficult job, but it
by a vibrant enterprise sector and marked export orientation. Since the late 1990s the region has experienced rapid economic growth,
entrepreneurial activity and the Region has one of the highest concentrations of enterprises and exporters in Romania.
to promote small and medium enterprises (SME) financing and marketing; and to support basic and applied research.
medium-sized enterprises TO11. Enhancing institutional capacity and an efficient public administration PA2: Protect nature and cultural assets of the region
3. enhancing the competitiveness of small and medium-sized enterprises, the agricultural sector (for the EAFRD) and the fisheries and aquaculture sector (for the EMFF
ii) developing links and synergies between enterprises, R&d centers and higher education, in particular product and service development, technology transfer, social
enterprise-and trade-dense regions in Romania. In 2010, it ranked third in number of firms per capita
firms are defined as those enterprises that are sampled in both years, while exiting firms are sampled those only in
Finally, the new start-up enterprises (NSU) are those whose date of incorporation is more recent than 2005
The Enterprise Ireland provides a successful model of organization for this purpose (see Box 2
Box 2-Enterprise Ireland Enterprise Ireland is the government organization responsible for the development and growth of
Irish enterprises. It works in partnership with Irish enterprises to help them start, grow, innovate and conquer
market share on global markets. The organization provides supports for both companies and researchers in
higher education institutes to develop new technologies and processes that will lead to job creation and increased exports
Enterprise Ireland is a body corporate established by the Industrial Development (Enterprise Ireland Act, 1998.
Board of Enterprise Ireland constitute the members of the agency. The agency operates in accordance with
Enterprise and Innovation who is empowered to provide funds to the agency to enable it to discharge its
The Enterprise Ireland Board and its relevant committees have the authority to purchase shares (ordinary and preference) in client companies
Under the terms of the Industrial Development (Enterprise Ireland) Act 1998, all functions and powers are
Enterprise Ireland fully complies with Government policy on the pay of Chief executives and State Body employees and with Government guidelines
Board members are appointed by the Minister for Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation, with the consent of the Minister for Public.
management of Enterprise Ireland†s investment portfolio and for maintaining an oversight of the investment activity of funds supported by Enterprise Ireland under the various seed and
venture capital programmes •The Innovation Fund Ireland Committee considers and recommends to the Board applications
and controls the administration of Enterprise Ireland†s budget, monitors progress against organizational targets, and considers matters of corporate
Enterprise Ireland†s approach to R&d and innovation is guided by the Government†s Strategy for Science, Technology and Innovation, 2006-2013, which is
coordinated by the Department of Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation. The R&d Fund was launched in early 2008
support business research and innovation, to develop linkages and synergies between enterprises, and to improve R&d infrastructure in the region
Enhancing the competitiveness of small and medium-sized enterprises 145. The role of SMES is crucial to ensure economic development of the region, especially in
Small and medium sized enterprises in the West Region need support to become competitive. Potential measures targeted at SMES could aim to improve labor productivity and energy
including small and medium size enterprises 152. Vocational training also needs to be expanded significantly and upgraded in order to
medium-sized enterprises TO11. Enhancing institutional capacity and an efficient public administration PA2: Protect the natural and cultural assets of the
facilitating knowledge-transfer and the adoption of existing technologies by enterprises ï¿overcoming potential gaps in sectoral value chains and helping firms meet quality standards
providing value added services to enterprises and acting as incubators for start-offs ï¿training Overall, these functions respond to the technological needs,
meetings and encourage connections between enterprises will be prioritized, particularly collaborative projects between two or more SMES
and to develop links and synergies between enterprises research and innovation centers, and higher education for the development of products and services
enterprises to support services and foster enterprise development 164. The technology parks already active in the region would benefit from investments in
research institutes and private enterprises, especially the large ones, which have substantial growth potential based on the smart specialization of the region, are to be promoted in order to develop
The Small Enterprise Assistance Fund (SEAF) launched in 2006 the Georgia Regional Development Fund, a financing mechanisms which focuses on investments in SMES located outside the country's capital
of small and medium-sized enterprises (as defined by EC) â€. At national level, investment priorities could
and (ii) the research, development and innovation, within the large enterprises. At regional level, the investment priorities could concentrate on regional competitiveness enhancement
enterprises, R&i centers and higher education in particular products and service development technology transfer and networking
-sized enterprises 1. 3. Supporting the capacity of SMES to engage in growth and innovation process
enterprises, R&i centers and higher education in particular products and service development, technology transfer and networking Enhancement of the local
enterprises that introduced new or significantly improved products, new to the market as a result of supported innovation of R&d projects
between enterprises, R&i centers and higher education in particular products and service development, technology transfer and networking
3) Enhancing the competitiveness of small and medium-sized enterprises 6) Protecting the environment and promoting resources efficiency (10) Investing in education, skills
and service enterprises in the five northernmost counties of Sweden; Norrbotten Västerbotten, Västernorrland, Jämtland and Gävleborg.
