Late

Deadline (3)
Decade (125)
Epoch (75)
Hours (98)
Late (62)
Modernity (18)
Moment (29)
Night (3)
Season (38)
Timing (44)
Week (4)

Synopsis: Time & dates: Time & duration: Time periods: Late:

K. M. Weber/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 462 482 tendances lourdes can be identified like the development of electricity and propulsion technologies starting in the late 19th century and information

After all, it is external developments that drive the need for adaptation. 24 The understanding of innovation systems analysis as used here is based on the conventional actor-oriented approach as pioneered by Freeman 44 and Lundvall 45 in the late 1980s and early 1990s

e g. the first MP3 patents were applied for in the late 1980s whereas the broad commercialisation started ten years later 23.

Van den Belt and Rip 36 extended the Nelson Winter Dosi models for the late 19th synthetic dye industry,

The evaluation of the latest UK Foresight programme 5 sheds light on several direct and indirect impacts and highlighted several factors that affected the overall success of the UK foresight exercise.

Land use transportation scenario planning projects have been carried out since the late 1980s in the US 37. In particular metropolitan transportation has moved from a supply-side focus siting facilities to meet projected demands toward a more 1152 E. Störmer et al./

These cases were run between late 2006 and early 2008. In the next section, we present the process

so that the comparison of indicators of latest exercise to those of previous barometers remains possible. 2. Theoretical framework

meaning that the comparison of latest exercise with previous ones remains possible, allowing the identification of changes occurred in the course of time both in indicator study as well as in survey study.

latest developments in various technological-scientific subject areas were analysed, consolidated and processed in order to attain a reliable description of the international state-of-the-art.

Formal rejection of the notion of infinite plasticity came in the late 1960s and early 1970s with the growth of technology assessment (TA) and the creation of the Office of Technology assessment (OTA) in the USA,

The evidence for this lies in the age, occupation, gender and background of the majority of Foresight participants who have been middle-to late-middle aged, professional managers and scientists, male and university graduates.

Although the use of foresight exercises as a tool has become widespread over the latest 10 15 years

Followiin the change of government in Denmark in late 2001 the energy research programmes were cut by two-thirds in 2002,

The latest strategy plan for the Technical research Council was Strategy plan 2003 2007, publisshe in August 2002 (Statens Teknisk-Videnskabelige Forskningsråd 2002.

and politician-targeted format was taken late in the process, early in 2002. The Research Agency played, in collaboration with the council, an important role in the definition of this communication format.

for example, the general national research strategy developed in the mid-1990s (Miljø-og Energiministeriet 1996a c). Danish energy research experienced considerable turbulence following the change in governnmen in late 2001.

But in small countries, this is particularly difficult to achieve across the board as many S&t areas lack sufficient‘critical mass'to keep pace with all the latest developments.

An advantage of this late stepwas that the results were owned nowpartly by the MCHER, which had not been the case previously.

the late 1970s saw the emergence of a new paradigm in research, technology and then also innovation policies,

which has been debated in the Parliament in late 2008.4. Axes of balance in Finnsight Although formal evaluation of Finnsight has been carried out,

The European union had approved a number of GM crops until late 1998, but growing public concern over their supposed environmental and health risks led several EU countries to demand the moratorium.

By late 1999 there were enough such countries to block any new approvals of GM produce.

or manufacturing mechanisms is one of the latest arrivals to the abstract sets. Cultural topics are of huge importance in the abstract set

and talk up the latest FTA wares to those who may have need a to apply them. To this end, it is crucial in the future to design

and learn about the latest advances in and applications of FTA. This would suggest the need for continuing evolution of the format of the conference so as to engage policy-makers directly with issues in

''But the rules do not have to be fixed they can change according changes in the system too (for a driver a late night in a bad area may change the first rule to‘‘don't stop for anyone''.

The scenario process was facilitated by the Finland futures research centre (FFRC) of the University of Turku in late 2008.

Technology assessment (TA) started in the late 1960s as an dearly warningt method 33, merely to inform parliaments about possible negative effects of new technologies.

In the late 1980s the notion of constructive technology assessment (CTA) became apparent in Europe. Many different types of CTA exist depending on the audience, phase of technological development, etc.

