Epoch

Deadline (3)
Decade (125)
Epoch (75)
Hours (98)
Late (62)
Modernity (18)
Moment (29)
Night (3)
Season (38)
Timing (44)
Week (4)

Synopsis: Time & dates: Time & duration: Time periods: Epoch:

and communication technologies in the present era, the ability to predict at an early stage which particular pathways

Multilevel governance 1. Introduction The first universities emerged as responses to the need to harness the expanding intellectual forces of the era to the increasingly demanding knowledge requirements of the surrounding society

etc. 8 Several ERA visions have been devised by putting governance issues into the centre, see e g. 18 20 the ones developed in this paper follow a different logic. 9 The term‘universities'is used as shorthand for all sorts of higher education organisations. 10 The first attempt to do so can be found in a previous

http://www. bruegel. org. 7 STRATA-ETAN EXPERT group, Higher education and Research for the ERA:

In this section, the paper explicates the social and technological organizational structures which may permit a new era of open innovation.

The role of performance comparisons has become increasingly important in the era of globalization when competition is not only between multinational and other enterprises but also between economies and innovation systems.

But, undoubtedly, with the dynamics of the ERA building, a European R&i system is emerging,

The ERA NET‘‘Nanosci-ERA''is coordinating national programmes: is a Consortium of 17 national research agencies from 12 countries in the European research area

this paper proposes a reasonably validated framework which beyond its acknowledged limitations addresses directly the difficult issue of the design of Foresight activities fit for the emerging European research area (ERA.

ERA is, in short, the integration/coordination of research and innovation policies between the EU and Member States 13 Mona:

we suggest our methodology is applicable indeed for designing such ERA Foresight activities and contribute to address the challenge we face regarding both the ERA and Foresight.

Acknowledgements This paper is based on a workshop organised by the JRC-IPTS European foresight Action at Seville, Spain, June 2008.

(ERA), European commission, Luxembourg, 2008.19 D. Braun, Special issue on‘‘The political coordination of knowledge and innovation policies'',Science and Public policy 35 (4)( 2008.

/Futures 43 (2011) 232 242 241 43 S. Kuhlmann, ERA-Dynamics Project Strategic Report 2006 2007:

Case study on Chemistry (ERA Dynamics PRIME Project), 2009.45 P. van den Besselaar, A. Schoen, Knowledge dynamics: a network analytical approach, in:

In some parts of Eastern europe priorities are an instrument to move towards a contemporary portfolio and away from the materials science/defence orientation of the Soviet era.

as well as the integration of accession states into the European research area (ERA)''19. Havas and Keenan have noted a tendency in such countries for science systems to be disconnected from innovation

FOREN Guide Foresight for Regional development Network A Practical Guide to Regional foresight, European commission, December 2001.6 H. Chesbrough, The era of open innovation, Sloan Management Review 44 (3)( 2003.

The concept should be understood as the possibility of building a new era of economic development, enabled with policies 22 that keep

‘‘A significant feature of this era is the strange combination of more than ever long term challenges like climate change with the need for leaders to react in the very short-term conditions of a crisis''.More than ever,

Human Science for a New Era, Transaction Publishers, Piscataway, NJ. Bhimji, W. 2009), Guidance on the Use of Strategic foresight Analysis for Policy development in Government, UK Government office for Science, London, available at:

who argued that the industrial era of the past and today's ISSN 0953-7325 print/ISSN 1465-3990 online 2012 Taylor & francis http://dx. doi. org/10.1080/09537325.2012.715475 http://www. tandfonline. com

Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 04:57 03 december 2014 730 Editorial information era will be followed by a molecular era,

when moving to the molecular era, thus limiting the possibilities of forecasting. He continued that

by zooming in on the issue of unpredictability, in line with Linstone's argument on the limitations of forecasting in times of transition between two eras.

Three eras of technology foresight, keynote speech. Fourth international Seville conference on future-oriented technology analysis, May 12 13, Seville. http://foresight. jrc. ec. europa. eu/fta 2011/documents/download/PRESENTATIONS/Keynotes/FTA%202011

Three eras of technology foresight. Technovation 31, nos. 2 3: 69 76. Ollila, J. 2011. The innovation policy challenge, keynote speech.

'when we assume an industrial age model of factory-based production, industrial era life patterns and health services,

so that its‘certainties'are fraught with the uncertainties of expertise (7) There is the temptation to believe that hugely increased computational power will take FTA into a Kurzwellian era in

and is possibly entering into an era of rapid commercialisation. We applied science overlay mapping (Leydesdorff

and the region's place in the era of globalization. 3. Integrative study 3. 1 Advantage of combination A good public investment in research and development needs an overall picture of facets of science

Rationales for the European research area (ERA), Report of the ERA Expert Group, European commission, Brussels. European commission DG Research (2009), Preparing Europe for a New Renaissance.

complex and adaptive nature of the systems we are dealing with today are moving from one technological era to another.

and methods of social scanning and prediction markets could be used to improve professional forecasting and foresight in an era of complex phenomena and disruptive events with high level of uncertainties.

Forecast. 17 (2010) 5 7. 12 H. A. Linstone, Three eras of technology foresight, keynote speech, in:

Accessed July 2012.13 H. A. Linstone, Three eras of technology foresight, Technovation 31 (2011) 69 76.14 I. Tuomi, Foresight in an unpredictable world, Technol.