•Simplifying relations among citizens, enterprises, companies businesses, public administration and other entities •Creation of new opportunities on labour market (example, work at
•A more efficient management of enterprises, especially of small and medium sized enterprises, which leads to an increase in efficiency and
develops competitiveness •New opportunities for entertainment or cultural life •Improvement of population†s life quality in rural and disadvantaged
such an enterprise is not commercially profitable. For achieving this purpose we must draw comprehensive and well coordinated regional plans that should contribute
broadband use in the small and medium enterprises, increasing the rate of penetration of electronic communication services for broadband in disadvantaged
small and medium enterprises in training, configuring and implementing infrastructure projects and services, increasing accessibility of services, content and
interaction with citizens and enterprises. E-Romania strategy includes three types of services •Electronic (e g. start-ups, construction notices, change of address, pay taxes
medium enterprises, which can more easily attend public procurement electronically -these structures are particularly important
 Enterprise  &  Industry  http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/sectors/electrical/competitiveness/electra/index en. htm
  http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/magazine articles/industrial- †policy/article 11038 en. htm Â
 The  EU  Smart  Grids  Debate  14  research18  Important
 Enterprise  and  Industry  JRC  etc  In  the  last
http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/sectors/ict/key technologies/index en. htm 10 They include in the analysis a detailed breakdown of indicators by policy priorities as well as by
http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/files/ris-2012 en. pdf In short Aragon offers a rather complex and patchy ecosystem in research and innovation
ENTERPRISE SISTEMA DE INNOVACIÃ N DE ARAGÃ N RIS 2012 region groups Introduction of Aragon work on
†Integration of ICT in enterprises †Knowledge transfer †Boost of egovernment and open Government
The weight of enterprises with innovative activities in Asturias in relation to Spain (amounting to 461), maintained an upward trend,
number of enterprises, turnover and employment from 2000 to the present, in the three main branches of the industrial sector in
ï Enterprise Europe Network ï Red de Clusters de Asturias ï Federaciã n Asturiana de Empresarios (FADE
A nivel internacional, la funciã n de transferencia de conocimiento se canaliza a travã s de la ENTERPRISE EUROPE
Centers, el 1 de abril de 2008 se pone en marcha, a nivel de toda Europa, la red ENTERPRISE EUROPE NETWORK
A nivel internacional, la funciã n de transferencia de conocimiento se canaliza a travã s de la ENTERPRISE EUROPE
e pone en marcha, a nivel de toda Europa, la red ENTERPRISE EUROPE NETWORK La Mancha participa en dicha red a travã s del consorcio ACTIS (http://www. infoactis. eu/),participando la
A nivel internacional, la funciã n de transferencia de conocimiento se canaliza a travã s de la ENTERPRISE EUROPE
e pone en marcha, a nivel de toda Europa, la red ENTERPRISE EUROPE NETWORK La Mancha participa en dicha red a travã s del consorcio ACTIS (http://www. infoactis. eu/),participando la
ï Enterprises with R&d and Innovation departments and activities. Dual system: the 50 biggest enterprises (over a total number of 170.000 enterprises in the region) spend more than 40%of the
business R&d and Innovation expenditure in the region ï Intermediary bodies: T-CUE Network of university interface structures, COCI (Council of the Chambers of
is a significant increase in the R&d activity of the enterprises as compared with the data of one decade ago, in
Enterprises 53,3%Government 6, 8 %Higher Education 39,5%Private Non Profit 0, 4 %Enterprises 54,4%Government
9, 9 %Higher Education 35,6 %Private Non Profit 0, 1 %Figure 4. R&d expenditure by sectors
Micro-enterprises dominate in the Castilla y Leã n business structure The regional GDP in 2012 was 5. 28%of the national GDP.
10 employees and companies with less than 10 employees (micro-enterprises and independent contractors), where usage data and ICT availability continue to be low with
%of micro-enterprises and independent contractors have Internet access, lightly below the 65.7%national average. This figure rises to 97.1%for companies with more than 10
of micro-enterprises and independent contractors from traditional sectors with low ICT adoption levels, above all in retail
 enterprises   3  To  improve  the  effectiveness  efaiciency
Small medium enterprises a b s t r a c t This paper studies the inventive performance and proï tability of small and medium sized ï rms (SMES) that
essentially based on small and medium enterprises. For instance in 1991,24. 2%of manufacturing ï rms in Italy had less than 10
capacities of enterprises. Policy fi ndings and recommendations are presented in three key areas embedding fi rms in knowledge fl ows;
New firms, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES) and entrepreneurs are key players in this type of innovation.
â€oegazelles†of the enterprise ecoystem. Governments are seeking ways to help them emerge and carry
various challenges of stimulating the creation of new, innovative enterprises and increasing innovation in small and medium-sized firms.
as a means of generating innovation in new enterprises and SMES. Much can be learned from taking
the small and medium-sized enterprise sector accounts for 99%of firms in the OECD area,
enterprises, including the â€oegazelles†(new firms with rapid growth. And there are, of course, barriers to innovation in SMES.
entrepreneurs and enterprises is to provide innovative solutions to unsolved social problems; an example is the Health and Social Care Cooperative in Korea.
Kristoffer Astrup, Danish Enterprise and Construction Authority, Denmark Paul Atkinson, INSEAD, France Claudine Bichera de Oliveira, The Information Society Institute, Brazil
enterprises (SMES) to innovation The double focus on SMES and entrepreneurship in new ventures is itself an important
innovation by improving environments for enterprise creation and innovation in small and medium-sized firms and strengthening the capabilities of entrepreneurs and SMES.
â The importance of social enterprises and social innovation and the need for an evolution in the governing institutional frameworks in order to facilitate their growth
Many new policies have been pursued to foster the creation of new innovative enterprises and encourage SME innovation in the countries reviewed.
enterprises with less than 50 employees provide significantly less employee training than larger firms. This is even true for countries known for their strong training cultures, such as
Social enterprises, like associations or cooperatives, often need different support from that provided to traditional businesses.
partnerships to provide soft enterprise support infrastructure (e g. science parks and business incubators), collaborative research opportunities, services for knowledge transfer
social enterprises to meet their economic and social goals. Facilitate the development of a social investment marketplace, for example with fiscal incentives to attract investors
and social enterprise ventures â Undertake research into social entrepreneurship and social innovation and their main
enterprises in provision of social goods and services â Establish social innovation funds, dedicated to specific fields where social innovation is
â Create incubators for social enterprises and social innovation intermediaries to bring together the skills and expertise necessary to help sustain
enterprises (SMES) are critical parts of today†s innovation process, and should take a central
enterprises†account for between only 2 and 8 per cent of all enterprises with 10 or more
employees, while â€oegazelles†account for less than 1 per cent of such enterprises. 1 They nonetheless generate large impacts.
of invention through spin-off enterprises and knowledge transfers is critical. Others may be small ideas, but they still require entrepreneurs
laboratories and opened up innovation to new enterprises and SMES that participate in knowledge transfer networks with universities, large firms and other players
Social entrepreneurs and social enterprises such as nonprofit organisations have stepped into this breach (OECD, 2003;
Furthermore, whilst many of the goods and services offered through social enterprise and social innovation seek to fill gaps in purely public provision by welfare states, social
Social enterprises may have greater problems accessing capital markets, for example, since they are understood not well by traditional banks.
