Wireless communication

Bluetooth (10)
Cellular network (264)
Long-term evolution (90)
Radio-frequency identification (145)
Wimax (52)
Wireless application protocol (4)
Wireless communication (283)

Synopsis: Ict: Communication systems: Wireless communication:

Product Service System RFID: Radio frequency identification Abbreviations and Acronyms xxiii RITA: Réseau d'Innovation et de Transfert Agricole (Network for Innovation and Agriculture Transfer (CIRAD) SMS:

Short Message Service STI: Science, Technology and Industry UAV: Unmanned aerial vehicle 1 Innovation Landscape and Fields 1. 1. From intensive industrialization to intensive innovation:

Smart carpets control cleaning robots via radio frequency identification (RFID)( Vorwerk transform harmful substances into harmless steam and carbon dioxide (duraair.

Their offer relies on CDMA6 mobile phone voice and data communication, primarily via Verizon Wireless in the United states and Bell Mobility in Canada,

Thanks to the development within sensor technology and infrastructure for wireless communication, new premium programs have appeared,

or be tagged using Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID), Near Field Communication (NFC), etc. Theinternet of Locations (Iol:

Unlimited and reliable wifi. Open plan, brightly lit, hot-desking/collaborative space with specially designed break out space, meeting rooms,

Sean O'sullivan Managing director and founder of SOSVENTURES and Carma Joe Cunningham Founder, Aldiscon, APION, Aepona, Accuris, Ammeon, ex CTO, Logica Mobile networks, Aldiscon Daniel

The concept of wireless is no longer a feature but a requirement in the Internet of things for both distinct ICT devices and their embedded counterparts in diverse areas such as automobiles, logistics, smart grids/utilities and homes. 2014 GLOBAL R&d

With technologies such as WIFI Zigbee, and home area network (HAN) communication systems, smart meters can now act as interfaces for energy management entities, customers,

COMPARISON OF SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES AND PROGRESSES IN EUROPE AND THE U s. 1159 Fig. 5. Characteristics of some wireless communication technologies:

Zigbee and WIFI, which are used already for HAN applications; Wimax, a super WIFI, with a much higher range;

and 3g, LTE/4g, and other mobile telephone communication protocols. V. COMPARATIVE METRICS FOR THE U s. VERSUS EUROPE Making the grid smarter requires considering all aspects of smart grids as part of the decision-making process.

This section compares the practices in the U s. and the EU on several topics for the development of smart grid technologies.

Box 3. The LTE patent pool A good example of a complex patent pool is the LTE (Long-term evolution) pool

LTE has been standardised by 3gpp, and more than 350 companies have participated in the working groups. LTE IPR declarations on the ETSI database are 1, 860 as of January 11th, 2010.

The following graph exemplifies the number of IPR declarations on the LTE project. Figure 16.

Number of IPR declarations in the LTE consortium, as of January 2010 Source: Sisvel, presentation at the 4th meeting of the CEPS Task force, 14 january 2010.

A NEW APPROACH TO INNOVATION POLICY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 75 One important issue for the LTE patent pooling is setting the appropriate Royalty Rate.

Different methods for doing this are the following: Some players*stated that the maximum royalty acceptable from the market is a single digit%(e g.=

using the LTE case as an example. Figure 17. LTE royalty level different scenarios No patent pool 2 patent pools and outside patent owners 76 STANDARDS AND STANDARDISATION POLICY IN EUROPE 1 patent pool

and outside patent owners Ideal Scenario Source: Sisvel, presentation at the 4th meeting of the CEPS Task force, 14 january 2010.5.2 European standardisation In terms of standardisation policy,

KET Key Enabling Technology KIC Knowledge and Innovation Community LDC Less Developed Country LTE Long-term evolution standard MNC Multinational Corporation NPL Non-Patent

6. 57 million Wireless Subscribers added in May 2007, Telecom Regulatory authority of India, Press release no. 61/2007.

as well as other devices such as 23 Radio-Frequency Identification. 25 RFID readers, both handheld and batch,

RFID barcodes or transponders on all laundry items and equipment which digitally intercommunicate and are controlled both by automatic programs and the operators.

whom Wi-fi access, smartphones and tablets are simply a fact of life. The question is

Wi-fi), which will require both investment and effort to install. 18 Organisation-many projects will involve organisational change,

and thus extend the scope of protection to new media, networks, mobile networks and devices, and social networks.

and use of computers and computer networks (wired and wireless) as well as the presence and type of connection to the Internet.

