Long-term evolution

Bluetooth (10)
Cellular network (264)
Long-term evolution (90)
Radio-frequency identification (145)
Wimax (52)
Wireless application protocol (4)
Wireless communication (283)

Synopsis: Ict: Communication systems: Wireless communication: Long-term evolution:

and 3g, LTE/4g, and other mobile telephone communication protocols. V. COMPARATIVE METRICS FOR THE U s. VERSUS EUROPE Making the grid smarter requires considering all aspects of smart grids as part of the decision-making process.

Box 3. The LTE patent pool A good example of a complex patent pool is the LTE (Long-term evolution) pool

LTE has been standardised by 3gpp, and more than 350 companies have participated in the working groups. LTE IPR declarations on the ETSI database are 1, 860 as of January 11th, 2010.

The following graph exemplifies the number of IPR declarations on the LTE project. Figure 16.

Number of IPR declarations in the LTE consortium, as of January 2010 Source: Sisvel, presentation at the 4th meeting of the CEPS Task force, 14 january 2010.

A NEW APPROACH TO INNOVATION POLICY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 75 One important issue for the LTE patent pooling is setting the appropriate Royalty Rate.

Different methods for doing this are the following: Some players*stated that the maximum royalty acceptable from the market is a single digit%(e g.=

using the LTE case as an example. Figure 17. LTE royalty level different scenarios No patent pool 2 patent pools and outside patent owners 76 STANDARDS AND STANDARDISATION POLICY IN EUROPE 1 patent pool

and outside patent owners Ideal Scenario Source: Sisvel, presentation at the 4th meeting of the CEPS Task force, 14 january 2010.5.2 European standardisation In terms of standardisation policy,

KET Key Enabling Technology KIC Knowledge and Innovation Community LDC Less Developed Country LTE Long-term evolution standard MNC Multinational Corporation NPL Non-Patent

such as 4G LTE mobile broadband networks. The European union has been hampered by regulatory mandates that specified the technologies that carriers could use in their allotted spectrum,

and LTE was allowed not initially by these mandates; a similar problem occurred with the European 3g rollout.

In contrast, the process of allocating new spectrum for LTE and modifying regulations to permit LTE use on previous allocations is still underway in Europe.

As a result, consumers and businesses in Europe can rely on a less robust mobile communications infrastructure.

Predicted LTE coverage in 2020 39 Figure 12: Broadband adoption (lines) by technology and Member State 40 Figure 13:

and potentially in the longer term from a reallocation of frequencies on the Cable wireless systems benefit from deployment of LTE,

and eventually from the deployment of LTE-Advanced. The relative cost of achieving each of the DAE objectives with each of these technologies can vary greatly.

For wireless broadband, the footprint of LTE and LTE-Advanced can be expected to be at least as broad in 2020 as that of 2g and 3g networks today.

LTE was more expensive than fixed solutions where population density exceeded 3, 000 inhabitants per square kilometre (Km2.

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X Population density FTTH-GPON FTTC-VDSL DOCSIS 6/12/30 Mbps LTE

drawing on cable and LTE, could provide real benefits. Cable can and does serve as (1) an alternative to making FTTX upgrades,

. Dutch telecommunications company 10 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE) LTE/LTEADVANCED Long-term-Evolution,

and potentially in the longer term from a reallocation of frequencies on the cable (see Chapter 5). Wireless systems benefit from deployment of LTE,

and eventually from the deployment of LTE-Advanced. The relative cost of achieving each of the DAE objectives with each of these technologies can vary greatly (see Chapter 6). Those costs depend to a significant degree on the coverage footprint of the technology.

For wireless broadband, the footprint of LTE and LTE-Advanced can be expected to be at least as broad in 2020 as that of 2g and 3g networks today.

however, share this capacity. 40 We discuss cable capabilities at length in Section 5. 4. 1. 3 Wireless solutions Wire less solutions based on Orthogonal Frequency Domain Multiplexed (OFDM) technologies such as LTE

The migration to LTE, and then to LTE Advanced, represents a substantial increase in the nominal speed of wireless data transmission,

and also in efficiency in terms of bits per Hertz. Typical realistically achievable speeds are less than those that are theoretically achievable

+5-25 LTE 10-100 Source: TNO/WIK. 43 As we explain in Section 4. 2. 4,

and by 2020 (the target date for the second and third DAE objectives) it can confidently be expected that substantially all wireless infrastructure in Europe will have been upgraded to either LTE or LTE Advanced. 42 RSPG, RSPG Report on Improving Broadband Coverage

The coverage of LTE or LTE Advanced wireless in Europe can be expected to be at least as great as that of 2g

or hard to reach locations can be served using LTE or LTE Advanced; however, there will predictably be locations that cannot even be served cost-effectively by LTE.

Figure 11: Predicted LTE coverage in 2020 Source: Yardley et al. 2012b). ) 49 Nomadicity is the ability to use the service at different locations at different times,

but not the ability to use it while in motion. 50 See Yardley, M. et al.

LTE was more expensive than fixed solutions where population density exceeded 3 000 inhabitants per square kilometre (Km2.

and using wireless (LTE at 2. 6 GHZ). Population density plays a huge role in these costs.

They found that LTE was more expensive than fixed solutions where population density exceeded 3, 000 inhabitants per square kilometre (Km2.

VIII IX X Population density FTTH-GPON FTTC-VDSL DOCSIS 6/12/30 Mbps LTE-2. 6 GHZ EUR 61.

LTE costs are highly sensitive to overall bandwidth requirements and thus even more sensitive than fixed network costs to the number and density of users in type of geographic area (geotype.