Entrepreneurial activity may occur in start-up enterprises, SMES, large firms or public sector organisations. What is important is that people are enterprising in the creation of
enterprise. Our focus in both cases is on entrepreneurship and innovation †i e. the generation of value from the identification and exploitation of new products, processes
In order to understand more fully how start-up enterprises and SMES contribute to innovation and identify the public policy implications,
The new start-up enterprise is one of the significant players in commercialising knowledge. This largely occurs as individuals leave universities, research organisations
and large corporations to start enterprises based on knowledge they developed there in the form of â€oespin-off†companies,
only a small proportion of new enterprise starts. Callan (2001) reports that academic spin -offs accounted for no more than 2%of new firm creation across eight OECD countries, and that
new start-ups in exploiting knowledge themselves but also the role of new enterprises and SMES as participants in knowledge exchange networks within innovation systems
require a different type of innovation support to high-growth-potential enterprises focused more on increasing their capacity to absorb knowledge from outside the firm.
social enterprises therefore need to be reviewed and adjusted and accompanied by capacity building, skills development and network creation for social entrepreneurs
enterprises tend to do less than large firms and there is a particular SME skills gap among older and routine workers.
are enterprises with average annualised growth in employees greater than 20%a year over a three year period and with ten or more
enterprises which have been employers for a period of up to five years, with average annualised growth in employees greater than 20%a year over a three-year period and with ten or more
Enterprises and the Macroeconomy, Cambridge university Press, Cambridge Drucker, P. 1985), Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Practice and Principles, Harper Business, New york
European commission DG Enterprise and Industry, Brussels Galbraith, J. 1972), The New Industrial State, Penguin, Harmondsworth
Entrepreneurship, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and the Macroeconomy, Cambridge university Press, Cambridge Henrekson, M. and D. Johansson (2008), â€oegazelles as Job Creators †A Survey and Interpretation of the
OECD (2010b forthcoming), High-Growth Enterprises: What Governments Can Do to Make a Difference OECD, Paris
Structural indicators of the enterprise population Data are drawn from the OECD dataset Business Statistics by Size Class,
enterprises/establishments and employment; number of persons engaged/number of employees. The dataset follows the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC
The breakdown of enterprises by size class used by national bureaus of statistics varies across countries, as indicated below
Innovation activities of enterprises The OECD Oslo Manual, Third Edition, defines innovation as the implementation of a new or significan
developed by the enterprise itself or by the group to which the enterprise belongs. A group consists of two
more legally defined enterprises under common ownership. Also, innovation surveys typically cover fir with more than 20 employees,
and therefore exclude micro enterprises OECD Product Market Regulation (PMR) indicators The PMR indicators measure the economy-wide regulatory environment in OECD countries.
Enterprise Connect Launched in May 2008, Enterprise Connect is an Australian government initiative. Administered by the
Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and Research, it aims to provide comprehensive support to SMES in Australia.
With funding of AUD 50 million per annum, Enterprise Connect provides a national network of services for SMES through two main channels, the Manufacturing Centres and the Innovation
the Remote Enterprise Centre in Alice Springs; and the Defence Industry Innovation Centre in Dandenong.
Enterprise Connect encourages SMES to adopt the recommendations of the business review by contributing half the cost of adoption, up to a maximum of AUD 20 000.
Enterprise Connect also runs both the Workshops, Industry Intelligence and Networking programme, to help SMES network within their sector;
%A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2006 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added Industry Services Total Industry Services Total
%No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total Micro 529 216 95.8 1 249 603 96.4 96.2 683 000 34.6 1 576 000 35.6 35.3 23.0 37.1 31.1
A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs
Industry Services Total Industry Services Total %No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total
within enterprise or enterprise group Lack of finance from sources outside enterprise Markets dominated by established
enterprises SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION Â OECD 2010 51 2. BELGIUM Belgium Belgian policy to promote innovative entrepreneurship
or innovation activities is designed largely and delivered at the regional level, aside from elements captured in the national Lisbon Reform Programme
Federal responsibility in these matters is restricted to fiscal incentives and actions to improve the business
This initiative aims at stimulating technological innovation in Flemish enterprises, primarily SMES, by increasing awareness, improving access to technological knowledge and supporting diffusion of
knowledge in enterprises. The programme is a comprehensive scheme consisting of eight threads. IWT the Flemish Institute for the Promotion of Innovation, implements the following types of measures in the
A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs
Industry Services Total Industry Services Total %No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total
enterprise or enterprise group Uncertain demand for innovative goods or services 0 5 10 15 20 25
%0 0. 5 1. 0 1. 5 2. 0 2. 5 SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION Â OECD 2010 53
A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2008 Number of business establishments Total employment Industry Services Total Industry Services Total
Canada, Survey on Financing of Small and Medium Enterprises, 2007. Chart D: OECD, Product Market Regulation Database
Entrepreneurship and enterprise innovation policy in the Czech republic is anchored institutionally within the Ministry of Industry and Trade.
Operational Programme Enterprise and Innovation 2007-2013 (OPEI The OPEI can be characterised as a complementary set of sub-programmes rather than one general
areas of public intervention in the enterprise sector with the overall aim of improving the competitiveness of
A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs
Industry Services Total Industry Services Total %No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total
within enterprise or enterprise group Lack of finance from sources outside enterprise Markets dominated by established
enterprises Large SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION Â OECD 2010 57 2. DENMARK Denmark With the Danish Globalisation Strategy, the Danish government has created a comprehensive
framework that sets out to strengthen Danish competitiveness. The Strategy, which became operative in 2006, contains 350 specific initiatives that introduce reforms in key areas such as education and training
innovation, research and entrepreneurship. For 2010 the funds allocated to initiatives in the Strategy exceeds DKK 8. 5 billion.
the framework conditions for growth and innovation in new and existing enterprises. The Regional Centres
-growth start-ups by providing free and impartial assistance, referring enterprises to private advisors and relevant government agencies and organisations.