Our citizens and our enterprises must be able to access the Internet via fixed and mobile networks.

The development of open data, federated identity, bottom-up wireless and sensor networks, open hardware and distributed social networks can potentially serve collective action and awareness.

A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed wireless sensors to monitor physical conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants,

and combine successfully different wireless and wired (optical) link technologies, fixed and ad hoc routing schemes and management schemes.

and then deploy, run, monitor Innovative combinations of network solutions and infrastructures, e g. sensor networks, free interoperable network services, open Wifi, bottom-up-broadband, distributed social networks,

RFID-tagged objects and other devices that see, hear, move, coordinate and‘reason'with each other.

The board also contains a Wifi antenna that enables the direct upload of data from the sensors in real time.

5) Now Networked Enterprise and RFID Unit, Directorate General information Society and Media. 6) Inspired by work of Thomas Kurz,

Examples Open Networks innovative combinations of network solutions and infrastructures, e g. sensor networks, free interoperable network services, open Wifi, bottom-up-broadband, distributed social networks

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed wireless sensors to monitor physical conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants,

An Open Sensor Network (OSN) is a Wireless Sensor Network that manages Open information in an Open environment.

and combine successfully different wireless and wired (optical) link technologies, fixed and ad hoc routing schemes,

An unlocked Android phone with touch screen, Wifi and GPS that sold for $300 four years ago now costs $30,

RFID-tagged objects and other devices that see, hear, move, and coordinate and reason with each other.

sensors integrated in Wi-fi networks and other technologies based on fibre optics to the home (FTTH).''The overarching Commons4eu project focuses on networked collaborative projects for use online and with mobile devices, based on the experience of Code for America,

‘Super Wifi, Sensor integration into wifi networks and fibre deployment as commons (both new techniques such as aerial as well as fibre bandwidth management'.

From the‘Super Wifi, Sensor integration into wifi networks and fibre deployment as commons'(which includes new techniques such as aerial as well as fibre bandwidth management),

Funkfeuer, Athens Wireless Metropolitan Network, The OPLAN Foundation, Comunicació per a la Cooperació Pangea Fraunhofer institute and Interdisciplinary Institute for Broadband Technology.

Nodes connect using affordable and accessible wireless IEEE 802.11 a b/n technology, using equipment from various manufacturers,

In Melbourne, Australia, Melbourne Wireless is a quickly growing community network (Braem et al. 2013). 94 95 Desis Network At a glance:

This enables users to see the measurements in real time by using a Bluetooth and Airprobe app on their smartphone,

As an example, Nodo Móvil is a campaign to create a mobile wifi connection unit for social movements and public spaces.

Skyrocketing consumption of mobile data is becoming curbed by a finite amount of licensed spectrum and the capacity limitations of cellular networks.

3g or 4g and Wi-fi: It enables seamless handoffs and simultaneous use of multiple networks, providing the strongest and fastest connection available.

Multi-Hop Wi-fi Offloading of Their Network: Its multi-hop Wi-fi offloading solution crowd sources bandwidth via existing residential and business Wi-fi connections.

Open Garden creates an overlay mesh network using Bluetooth and Wi-fi connections across a range of mobile devices, from smartphones to tablets to laptops and desktops.

Operators can boost their offerings even as they offload traffic from their networks, particularly in urban areas where cellular coverage can be inconsistent.

Using technologies such as Multi-Hop, Channel Bonding, Bluetooth and Wi-fi Direct, Open Garden's technology provides an opportunity for carriers to address the shortcomings of cellular networks even as they deliver a superior experience for mobile data users.

