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the fundamental process that allows plants to use the light they capture to convert carbon dioxide into organic necessities like sugar and starch-or food,

oemeat sugar) and the 1894 diary of a woman traveling east from Oregon by wagon.

or computer by plugging in a free sugar-cube-sized device no expensive card reader required.

Some convert sugar into medicines. Others create moisturizers that can be used in cosmetics. And still others make biofuel,

When fed sugar, it produced energy and excreted alcohol and carbon dioxide. Humans have harnessed this power for centuries to make wine, beer, cheese and other products.

and is made into plant sugars and starches Cerling said. And then an animal comes along

Different colors correspond to different amounts of sugar in the grapes a basic criterion for their wine-making characteristics.

The method utilised a focused heat source moving over a bed of sugar to fuse large 3d sugar sculptures.

DDD) acquired The Sugar Lab a startup producing edible 3d sugar confections. The Sugar Lab had adapted 3d Systems'Color Jet Printing (CJP) technology to print flavoured edible binders on a sugar bed to fabricate solid structures.

Beyond novelty printed food could provide serious medical benefits. The netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific research (TNO) announced they ll build printers to reassemble pureed food to look like the original think 3d printed broccoli florets from pureed broccoli.

and to accept a carbon source of corn-based sugar. The microorganisms feed on the plant-derived sugars and produce PHA.

The PHA is separated then from the bacteria and made into pellets that can be molded into plastic products.

whereas Mango Materials uses waste methane which is considerably less expensive than sugar. By using methane gas as the feedstock we can significantly drive down costs of production Morse says.

Scientists know how to convert these materials into simple sugars, but doing so requires energy and specialized enzymes, or both.

its output second only to that of the United states. Fermenting the sugars in the country s abundant sugar cane produced a motor fuel that lowered carbon dioxide emissions,

and diesel substitutes, can be produced from simple sugars, usually by fermentation. Most of the sugars come from foodstuffs,

including sugar cane and maize (corn). But most of the biomass produced in agriculture and forestry lies unused in more-complex chains of sugars, for example lignin and cellulose.

These tough, recalcitrant materials, which provide structural support for wood, grasses and the non-edible parts of crops, are hard to break down.

chemists from the University of Wisconsin-Madison have invented now a process that they say easily extracts sugars from lignin and cellulose fibres."

and easily recovered from a mixture of dissolved sugars. Chemist James Dumesic, who is also part of the Wisconsin-Madison team,

the researchers will test their solvent at pre-pilot scales producing 1 litre of sugars per day says Luterbacher,

and Brazil either using enzymes to break up plant material into fermentable sugars, or applying extremely high temperatures to break down biomass into syngas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide).

Large trees however could survive for several decades thanks to slow metabolism and substantial sugar stores.

Catalyzing more sugars from biomasscatalysis may initiate almost all modern industrial manufacturing processes but catalytic activity on solid surfaces is understood poorly.

This is especially true for the cellulase enzymes used to release fermentable sugars from cellulosic biomass for the production of advanced biofuels.

technique called PALM--for Photo-Activated Localization Microscopy--the researchers have found a way to improve the collective catalytic activity of enzyme cocktails that can boost the yields of sugars for making fuels.

Increasing the sugar yields from cellulosic biomass to help bring down biofuel production costs is essential for the widespread commercial adoption of these fuels.

The enzymatic breakdown of cellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars has been the Achilles heel of biofuels a key economic bottleneck says chemical engineer Harvey Blanch one of the leaders of this research.

Synthesized from the sugars in the cellulosic biomass of grasses other non-food crops and agricultural waste advanced biofuels represent a sustainable nonpolluting source of transportation fuel that would also generate domestic jobs and revenue.

Unlike the simple starch-based glucose sugars in corn and other grains the sugars in cellulosic biomass are complex polysaccharides that must be extricated from a tough polymer called lignin

The key to this exciting development is that Zhang is using the second most prevalent sugar in plants to produce this hydrogen he said.

Other processes that convert sugar into biofuels such as ethanol and butanol always have energy efficiencies of less than 100 percent resulting in an energy penalty.

There are on the market various patented enzymes that can do the job and break down cellulose into sugar

so they can reorder their favorite drinks--with, for instance, a certain number of vanilla shots or certain amount of sugar.

A tree is actually sugar. You need to do a bit of chemistry to get the sugar out.

Mother Nature has five types of sugars--we can use two types, six-carbon and five-carbon sugars found in nature.

Smartplanet: Cobalt has seen investment from Vantagepoint, Pinnacle, LSP and Harris & Harris, among others. How did you convince them that biofuels could be done?

RW: You put a slide pack together and go to popular private equity center Sand Hill Road.

Corn cobs are easy to break down into sugar. But that's not a solution to the cellulosic fuel problem.

Unlike corn or even sugar ethanol, halophyte algae (algae that grow in saltwater) do not compete with food stocks for freshwater. oewhen the cost of pumping ocean water into so-called wasteland regions such as the Sahara

600 litres of water to produce one litre of pure ethanol if it comes from sugar,