Enterprise and Construction Authority, which is part of the Ministry for Economic and Business Affairs SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION Â OECD 201058
A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs
Industry Services Total Industry Services Total %No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total
within enterprise or enterprise group Lack of finance from sources outside enterprise Uncertain demand for innovative
goods or services Denmark SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION Â OECD 2010 59 2. FINLAND Finland
In Finland, support for innovative entrepreneurship and the innovation activities of SMES is based on a systemic policy approach.
businesses to the smallest enterprises employing less than ten employees, approximately EUR 75 million in 2008.
the Funding for Young Innovative Enterprises programme (NIY) and the Startup Accelerator scheme (VIGO Funding for Young Innovative Enterprises and Start-up Accelerator
The Funding for Young Innovative Enterprises programme aims to increase the number of enterprises that seek fast growth and internationalisation.
The selection criteria for the funding programme focus on the applicant†s capabilities and potential, the quality and potential of the business idea, ambition and
of the key persons involved in the enterprise The beneficiary must be an independent small enterprise,
which has been in operation for less than six years and with less than 50 employees, and willing to seek
funding is EUR 1 million per enterprise and it may take the form of a grant, loan, or risk capital.
committed to providing potential growth enterprises with world-class expertise and access to substantial flexible early-stage funding.
These accelerators are focusing on growth enterprise development in different industries that include: life sciences, information and communication technologies, media technologies and spin-offs
A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs
Industry Services Total Industry Services Total %No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total
within enterprise or enterprise group Lack of finance from sources outside enterprise Uncertain demand for innovative
goods or services Difficulty in finding co-operation partners for innovation 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
%SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION Â OECD 2010 61 2. FRANCE France During the 1980s the Agence Nationale de Valorisation de la Recherche, ANVAR, created in 1974 to promote
These poles are associations of enterprises and research and training centres that share a development strategy implemented through joint projects.
A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs
Industry Services Total Industry Services Total %No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total
within enterprise or enterprise group Lack of finance from sources outside enterprise Market dominated by established
enterprises Difficulty in finding co-operation partners for innovation 0 10 20 30 40 50
%Firms collaborating in innovation activitiesâ Process innovationâ Product innovationâ Non-technological innovation Firms with new to
-market product innovations Share of turnover due to new to-market product innovationsâ SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION Â OECD 2010 63
A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs
Industry Services Total Industry Services Total %No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total
within enterprise or enterprise group Lack of finance from sources outside enterprise SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION Â OECD 2010 65
2. GREECE Greece The National Strategic Reference Framework 2007-2013, co-funded by the European Regional
Development Fund, is geared towards transforming Greece into a highly competitive and open economy The Operational Programme â€oecompetitiveness and Entrepreneurship†(OPCE) and five Regional Operational
Creation †Support to New Innovative Enterprises In the 2000-07 programming period the General Secretariat for Research and Technology of the
The Creation †Support to New Innovative Enterprises programme for 2007-13 builds on this past
A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs
Industry Services Total Industry Services Total %No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total
enterprises Uncertain demand for innovative goods or services SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION Â OECD 2010 67
and R&d activities implemented in close co-operation by enterprises universities and research institutes. It also promotes the establishment of up-to-date research
innovation and technology parks accommodating research activities and innovative enterprises, and to develop already existing institutions
direct support facilities and special tax allowances for innovative, early-stage enterprises; establishing and developing technological incubators;
helping the early stage and growth phase of innovative enterprises by venture capital funds and financial instruments, e g. the New Hungary Venture capital Programme
initiatives to be implemented by small enterprises, and to stimulate demand for innovation facilitating services. The grant scheme was announced in mid-2008 by the National Office for Research and
A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs
Industry Services Total Industry Services Total %No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total
within enterprise or enterprise group Lack of finance from sources outside enterprise Markets dominated by established
enterprises Uncertain demand for innovative goods or services SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION Â OECD 2010 69
2. ICELAND Iceland Icetec †Icelandic Technological Institute The Icelandic Technological Institute (Icetec), operating under the Ministries of Industry and Commerce
is charged with the role of transferring technologies and expertise to business and industry. Icetec possesses a budget of ISK 242 million (USD 2. 6 million),
A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2005 Number of enterprises Industry Services Total No. firms%No. firms
%%Micro 5 620 89.6 9 226 90.5 90.1 Small 525 8. 4 824 8. 1 8. 2
within enterprise or enterprise group Lack of finance from sources outside enterprise Markets dominated by established
enterprises Uncertain demand for innovative goods or services SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION Â OECD 2010 71
2. IRELAND Ireland Creating a leading innovative economy has been identified as a key priority of The irish government
EUR 8. 2 billion has been allocated in the National Development Plan to the Strategy for Science, Technology
by enterprises †both directly and in co-operation with third-level institutions. World Class Research STI
The second biggest allocation is to Enterprise STI, EUR 1. 29 billion between 2006 and 2013.
in Ireland a global leader) and Enterprise Ireland (responsible for developing world-class Irish indigenous enterprises
A key challenge is to strengthen the links between the public research infrastructure and industry, and
the low research absorption capability of enterprises. Four key initiatives have been put in place to address
Current CSETS are in pharma-biology, digital enterprise, nanotechnology, regenerative medicine telecommunications, software engineering, biomedical diagnostics, next-generation localisation and
improve the knowledge flow between higher education and the enterprise sector. The aim is to ensure
EUR 500 million grant scheme available to enterprises to support their R&d. It offers up to 45%funding for
enterprise need. It also stimulates the development of relationships between SMES and the higher education institutes,
A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs
Industry Services Total Industry Services Total %No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total
1. Data only reflect enterprises with 3 or more persons engaged. 2. As%of all firms within size class
within enterprise or enterprise group Lack of finance from sources outside enterprise Markets dominated by established
enterprises Uncertain demand for innovative goods or services SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION Â OECD 2010 73
2. ITALY Italy Promoting the design of large innovative industrial projects is one of the most important recent
changes in Italian industrial and innovation policies. This new approach has two main thrusts: general
out by consortia of large, medium and small enterprises in collaboration with public and private research
A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs
Industry Services Total Industry Services Total %No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total
within enterprise or enterprise group Lack of finance from sources outside enterprise Markets dominated by established
enterprises Uncertain demand for innovative goods or services Firms with new to -market product innovations SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION Â OECD 2010 75
2. JAPAN Japan Small Business Innovation Research The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) programme was introduced first in 1999 and is
implemented by seven government ministries, with the budget set annually by the Cabinet. Budget allocations awarded under the programme have increased gradually from JPY 26.1 billion in 2003 to
and Medium Enterprise Agency, seeks to contribute to the manufacturing capabilities of Japanese industry by creating networks between SME companies that possess core basic technologies with downstream
A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of establishments Total employment Value added Industry Services Total Industry Services Total Industry
1. For manufacturing, data only reflect enterprises with 4 or more persons engaged. 2. As%of SMES with new product sales
A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2006 Number of establishments Total employment Value added Industry Services Total Industry Services Total
1. For manufacturing, data only reflect enterprises with 5 or more persons engaged. 2. As%of all firms within size class
Another programme undertaken by Luxinnovation is the ECOSTART enterprise and innovation centre This centre is located in Foetz
Finally, the INNO-START network assists in the creation of innovative enterprises by bringing the
and the Chamber of Skilled Crafts together with entrepreneurs so as to accelerate the process of enterprise
creation, and also to promote the creation of enterprises based on technological innovation SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION Â OECD 201080
A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs
Industry Services Total Industry Services Total %No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total
within enterprise or enterprise group Uncertain demand for innovative goods or services Markets dominated by established
enterprises SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION Â OECD 2010 81 2. MEXICO Mexico AVANCE In 2003 Mexico started operating AVANCE,
a programme aimed at identifying and exploiting business opportunities based on scientific and/or technological developments.