It enables faster, more efficient data transmissions without requiring users to manually sift through available networks to find the best one available.

reducing power consumption, enabling Wi-fi offloading, channel bonding and multi-hop connectivity. 160 What helps to reach goals and overcome barriers?

and connect to a shared Wi-fi to access Coder through Chrome. The whole process, according to the developers, should take just 10 minutes.

and a Wi-fi dongle, allowing for the MP4 lectures that make up the core of Khan academy's material to be brought to areas with poor Internet connectivity.

and a Wifi antenna that enables the direct upload data from the sensors in real time to the online platform Anyone who has owns a kit,

Examples Open Networks innovative combinations of network solutions and infrastructures, e g. sensor networks, free interoperable network services, open Wifi, bottom-up-broadband, distributed social networks

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed wireless sensors to monitor physical conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants,

An Open Sensor Network (OSN) is a Wireless Sensor Network that manages Open information in an Open environment.

and combine successfully different wireless and wired (optical) link technologies, fixed and ad hoc routing schemes,

An unlocked Android phone with touch screen, Wifi and GPS that sold for $300 four years ago now costs $30,

RFID-tagged objects and other devices that see, hear, move, and coordinate and reason with each other.

sensors integrated in Wi-fi networks and other technologies based on fibre optics to the home (FTTH).''The overarching Commons4eu project focuses on networked collaborative projects for use online and with mobile devices, based on the experience of Code for America,

‘Super Wifi, Sensor integration into wifi networks and fibre deployment as commons (both new techniques such as aerial as well as fibre bandwidth management'.

From the‘Super Wifi, Sensor integration into wifi networks and fibre deployment as commons'(which includes new techniques such as aerial as well as fibre bandwidth management),

Funkfeuer, Athens Wireless Metropolitan Network, The OPLAN Foundation, Comunicació per a la Cooperació Pangea Fraunhofer institute and Interdisciplinary Institute for Broadband Technology.

Nodes connect using affordable and accessible wireless IEEE 802.11 a b/n technology, using equipment from various manufacturers,

In Melbourne, Australia, Melbourne Wireless is a quickly growing community network (Braem et al. 2013). 94 95 Desis Network At a glance:

This enables users to see the measurements in real time by using a Bluetooth and Airprobe app on their smartphone,

As an example, Nodo Móvil is a campaign to create a mobile wifi connection unit for social movements and public spaces.

Skyrocketing consumption of mobile data is becoming curbed by a finite amount of licensed spectrum and the capacity limitations of cellular networks.

3g or 4g and Wi-fi: It enables seamless handoffs and simultaneous use of multiple networks, providing the strongest and fastest connection available.

Multi-Hop Wi-fi Offloading of Their Network: Its multi-hop Wi-fi offloading solution crowd sources bandwidth via existing residential and business Wi-fi connections.

Open Garden creates an overlay mesh network using Bluetooth and Wi-fi connections across a range of mobile devices, from smartphones to tablets to laptops and desktops.

Operators can boost their offerings even as they offload traffic from their networks, particularly in urban areas where cellular coverage can be inconsistent.

Using technologies such as Multi-Hop, Channel Bonding, Bluetooth and Wi-fi Direct, Open Garden's technology provides an opportunity for carriers to address the shortcomings of cellular networks even as they deliver a superior experience for mobile data users.

It enables faster, more efficient data transmissions without requiring users to manually sift through available networks to find the best one available.

reducing power consumption, enabling Wi-fi offloading, channel bonding and multi-hop connectivity. 160 What helps to reach goals and overcome barriers?

and connect to a shared Wi-fi to access Coder through Chrome. The whole process, according to the developers, should take just 10 minutes.

and a Wi-fi dongle, allowing for the MP4 lectures that make up the core of Khan academy's material to be brought to areas with poor Internet connectivity.

and a Wifi antenna that enables the direct upload data from the sensors in real time to the online platform Anyone who has owns a kit,

More than 21%of subscribers are affected by peerto-peer (P2p) restrictions on fixed networks and Voice over internet Protocol (Voip) restrictions on mobile networks.