Universal Darwinism 1. Introductory thoughts The main objective of this seminar concerns the exploitation of the powerful new capabilities provided by the Information technology Era to advance Future-oriented technology analysis (TFA), both product and process.

What makes the difference now are exactly the powerful new capabilities provided by the Information technology Era

By the same epoch, and not necessarily motivated by evolutionary concepts, the bio-mathematicians Vito Volterra and Alfred Lotka popularized a set of differential equations to describe the growth of population levels,

The Coming Era of Nanotechnology 17, Drexler developed far reaching new ideas of the possibilities and risks of technologies on the nanoscale.

Res. 13 (2011) 427 445.17 K. E. Drexler, Engines of creation, The Coming Era of Nanotechnology, Anchor Press, New york, 1987.18 K. E. Drexler

Future-oriented Innovation Foresight Grand challenges Disruptive Transformations When circumstances become more turbulent it is often the case that an era is regarded retrospectively as one of calm

but a counter hypothesis would suggest that deeply embedded institutions are equipped better to fight for survival (one thinks of the persistence of at best partially-reformed institutions from the Soviet-dominated era in some post-transition countries).

most noticeably but by no means exclusively at European level where societal challenges such as health, energy and food security, transport, climate and resources and innovative and secure societies became first a part of the ERA debate 10 and subsequently a central

as contribution towards the establishment of common research policy (i e. the so-called European research area (ERA). 3 This contribution refers to a very specific project

http://ec. europa. eu/research/era/index en. html. 2 http://forera. jrc. ec. europa. eu/fta/intro. html. 458 F

The nature of innovation in this new era is fundamentally different from the earlier technology push

) 1051 1067.38 H. Chesbrough, The era of open innovation, Sloan Management Review 44 (2003) 35 41.39 T. Heger, R. Rohrbeck, Strategic foresight for collaborative exploration

in the present era of public funding accountability, remaining viable in the long term seems to be a critical indicator of success. In terms of critical success factors it was interestiin to note that all the studies showed that foresight delivery

in this era of public funding accountability, seems to be critical in itself as an indication of success. As many subjects stated,

Throughout the era, Chinese leaders have pointed to science as a key to economic progress and competitiveness, most recently through the concept of‘scientific development'and the launching of the indigennou innovation strategy (e g.

2004), is developed the biotechnology in the post-genetic engineering era in the 1970s and comprised of a broad range of knowledge fields. 1 The biotechnology developed before the post-genetic engineering era is defined in this paper as traditional biotechnology.

While the majority of the existing literature on modern biotechnollog focuses on the empirical experiences of European countries and the USA (Mckelvey et al. 2004;

The aim is to rejuvenate the European research area (ERA), an overt political project, which, since its adoption a decade ago, has yet to meet the expectatiion of European policy-makers.

thereby contributing to the realisation of a fully fledged ERA. However, these efforts face many practical and conceptuua hurdles.

See<http://www. era. gv. at/space/11442/directory/19999/doc/21643. html>accessed Dec 2011.11.

References Acheson, H.,Amanatidou, E. and Boekholt, P. 2007)‘ Optimising research programmes and priorities',Report of the ERA Expert Group, EUR 23324.

2010)‘ The impact of European policy on the development of the ERA in the areas relevant to environmennt'Draft Final Report.

The categories of grand challenges identified by theeuropean Research area (ERA) Rationales Expert Group (European commission 2008) provide one typology of transformations.

2008)‘ Challenging Europe's Research Rationales for the European research area (ERA)',Report of the ERA Expert Group, EUR 23326 EN.

<http://ec. europa. eu/research/era/pdf/eg7-era-rationales-final-report en. pdf>accessed 15 dec 2011.

This IGY heralded a new era in collaborative earth sciences research. Taking place at Orienting international science cooperation to meet global‘grand challenges'.

International Cooperation in Science and Technology',report of the ERA Expert Group 5, Directorate-General for Research, EUR 23325 EN.

2011)‘ iknow ERA Toolkit: Applications of Wild Cards and Weak signals to the Grand challenges and Thematic Priorities of the European research area'.

Based on the results of the last workshop for funding organisaations three working groups were formed such that each consisted of funding organisations with shared interesst in the topic of the working group. 3. 1. 2 EMIDA ERA-NET27.

support mobilising and networking of innovation communities across borders EMIDA ERA-NET21 29 partners (and three observers) of 19 EU Member States and Associated Countries 2008 11 Develop a durable focused network22 of national research funders in Member and Associated States of EU in order to share information,

ERAWATCH is a platform collecting data on national research systems in the ERA, including policy documents and research programmes. 11.

NETWATCH collects data on transnational research collaboration in the ERA. 12. In Europe the following European and intergovernmennta mechanisms are in place:

2010a)‘ A vision for strengthening world-class research infrastructures in the ERA',Report from the Expert Group on Research infrastructures, Directorate-General for Research, Directorate B European research area:

Gnamus, A. 2009) Comparative Report on S&t Cooperation of the ERA Countries with Brazil, India and Russia, JRC Scientific and Technical Reports, EUR 25022 EN.<

<http://www. era. gv. at/attach/Urban-Report ecassessment 201104 final. pdf>accessed 15 march 2012. Embedding foresight in transnational research programming. 207

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