A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2003 Number of establishments Total employment Industry Services Total Industry Services Total
A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs
Industry Services Total Industry Services Total %No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total
within enterprise or enterprise group Markets dominated by established enterprises Lack of finance from sources
outside enterprise SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION Â OECD 2010 85 2. NEW ZEALAND New zealand Technz Technz is a business investment programme designed to support companies and people undertaking
research and development in projects that result in new products, processes and services. It is administered by the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology (FRST.
Following an evaluation of the programme in 2008, Technz is administered now via two simplified and targeted grant schemes:
Better By design operates out of New zealand Trade and Enterprise, New Zealand†s national economic development agency.
A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2008 Number of enterprises Number of employees Industry Services Total Industry Services Total
%%%Micro 67 447 91.0 229 204 94.1 93.3 799 84 19.6 180 850 21.8 21.1
A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2006 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs
Industry Services Total Industry Services Total %No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total
within enterprise or enterprise group Lack of finance from sources outside enterprise Markets dominated by established
enterprises SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION Â OECD 2010 89 2. POLAND Poland The Innovative Economy Operational Programme 2007-2013 is the main vehicle in Poland for pursuing the
objectives of the Lisbon Strategy. It provides the practical framework for allocating and distributing EUR 8. 25 billion of EU structural funds over the seven-year period, some 95%of which is earmarked for
Lisbon objectives. The programme is managed by the Ministry for Regional Development; co-financing from the Polish government brings the total to EUR 9. 71 billion,
enterprises †especially SMES †and to create a better interface between the science and business sectors
Much of this funding will benefit enterprises and SMES who will have preference in the allocation of around EUR 3. 65 billion.
A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs
Industry Services Total Industry Services Total %No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total
within enterprise or enterprise group Lack of finance from sources outside enterprise Uncertain demand for innovative
goods or services Markets dominated by established enterprises SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION Â OECD 2010 91
2. PORTUGAL Portugal INOFIN Improved access to financing for entrepreneurs and SMES is implemented a priority through the
INOFIN programme, which in turn incorporates three programmes. FINICIA, launched in the second half of 2006, provides a network of regional platforms that brings together the demand and supply of venture
Implementation of these programmes is carried out by the Small and Medium-sized Enterprises and Innovation Support Institute (IAPMEI.
networking among enterprises (including SMES) and between enterprises and relevant support institutions (namely R&td, higher education and vocational training institutions) who are involved in the
The Small and Medium-sized Enterprises and Innovation Support Institute also plays a major role as funding agency
A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs
Industry Services Total Industry Services Total %No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total
within enterprise or enterprise group Lack of information on markets Markets dominated by established enterprises
SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION Â OECD 2010 93 2. SLOVAK REPUBLIC Slovak Republic National Agency for Development of SMES (NADSME
A joint initiative of the European union and the government of the Slovak Republic, the National
A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs
Industry Services Total Industry Services Total %No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total
within enterprise or enterprise group Difficulty in finding co-operation partners for innovation Lack of finance
from sources outside enterprise Markets dominated by established enterprises SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION Â OECD 2010 95
2. SPAIN Spain Inno-Empresa The Inno-Empresa programme 2007-13 replaced the previous SME Consolidation and Competitiveness
Plan 2000-06 and was included in 2006 as part of both the Spanish National Reform programme and the
A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs
Industry Services Total Industry Services Total %No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total
within enterprise or enterprise group Lack of finance from sources outside enterprise Markets dominated by established
enterprises Uncertain demand for innovative goods or services SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION Â OECD 2010 97
2. SWEDEN Sweden National policy addressing innovative entrepreneurship and/or innovation activities of SMES is based
on mix of direct support programmes, run by different governmental agencies. The three most important agencies are:
A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs
Industry Services Total Industry Services Total %No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total
within enterprise or enterprise group Lack of finance from sources outside enterprise Markets dominated by established
enterprises SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION Â OECD 2010 99 2. SWITZERLAND Switzerland The CTI (Swiss Federal Innovation Promotion Agency) is the most important innovation promotion
government agency in Switzerland. Among its main tasks is the promotion of entrepreneurship in the Swiss economy.
The most important entrepreneurship programmes are the CTI Start-up programme and Venturelab. The overall budget for the entrepreneurship promotion programme of the CTI amounts to about
A. Structural indicators on enterprise population Number of enterprises, 2005 Total employment, 2001 Industry Services Total Industry Services Total
No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged %%Micro 57 569 95.1 160 019 98.6 97.7 201 510 19.4 547 436 36.3 29.4
The programme has been the major tool for start-up technology-based enterprises in Turkey and for improving university-industry co-operation.