Additionally more than 36%of users are experiencing restrictions regarding P2p on mobile networks. Such restrictions affect access to several legal services that use P2p technology

The Decision contains a number of provisions fostering the availability of spectrum for wireless broadband services,

The RSPP aims at a target of 1200 MHZ available spectrum for wireless broadband by 2015

and imposes the obligation on Member States to make available the 800 MHZ band for wireless broadband by 1 january 2013.

The 800 MHZ band is crucial for the economic roll out of nationwide wireless broadband services.

In order to step up its efforts to achieve the goals of the Radio spectrum Policy Programme, in particular in the area of wireless broadband,

and thereby the rollout and usage of high speed wireless communication networks and services. 4. CONCLUSION Many actions included in the action plan have been completed already,

Wide area monitoring and protection (WAM & WAP) systems will be applied to manage the congestions in the transmission systems in a way that improves the security and reliability of grid operation.

the leading regional company AT4 Wireless. In addition to Marco Marchese and Jonathan Potter of the OECD LEED Secretariat, the review team consisted of the following experts:

as shown by AT4-Wireless and other innovative firms. Curiously, for a region which has an extensive range of policies and tools to support entrepreneurship,

Provision of new library and civic centre in Borris Provision of new fire stations in Carlow Town and Hacketstown New civil defence headquarters in Bagenalstown Facilitation of wireless broadband in Bagenalstown

Technology-Salon on the future of RFID Technologies in 2008. There have been serious and controversial discussions on the application of Radio frequency identification (RFID) during the last years;

ending up with a wide scope of different perspectives and unanswered questions. Which political framework would be needed to ensure the use of RFID?

How can radio technology be implemented responsibly? On September 25th 2008, these and further questions were discussed at the 1st Berlin Technology-Salon On the path to a transparent product:

The political framework for the future of RFID-Technology (German: Auf dem Weg zum gläsernen Produkt:

and development of RFID-technology and reconsidered solutions for aligned challenges. The goal: Formulation of a joint position of all participants.

Even more distant was ubiquitous high-speed, broadband wireless, such as Wi-fi, and the miniaturized devices courtesy of Moore's Law to utilize it (Wikipedia, 2013c).

Greek e-toll systems use Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) sensors and tags, in order to automatically detect passages from gateways.

The development of open data, federated identity, bottom-up wireless and sensor networks, open hardware and distributed social networks can potentially serve collective action and awareness.

A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed wireless sensors to monitor physical conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants,

and combine successfully different wireless and wired (optical) link technologies, fixed and ad hoc routing schemes and management schemes.

and then deploy, run, monitor Innovative combinations of network solutions and infrastructures, e g. sensor net works, free interoperable network services, open Wifi, bottom-up-broadband,

RFID-tagged objects and other devices that see, hear, move, coordinate and‘reason'with each other.

The board also contains a Wifi antenna that enables the direct upload of data from the sensors in real time.

http://tiny. cc/k36r0w Wifi for pilots Under the leadership of the German Aerospace Centre (DLR), thirty partners have come together to develop a new communication system for aircraft:

A Digital and Wireless Periphery North Jutland is a county on the Jutland peninsula in Northern Denmark, the largest county in Denmark.

) 16%(2014) 26 13%(2013) 26 31%(2014) 4a2 RFID%enterprises (no financial sector, 10+employees) 3. 9%(2014) 16 1

53 3. 3. 4 Deployment and implications of RFID technology...58 3. 4 Internal Process Integration...

For example, the diffusion of Intermodal Transportation Management Systems (ITMS) or RFID technology is used more widely in the US.

US firms (in%,by their share of firms)- 2007 ICT adoption indicator USA EU-7*Internet access 100 97 Wireless LAN 43 22 Intranet 29

24 ITMS (Intermodal Transportation Management System) 8 4 RFID (Radio frequency identification Device) 7 2 Data Exchange mostly electronically 13 13 WMS (Warehouse Management

7 RFID adoption and implications (several sectors)--8 Intellectual property rights for ICT-producing SMES 30.01+02,32. 1-3, 33.2+3;

One such technology is radio frequency identification (RFID) which is a growing market but requires further research

RFID is expected to contribute to improved efficiency and security, and provide new quality services for mobility of people and goods. For instance,

the railroads, have fortified RFID with even more advanced technologies, including GPS, real-time engine-health monitoring and wireless data.