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X Population density FTTH-GPON FTTC-VDSL DOCSIS 6/12/30 Mbps LTE

For example, the Advanced scenario could be met with ADSL2, LTE, VDSL2, Eurodocsis 3. 0, FTTB, and FTTH,

Feijoo/Gomez-Barroso also found that completing the network with LTE would cost €10. 5 billion;

however, the more realistic design would use LTE only in low density areas (below 50 inh/Km2.

upgraded Cable, Fibre-to-the-Cabinet and LTE. 81 In a more recent major policy statement,

but also mobile broadband technologies such as LTE. 85 They go on to provide concrete examples of their intent to threaten the core business of cable operators,

Dabei setzten wir auf den richtigen Technologie-Mix aus (V) DSL und Glasfaser, aber auch mobilen Breitbandtechnologien wie LTE. 86

such as long-term evolution (LTE) networks (ITU Trends 2014). 5 Data collection on Europe and North america will follow in 2014.6 For a list of IXPS,

In both indicators although Sweden has a slightly higher wireless-broadband penetration Denmark surpasses the other top five IDI countries (see Chart 2. 1). In terms of LTE population coverage

and LTE was offered first in 2011. Two years after commercializing the first LTE network, leading operator SK TELECOM reported that it passed the 10 million LTE subscriber mark in April 2013;

this represents 37 per cent of its total mobile subscriber base. Full coverage having being achieved (by April 2012,

LTE was available nationwide), the wirelessbroadband market is showing signs of saturation, with little growth over the past years.

From 2012 to 2013, there was only a minimal increase in penetration, from 105.1 per cent in 2012 to 105.3 in 2013 (see Chart 2. 2). The focus of operators

In July 2013, SK TELECOM launched the world`s first LTE-Advanced Network with speeds of up to 150 Mbit/s. In 2014, the Vice-president of the European commission for the Digital Agenda and the Republic of korea's Minister of Science, ICT and Future Planning signed an agreement to work towards a global definition of 5g

By early 2013, virtually all (96 per cent) of EU citizens were covered by a 3g signal and 26 per cent of the population was covered by an LTE network. 12 Denmark,

Sweden and Finland are the countries with the highest LTE coverage in the European region (European commission, 2014a).

and upgrading their mobilebroadband networks in Qatar LTE is available throughout the entire country9 Algeria

LTE services were launched in the Russian Federation in 2012.22 The highest growth in wirelessbroadband penetration from 2012 to 2013 took place in Georgia from 9 per cent in 2012 to 17 per cent in 2013 placing it among the most dynamic

and started to offer LTE services to customers. The top five countries in the world in terms of fixed-broadband penetration (Monaco, Switzerland, Denmark, Netherlands and France) are all European.

Furthermore, a number of countries awarded LTE licences or further extended 3g coverage in 2013, spurring growth in the mobile sector.

It was an early adopter of LTE technology, and coverage was extended massively throughout the country in 2013.

The operator Verizon had achieved 97 per cent LTE population coverage, and the majority of all data traffic is carried by the LTE network. 27 Very high increases were reported by Brazil,

where 40 million new wireless-broadband subscriptions were added within a year, resulting in a penetration of 52 per cent by end 2013.

LTE services were launched first in the country in early 2013.28 Antigua and barbuda (from 23 per cent to 49 per cent),

/26 Data reported by the country refer to 2012.27 http://www. verizonwireless. com/wcms/consumer/4g lte. html

-lte-services-brazil/./Endnotes 107 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 Chapter 4. ICT prices

part of the digital dividend) and mobile-broadband networks are upgraded to advanced technologies (such as LTE-Advanced

LTE-Advanced and Wirelessman-Advanced. For more details on these standards, see http://www. itu. int/net/pressoffice/press releases/2012/02. aspx. 14 Cuba is excluded from the world and developing averages of fixed-broadband prices,

and model and type of technology (2g, 3g, LTE) employed. Mobile network operators can use the IMEI number to identify the specific mobile handset being used by a subscriber,

LTE-Advanced, etc. but also on the types of service that subscribers are using, and the frequency and intensity of that use.

parts of it can reveal information on the handset make and model, type of technology (e g. 2g, 3g, LTE),

LTE subscriptions from ENTEL. 6) Change in definition, break in comparability. 7) 2012 figures. Still auditing the 2013 figures. 8) Incl.

WCDMA, LTE, dedicated mobile-broadband and fixed wireless. 9) CRC estimation as of 31.12.2013. speeds equal to or greater than 144 kbit/s/.10) Estimate. 11) Estimate.

LTE), allowing for mobility, and extending the levels of access coverage. Thus the primary objective of the National Plan for the Development of NGN Infrastructure is the definition

4th generation (LTE) was available only for 23.6%of population, compared with the EU average of 26.2%.

%and the most recent fast development of LTE coverage, driving fixed to mobile substitution. However, the low purchasing power, the demographic structure of the population as well as the low e-literacy of the older population result in low penetration of Internet connections even in grey and/or black areas;

Car infotainment systems embedded with 4G LTE and wireless hotspots will be integrated more seamlessly with home monitoring cameras

the flat nature of LTE and LTE-A architectures concerns only the control plane but not the user plane:

LTE is linked to the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) in the 3gpp system evolution, and in EPC, the main packet switched core network functional entities are still remaining centralized,

or LTE (Long term Evolution) base stations (enodebs) became distributed in a flatter scheme allowing almost complete distribution of radio

In flat architectures the radio access network components could be compared much cheaper to HSPA and LTE devices today because of the economy of scale.

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