This TEKMER hosted 161 enterprises between 1992 and 2009, and its success rate has been 82
A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2006 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs
Industry Services Total Industry Services Total %No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total
enterprises Uncertain demand for innovative goods or services Firms with new to -market product innovations Lack of funds within
enterprise or enterprise group Lack of finance from sources outside enterprise SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION Â OECD 2010 103
2. UNITED KINGDOM United kingdom The United kingdom is the only country that has documented, twice, the scale of public funding for
SMES. The first, in 2002, showed that, including the provision of tax relief, total public funding was
At a more operational level both enterprise and innovation policy are now increasingly being regionalised, with the Regional Development Agencies in England and agencies
A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs
Industry Services Total Industry Services Total %No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total
A. Structural indicators on enterprise population Number of enterprises, 2005 Number of employees, 2004 Industry Services Total Industry Services Total
No. firms%No. firms %%%Micro 852 946 74.7 2 489 243 78.3 77.4 1 392 813 20.6 1 137 356 7. 1 11.1
managerial support to innovative enterprises. They focus on different lines of action, including: strategic partnership between universities or technological institutes and enterprises;
technology-based entrepreneurship; incubators and technological parks; hiring of academic researchers by the private sector
federal government to participate as a minority shareholder in innovative enterprises operating in high -priority sectors.
increase from BRL 1. 5 billion undertaken by 130 enterprises in 2006 to BRL 4. 8 billion undertaken by
291 enterprises in 2007. In these two years, fiscal benefits amounted to over BRL 1 billion to investors
MSMES (micro small and medium sized enterprises) trying to implement any managerial, commercial or technical innovation in their products, services or processes.
technical innovation and to new investments stated in the business plan of the enterprise is eligible to be
enterprises, a significant share of its resources is given to SMES. The second one is Chile Emprende, which
supports micro and small enterprises. This is hosted by a CORFO€ s subsidiary, the Technical Co-operation
This assists existing enterprises in their effort to develop innovative projects through individual entrepreneurial innovation, technological consortia, business platforms and innovation management.
Chile Emprende is targeted to existing micro and small enterprises in order to promote public-private partnership, entrepreneurial association and improvement of managerial practices.
consultancy services to micro and small enterprises, supports the attendance of small entrepreneurs at meetings and internships,
and profit of the enterprises operating in the 53 development zones grew at an average annual rate of 47.0%,30.5%and 38.2
In 2005,41 990 enterprises operated in the 53 development zones, employing over 5. 2 million
%3%,28%and 62%,respectively, of the capital raised by these enterprises. The firms achieved fast growth in
Enterprise Estonia, export marketing support, and/or guarantees for export-oriented companies from Kredex (the Credit and Export Guarantee Fund founded in 2001 to improve the financing of enterprises in
Estonia Additionally, in 2006 the Estonian Development Fund was launched to intervene as a co-investor with
A programme of innovation awareness has also been developed by Enterprise Estonia; launched during the 2004-06 period, it will continue over 2007-13
Financing of the competence centres by Enterprise Estonia was not as stable as expected during the first years of the programme.
additional funds were made available by Enterprise Estonia to invest in eight competence centres (the five
A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs
Industry Services Total Industry Services Total %No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total
within enterprise or enterprise group Lack of finance from sources outside enterprise Markets dominated by established
enterprises 0 0. 5 1. 0 1. 5 2. 0 2. 5 3. 0 Estonia OECD
average OECD emerging markets5 Euro area6 SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION Â OECD 2010 115 2. INDIA
India The Science and Technology Policy of 2003 was a landmark initiative in that it ended India†s historic
enterprises (MSMES) in Indonesia. The national policy to address this problem is to provide direct financial
The former scheme is managed directly by state-owned enterprises or SOE-affiliated entities while the latter is managed through third parties or foundations.
Innovation Centre for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises The Innovation Centre for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises is a pioneering national institution that
implements the policy of promoting technopreneurship and strengthening the competitiveness of MSMES The Centre was created in 2008 with a strong legal foundation through presidential and Coordinating
the Foundation for the Assistance to Small Innovation Enterprises; and the Russian Corporation of Nanotechnologies (RUSNANO
Foundation for the Assistance of Small Innovation Enterprises The Foundation for the Assistance to Small Innovation Enterprises was organised by the federal
government in 1994. Annually, 1. 5%of federal budget funds provided for public research are allocated to
support of the commercialisation process through direct financing to small innovative enterprises. Part of this financial support is given to small firms to help develop a product,
Enterprises supported by the Foundation commercialised around 3 500 patented inventions. In the future the Foundation is planning to finance earlier-stage company R&d
and small enterprises in R&d, new technologies, products and processes. The wider aim is to increase the
the enterprise, or in co-operation with other enterprises and/or public R&d institutions Because Slovenia is a relatively small country,
openness is a key factor for its future success. ME and MHEST are thus strongly focusing on supporting international industrial co-operation.
promoting the further involvement of Slovenian enterprises in defence R&d, development and investment projects, support to strategic R&d projects in the business sector, strengthening the national innovation
A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs
Industry Services Total Industry Services Total %No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total
within enterprise or enterprise group Lack of qualified personnel Lack of finance from sources outside
enterprise Markets dominated by established enterprises SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION Â OECD 2010 125 statlink 2 http://dx. doi. org/10.1787/813553877374
2. SOUTH AFRICA South africa The promotion and support of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMES) is an important policy
issue in South africa. The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) has various strategies and programmes
aimed at MSME growth and development, as well as R&d and innovation. The OECD Review of Innovation
and also assists enterprises in the commercialisation of products and/or processes. The Support Programme for Industrial Innovation also provides managerial
and technical support to enterprises in order to facilitate innovative MSME development. The product process development and the matching schemes of this programme are aimed at providing grant
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added Industry includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E and F and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total employment and Value added
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added Industry includes NACE categories D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C, D,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Industry includes NACE categories C, D E and F and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total employment Industry and
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Industry includes NACE categories C, D E and F and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total employment and Value
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E and F and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total employment and Value added
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Industry includes NACE categories D, E and F and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total employment and Value added
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added Industry includes NACE categories D
In Table A, for Number of enterprises and Total employment, Industry includes NACE categories D,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Industry includes NACE categories C, D E and F. Services includes NACE categories G h i and K
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added Industry includes NACE categories C
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Industry includes NACE categories C, D and E and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total employment and for
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E and F. For Total employment it includes NACE categories D, E and F. For Value added
In Table A, for Number of enterprises and Number of employees Industry includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added Industry includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Industry includes NACE categories C D, E and F. For Total employment and Value added it includes NACE categories D and F
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Industry includes NACE categories C D, E and F and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total Employment and Value
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises and Total employment, Industry includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Industry includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories C, D, E,
organisations, including enterprises (e g. suppliers and customers), universities, research organisations, etc. They may also need to interact
by a different spatial pattern as against HTM enterprises. First of all, there is a large number of KISA concentrations in the UK,(e g.