RFID-enabled supply chains are beneficial in the following ways: reduce inventory levels due to increased confidence in on-hand, in-transit,

firms may appeal to bar-coding or to RFID. The bar-coding and RFID are identification technologies that facilitate logistics information collection and exchange.

As regards data communications technologies, firms may appeal to the electronic data interchange (EDI), the Internet, the Value Added Network amongst others.

The main issues or trends in warehousing include radio frequency identification (RFID), transportation management systems, pick-to-light technology,

the deployment of the Wireless LAN technology only reach 22%of the sector companies, although it is used already by about a half of the large-sized firms,

and Cellular networks (GNSS/CN)"."The standard will provide the main technical requirement for the achievement of interoperability.

E-business in the transport & logistics industry 58 3. 3. 4 Deployment and implications of RFID technology Factors determining the use of RFID in the TLS industry The current business environment

One such measure is the use of RFID. In transport and logistics, RFID is expected to contribute to improved efficiency and security,

and provide new quality services for mobility of people and goods. Using RFID, companies can track

and monitor goods without scanning them using bar code scanners. Thus, RFID Technology and Systems RFID can be viewed as a competitor to the barcode,

or a more advanced technology than the barcode. This technology streamlines warehouse management systems, encouraging its adoption and that of other SCM solutions.

As the use of RFID touches a wide range of policy issues including spectrum policy, privacy, food and drug safety, identity cards, biometric passports, e-payments,

and possible concerns raised by the deployment of RFID technology and its applications. 91 In practice,

It is an enormous step to move from the present market to one where RFID is ubiquitous,

but there are clear signs that the market is moving. 92 A more widespread RFID deployment could strengthen the role of ICT in driving innovation

In the transport industry, RFID systems have the inherent capacity to assist in vehicle identification,

RFID systems are playing a role in increasing load factors and hence reducing empty running.

In logistics applications, RFID enables service providers and forwarders to better track and trace consignments on the different legs of transport processes.

By tagging not only packages and consignments but also transport units and vehicles with RFID technology, the asset management of these transport operators can be improved.

Using RFID technologies for ticketing in public transport will not only lower transaction handling costs and reduce fare dodging,

2004) RFID Logistics Case studies-Thirty detailed RFID logistics case studies. E-business in the transport & logistics industry 59 opportunities for public transport companies and strengthen their competitiveness in the transport market. 93

Current trends and forecasts indicate that the RFID market will grow fast in the next 10 years.

Although RFID technology was tested proven and in the past 3 years under a huge variety of operational conditions,

environments and applications, enterprises that commit to the RFID journey are and will still be facing some challenges that need to be overcome as to lower implementation risks

Results from the present Sebw survey show a very limited use of RFID technologies yet.

By sub-sector, about 6%of the logistics firms, 1%of passenger transport firms and 1%of the freight transport companies said they used RFID.

The highest percent of those firms (77%)said that they use RFID technologies to manage goods, products and services inhouse.

Only large firms show the higher adoption of RFID technologies (24%.%Exhibit 3. 3-5:%

%of companies using RFID by sub-sector 12 1214 13 0 10 20 30 40 50 T&l-total (EU-7) Passenger trans.

RFID application areas(%of RFID users applying it for a given purpose) 82 36 29 77 0 20 40 60 80 10 0 to support the order of goods

to manage products inhouse to support customer service to manage the value chain In%of firms (out of those using RFID.

companies using RFID. Source: Sectoral e-Businesswatch (Survey 2007) Nevertheless, if the typical innovation life-cycle applies to RFID technology,

a possible scenario for the TLS industry is that the technology will be adopted by medium-sized and smaller companies once it has proven successful in larger firms,

and become more affordable to SMES. 93 Towards an RFIC Policy for Europe (2007), RFID in Transport and Logistics, RFID Consultation Web site:

such as barcode scanners, mobile computers, wireless LANS and potentially RFID to efficiently monitor the flow of products.

or a real-time wireless transmission to a central database. The database can then provide useful reports about the status of goods in the warehouse.