In 1983, Loveridge was only the then latest person to raise questions along the following lines:‘

Firm Business Foresight activities started Philips Consumer electronics Early 1990s BASF Chemicals Mid-1990s Daimler Automotive Late 1970s Siemens Consumer Products,

Coming late in the annual process, the results have been more modest than they could have been.

and they show the application of this dialogue approach in a range of different situations. 5. 1 Strategic dialogue to transfer results from the BMBF Foresight process Strategic dialogues were conducted, for example, for focus areas from the latest BMBF Foresight process (German Federal Ministry

In a recent special issue of Technological forecasting and Social Change on adaptivity in decision-making, the guest editors conclude that Adaptive policy-making is a way of dealing with deep uncertainty that falls between too much precaution and acting too late.

sense-making and decision-making in late modernity, Futures 38 (2006) 350 366.77 P. De Smedt, Can Negotiating the Future Influence Policy and Social change?

but rather on the longer-term interplay between the organizational settings in both countries and the future-oriented nanotechnology analysis. In countries such as the US and Germany, where FTA on nanotechnology were already underway in the late 1980s,

Early and radical visions that shaped the field in the late 1980s were published by individual thinkers 17,18.

The early individual vision of Eric Drexler, who envisioned a distant future vision of molecular manufacturing in the late 1980s,

and his ideas became a disputed reference point in the debate around nanotechnology in the late 1980s and the 1990s.

The goals defined in the latest NNI strategic plan of 2011 address this user-centric ecosystem by covering the whole ecosystem of innovation:

started in the late 1980s and focused in the early stages on technology analysis, market analyses and technology assessment activities.

and this institutional fragmentation can also be observed with regard to the governance of science, technology and innovation in the field of nanotechnology. 4. Comparing the US and Germany 4. 1. Timing and intervention Between the late 1980s and the late 1990s,

Several industrial countries established their first programs in that field in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

such as the late consideration of societal challenges, there are also differences in governance structures. In Germany, disparate sources of knowledge were pooled not

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, several industrial countries established their first programs in 450 P. Schaper-Rinkel/Technological forecasting & Social Change 80 (2013) 444 452

This late adoption may be due to several reasons. First, during the 1970s, Denmark had some rather negative experiences with prospective planning.

When this buy in happens too late in the process, there is less internal support, and policy-makers and politicians will not experience the added value of the scenario analysis.

EIT ICT Labs The European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT) is the latest attempt of the European commission (EC) to increase European innovation performance.

for instance by adding a scenario development phase late on in the project. This becaam necessary because the range of possible futures turned out to be broader than was expected initially.

The project was announced concluded in late 2008 and the full report (APEC CTF, 2008) with policy recommendatiio was presented at the 34th APEC Industrial Sciennc

medicine with testing linked to information networks and personalized treatment High throughput technologies Rapid pathogen genetic characterization, high level of biosecurity Users'requirement Access to latest technologies

high polymerase chain reaction capacity High throughput genetic sequencing Multiplex testing Access to latest and developing diagnostic technologies High-level investigative capacity and capability Local site Regional

The latest MLP was presented in February 2006 and lasts until 2020. It proposed guidelines which are expressed in 16 Chinese characters:

which goals are pursued through the various priorities identified in the latest and largest plans and programs.

Thus, in the making of the latest Medium and Long-term Plan, an‘expert consulttatio group for the overall strategy for the Mediumaan Long-term Plan'consisting of around 20 senior scienttist was created in 2003 to provide input to the‘leading group'which was made up of the Prime minister

some Taiwanese universities also set up locally. 6 Until the late 1970s, there was a total of six pharmaceutical colleges in the universities of Taiwan (Zheng 2001:

Addressing grand challenges is at the core of EU policies for research and innovation as illustrated by the latest EU strategic policy documents.

By looking into the latest developments in how FTA systems understood as combination of governance modes

or are recognised too late, crises are inevitable. Emerging shortages of food, water and other resources, due to demographic trends and human activities, will have far reaching economic and social consequences,

and adapt these in view of the latest world developments. In this context, it is imperative that foresight initiatives to address global challenges are carried out at regular intervals to build a common understanding of current situatiion

Other institutes were involved often quite late in the development and formulation of the problem-solving process.

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