a) an enterprise birth indicator (share of firms less than 5 years old; b) an economic growth indicator (average rate of turnover;
analysis of high-tech enterprises, show for instance that innovation networks positively affect both product and process innovation and that the positive relationship between firm
establishment of spin-off enterprises from multinational companies and the normal flows of workers and managers between companies within the local labour market are some of the
foreign investors up with local enterprises and technology/research institutes. The encouragement of corporate spin outs from FDI is another option, especially considering
and knowledge exploitation (large and small enterprises) parts of an innovation system There are two main action areas for policy.
Enterprise Connect is a programme that runs six manufacturing network centres and five innovation centres.
OECD (forthcoming 2010a), High-Growth Enterprises: What Governments Can Do to Make a Difference OECD, Paris
There are no exclusion thresholds in terms of enterprise size, unless national limitations reduce the coverage of administrative data sources.
conventionally assumed to include all active enterprises resident in a given country Under-coverage is induced generally by threshold effects in which firms under a certain
run an enterprise more probable and increasing people†s willingness to be enterprising at work.
enterprise start-ups by students and staff. Indeed, entrepreneurship teaching can have a greater positive impact on the rate of new firm creation
participation from micro and small enterprises and from unskilled, semiskilled and older employees. Training packages and apprenticeship schemes have been very successful in
policy measures should target both workers and enterprises, not providing financial incentives alone but also allowing freedom of choice and market transparency
enterprise culture in Scotland that will give young people a better chance of realising their full potential and will give the economy of Scotland the skills, new ventures and
and all have staff with responsibility for delivering enterprise in education. An annual reporting process ensures examples of good practice can be
â can use experiences in enterprise to reflect on other learning and make connections â are self-motivating
enterprise â understand the roles, rights and responsibilities of individuals as employees, managers employers, entrepreneurs, investors, customers and global citizens
Survey show that employees in enterprises with less than 50 employees receive significantly less in-company training than employees in larger firms.
Enterprise Ireland for example has introduced vouchers worth 5 000 EUR to enable SMES to get support for new product and process development, new business model
provided for owners and managers of independent enterprises with 250 employees or fewer, and at least partly funded by the organisation†(OECD, 2002, p. 6
regions, it tends to be seen as a local resource by both enterprises and employees. This, and
-ment to enterprise growth challenges, including finance and internationalisation Teach the skills required for growth including opportunity identification,
Agriculture, works to meet the training demand of its 325 000 registered enterprises. The institutional task is to contribute to the development of an entrepreneurial culture, building on
both workers and enterprises; limit administrative burdens; increase transparency and clarity of objectives and information to employers and employees;
European commission (2006), Management Capacity Building, Enterprise and Industry Directorate -General, Brussels European commission (2007), â€oeassessment of Compliance with the Entrepreneurship Education
Enterprise and Industry, Brussels Gibb, A. 2002), â€oein Pursuit of a New †Enterprise†and †Entrepreneurship†Paradigm for Learning
Innovation, EC DG Enterprise and Industry, Brussels Hall, D. and R. D. Lansbury (2006), â€oeskills in Australia:
Itkonen, K. 2009), â€oedeveloping Entrepreneurship in Small Enterprises †The Succession Process Supported by Apprenticeship Training as a Context for Learning†in M.-L. Stenstrã m and P. Tynjã¤lã
2007), Enterprise Training in Europe †Comparative Studies on Cultures Markets and Public Support Initiatives, LIT-Verlag, Vienna
sector, social enterprise and social entrepreneur, some of which are also ill-defined and overlapping (see the Glossary at the end of the book.
entrepreneurship and social enterprise do not have the same meaning in the United states as in Europe for example, 1 and this difference also complicates things.
When referring explicitly to social enterprises, undoubtedly a major expression of social entrepreneurship, recent UK data released by the Third Sector in July 2009
of 61 800 social enterprises in England. In 2005 social enterprises had a turnover of
GBP 27 billion and contributed GBP 8. 4 billion to the UK economy. In 2007/08
15 000 social enterprises employing 350 000 employees, serving 5 million users and with an economic turnover of EUR 10 billion
as social enterprises (36 in October 2007; 19 in December 2007; 30 in April 2008;
the Research Institute of Social Enterprise Moving to the social economy, a recent report by CIRIEC (2007) clearly shows its diversity
social enterprises, which are owned often collectively and managed in the form of a co -operative, and initiatives realised by communities that can be seen as collective
the novelty represented by social enterprises and social entrepreneurship is that the economic value serves social objectives.
Silai for Skills (Box 5. 5) provides an enlightening example of how social enterprises here with the legal status of a registered charity) pursue multiple social goals to empower
This is very often the case for social enterprises that choose to go where traditional for-profit business do not,
In fact, as social enterprises can mix their financial resources combining public subsidies, grants and donations, market revenues
SIEL Beu (Box 5. 6) is a French social enterprise promoted by Ashoka, an organisation
This innovative social enterprise (a registered charity) has as its main objective to help build women†s skills,
relationship that some kinds of social enterprises put into motion by including local authorities, as shareholders, in their governance system.
sector (voluntary and community groups and social enterprises) may be spun â€-in†to mainstream public services provision†(NESTA, 2008b, p. 1
of ICT by social enterprises and by civil society is strengthening the links between technological innovation and social innovation,
actors to support social enterprise development, and is a social innovation worth underlining SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION Â OECD 2010198
Washington-based, private organisation, the Corporation for Enterprise Development CFED), started a trend in 1997.
targeting social enterprises. It aims to fund hundreds of projects â€oewith a social and/or
provided to social enterprises during their creation, operation and development phases The region has a 49%share of the fund,
Through Equisol, Ile-de-france †home to 15%of the social enterprises in France †will be the
first French region to cover all of the financing needs of the social enterprise sector. Designed to complement the overall financing offer already present in Ile-de-france,
bank guarantees, available to social enterprises To be eligible, the activities or the headquarters of a social enterprise must be based in
the Ile-de-france region. The funding available ranges from EUR 10 000 to 100 000 and can
others †also social enterprises and socially innovative initiatives Box 5. 10. Social Impact Bonds (United kingdom
It was founded as a mission-based, for-profit enterprise, in Dublin in 2005 by a serial
Social enterprises, like associations or cooperatives, need an ad hoc legal status and regulatory measures designed in order to allow them to fulfil their social and economic goals while
and its main components (social enterprises, social economy organisations, social venture business, nonprofit organisations, etc.