RFID. There's a very limited use of RFID technologies yet. Only 2%of firms (23 from a total of 1097 surveyed firms) have declared that they do use this technology

mainly large-sized firms. E-business in the transport & logistics industry 93 4 Drivers and impacts of ICT adoption Chapter 3 assessed the current state-of-play in e-business in the TLS industry.

Centralised information system, RFID 5. 1. 1 Background and objectives The goal of this case study is to demonstrate an example of the adoption and usage of ebusiness systems in AISA,

This system consists of the implementation of RFID chips in the fuel tank area of the buses that to control the fuel consumption of the bus and opt to a professional fuel subsidy from the Spanish Government.

The company has future project for the implementation of GPS systems and Wifi implementation onboard the buses for data transfers in the garages.

The Telemat system of RFID chip for fuel subsidy has very positive impacts in the cost reduction thanks to the fuel subsidy save.

intelligent proximity sensors onboard some of the vehicles or the use of integrated mobile data communications systems onboard the buses. Some of the high class buses (like the Supra class coach) have implemented also free Wifi Internet connection service for the clients.

GPS control, fleet management in real-time, intelligent sensors the onboard vehicles, Wifi bus communication systems or digital tachographs) have a double positive impact for the company,

An RFID solution would not have been a possible choice for Hupac. For an RFID solution the infrastructure must be put in place at the terminals to read the codes.

Since Hupac only owns 40%of the terminals that it uses, the coverage of the solution would not have been acceptable. 5. 8. 5 References Research for this case study was conducted by Caren Hochheimer, Altran on behalf of the Sectoral e-Businesswatch.

either through location positioning systems or through RFID technologies. Saima will investigate those solutions in the future. 5. 10.5 References Research for this case study was conducted by Caren Hochheimer, Altran, on behalf of the Sectoral e-Businesswatch.

and an SMS and WAP travel planner service. The objective of the real-time information project is to provide travellers with the accurate vehicle arrival and departure time information via the Internet,

Passenger information data can be accessed using a dialogue-oriented user menu on a WAP-compatible mobile phone (Wireless application protocol.

There is still only a very limited use of RFID technologies in the TLS industry. Only 2%of firms (23 from a total of 1097 surveyed firms) have declared that they do use this technology,

Radio frequency identification (RFID) in Europe: steps towards a policy framework; E-business Watch 2007 study on RFID adoption and implications;

EPCGLOBAL: industry-driven standards for the Electronic Product Code (EPC) to support the use of RFID.

E-business in the transport & logistics industry 189 e-Skills for Europe: Towards 2010 and Beyond (2004;

Towards an RFID Policy for Europe (2007), RFID in Transport and Logistics RFID Consultation; COM (2007) 96 final:

Radio frequency identification (RFID) in Europe: steps towards a policy framework. Realising the potential of RFID technology,

this report addressed a number of interrelated issues pertaining to security and privacy, governance, radio spectrum and standards and called for an RFID Stakeholder Group to provide an open platform allowing a dialogue between consumer organisations, market actors,

and national and European authorities. Those studies, reports and working groups, have developed a great number of policy recommendations.

Furthermore, some of those groups are working hard to realize the suggested actions derived from those policies.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) in Europe: steps towards a policy framework. Commonwealth of australia (2001. From Sheep's Back to Cyberspace:

2004) RFID Logistics Case studies-Thirty detailed RFID logistics case studies. IM@GINE IT. Web site: www. imagineit-eu. com. Infoworld (2007.

Global Purchasing & Supply Chain Strategy Towards an RFIC Policy for Europe (2007), RFID in Transport and Logistics, RFID Consultation Web site:

http://www. rfidconsultation. eu/workshops/18/124. html Towards an RFIC Policy for Europe,(2007) From RFID to the Internet of things:

http://www. rfidconsultation. eu/workshops/from-rfid-to-the-internet-of-things-march-6-and-7/introduction Trafikanten, http://www. trafikanten. no Trans Link Systems http://www

in retail, transport & logistics Retail Transport & logistics services 2248 3 RFID adoption Manufacturing sectors Retail Transport services Hospitals 434 4 Intellectual

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