â Support market development for social enterprise and provide training for public officials and social enterprises to deal with public tenders
â Public procurement measures should be developed further so that social enterprises can consolidate and expand their growth.
European procurement law allows local authorities to insert certain social clauses in their procurement procedures terms of
Involving social enterprises in public service delivery can bring many community benefits. However, public officials are often not well acquainted
while some small social enterprises are not familiar with public tenders and need skills and networks to successfully compete in public bids.
and for social enterprises should be provided and encouraged â Evaluate the impact of social entrepreneurship in selected areas
and develop a social enterprise SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION Â OECD 2010206 5. SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SOCIAL INNOVATION
1. Kerlin (2006) analyses the commonalities and differences of the notion of social enterprise in the
The broader definition of social enterprises in the United states (â€oe†a wide spectrum of entities along a continuum from profit-oriented business engaged in socially beneficial
social purpose organisations) †(2006, p. 2) and the narrower one in the EU (usually enterprises with
enterprise sector) can be explained by the differences in the history and in the institutional and
legal frameworks for social enterprises in the two regions of the world Defourny and Nyssens (2008, p. 203) explain that the notions of social entrepreneurs, social
entrepreneurship and social enterprise were used in an interchangeable way until recently and that â€oesocial entrepreneurship was seen as the process through which social entrepreneurs created
the social enterprises themselves, which are usually of a collective nature, rather than on the
enterprises, while in the European context this usually indicates nonprofit entities pursuing the benefit of the community through the provision of goods and services,
this social enterprise was created to offer young people opportunities for civic service in order not only to increase their skills
7. Somehow the ideal type of social enterprise 8. The specific objectives of the Forum on Social Innovations are:
Caulier-Grice, J. and G. Mulgan (2009), â€oeexploring the Links between Social Enterprises, Social Entrepreneurship and Social Innovationâ€, paper prepared for the OECD LEED Programme, Paris
Defourny, J. and M. Nyssens (2008), â€oesocial Enterprise in Europe: Recent Trends and Developments†Social Enterprise Journal, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 202-228
Emerson, J. 2003), The Blended Value Map: Tracking the Intersects and Opportunities of Economic, Social and
Haugh, H. 2005), â€oea Research Agenda for Social Entrepreneurshipâ€, Social Enterprise Journal, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 1-12
Kerlin, J. 2006), â€oesocial Enterprise in the United states and Europe: Understanding and Learning from the Differencesâ€, Voluntas, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 247-263
Lasprogata, G. and M. Cotton (2003), â€oecontemplating Enterprise: The Business and Legal Challenges of Social Entrepreneurshipâ€, American Business Law Journal, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 67-113
How Intentions to Create a Social Enterprise Get Formedâ€, Working Paper No. 521, September, IESE Business school, University of Navarra (Spain
Noya, A. ed.)(2009), The Changing Boundaries of Social Enterprises, OECD, Paris Noya, A. and E. Clarence (eds.
OECD (1999), Social Enterprises, OECD, Paris OECD (2003a), The Nonprofit Sector in a Changing Economy, OECD, Paris
Westall, A. 2007), How Can Innovation in Social Enterprise Be understood, Encouraged and Enabled www. cabinetoffice. gov. uk/media/cabinetoffice/third sector/assets/innovation social enterprise. pdf
2003 â€oesocial entrepreneurship, the entrepreneurship leading to the establishment of new social enterprise and the continued innovation in existing ones. †(p. 76
Haugh 2005 â€oesocial entrepreneurship is the process of creating social enterprise. †(p. 3 Roberts and Woods 2005 â€oesocial entrepreneurship is the construction, evaluation and pursuit of opportunities for
GEM 2006 â€oesocial entrepreneurship is any attempt at new social enterprise activity or new enterprise creation such
as self employment, a new enterprise, or the expansion of an existing social enterprise by an individual
teams of individuals or established social enterprise, with social or community goals as its base and where
the profit is invested in the activity or venture itself rather than returned to investors. †(p. 5
â Build financial, fiscal, legal and regulatory environments that enable social enterprises to meet th
â Create incubators for social enterprises and social innovation intermediaries to bring together the sk and expertise necessary to help sustain
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES Non-subsidiary, independent firms which employ less than a given number of
more recently social enterprises. This type of economy is regulated essentially by the stakeholder principle, which stands in stark contrast to the notion of shareholder
Social enterprise Any private activity conducted in the public interest that is organised with an entrepreneurial strategy and whose main purpose is not the maximisation of profits, but
For example, a social enterprise can SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION Â OECD 2010222 GLOSSARY bring innovative solutions to problems such as social exclusion and unemployment
capacities of enterprises. Policy fi ndings and recommendations are presented in three key areas embedding fi rms in knowledge fl ows;
Enterprise Connect Austria Seedfinancing Aplusb Belgium Flemish Cooperative Innovation Networks (VIS Walloon Pre-activity Grant
Funding for Young Innovative Enterprises and Start-up Accelerator France PÃ'les de compã titivitã Germany
Creation †Support to New Innovative Enterprises Hungary Iceland Icetec †Icelandic Technological Institute New Business Venture Fund
Innovation Centre for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Israel Incubator programme Yozma programme Russian Federation
Foundation for the Assistance of Small Innovation Enterprises RUSNANO Venture Funds Slovenia South africa Support Programme for Industrial Innovation
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