Decade

Deadline (3)
Decade (125)
Epoch (75)
Hours (98)
Late (62)
Modernity (18)
Moment (29)
Night (3)
Season (38)
Timing (44)
Week (4)

Synopsis: Time & dates: Time & duration: Time periods: Decade:

In fact, during the recent sharp expansion of FTA, that mainly took place in last two decades,

which we could observe during the past decades. Several interconnected research traditions have transformed our understanding of innovation processes

or even more than a decade, like in pharmaceuticals undergoing long-lasting clinical trials or even in some fields of electronics,

Also, in the field of biomedical research, off the back of the Human Genome Project15, a major emphasis in cell biology over the last decade has been focused on in areas related to genomics, proteomics, medical diagnostics,

The last few decades, however, saw a major change: with 30 48%of the relevant age cohort attending tertiary education in most OECD countries, we cannot speak of the same‘higher'education (HE) system.

instead of returning to the EU. This proportion has risen notably over the past decade: from 44.5%at the beginning of the 1990s to 57.5%at the turn of the millennium (43, p. 57.

That might lead to a much larger share of research classified by governments as military R&d. 23 A few decades ago no one would have thought of e g.

and the politically set criteria of effective, homogenous and affordable infrastructure services 2. It is fair to say that this socio-technical constellation has been highly successful over the past decades.

Over the past decades, strategic planning in these sectors was focused mostly on narrowing down context uncertainties, value considerations and system configurations to reduce complexity and ease implementation 1, 4. Given the increased range of uncertainties,

They are particularly strong in OECD countries where infrastructure networks have been established since decades. In the social science literature, the couplings have been described as socio-technical regimes.

Given the long life times of most infrastructures, strategic investment decisions will only take place every couple of decades.

a more elaborate and open approach to strategic planning seems very timely. 2. 2. Foresight supporting infrastructure planning Foresight methods have been developed over the past decades to explicitly address substantial uncertainties in technology development.

The assets built up during these decades amount to approximately 100 Billion euros 68. Today however, there is a high need for repair and renewal.

a transitory organization would be necessary to implement a stepwise decision process taking place over one or two decades.

Innovation policy Science and Technology indicators Barometer Future-oriented knowledge 1. Introduction A growing number of different international comparison systems of the economic and innovation performance of nations have emerged within a decade 2

Despite the vast amount of interest in the Nordic innovation policy during the last decade, even this approach may have its pitfalls.

Over the recent decades, it has formed a growing area of interest on the interface of academia and public and private sector policy-making.

not only unfold over several decades, but also cut across spatial scales which are influenced by a myriad of driving forces.

and in greater depth in Loveridge and Street 3. Throughout recent decades it has been presumed that people possess an infinite‘plasticity,

but the idea of the rational decision has been challenged for decades by decision theorists (Lindblom 1959;

As already mentioned, the idea of the rational decision has been challenged for decades by decision theorists.

However, it is also rather unique in that it has enacted sizeable increases in spending on research and development (R&d) over the last decade

business and research were invited to the Stakeholderworkshop with the aim of identifying the main challenges facing Luxembourg over the coming decade.

Over the past decades, many management domains have come to rely quite heavily upon empirical evidence. For example, manufacturing process management used to depend completely on tacit knowledge.

A supervisor spent decades gaining familiarity with his (or occasionally her) machines, people, and processes.

In fact Slaughter made it clear in his review of a previous decade of futures studies that‘‘As we look ahead it becomes increasingly clear that technical innovation on its own is not the main issue.''

review of a decade's futures work, Futures 21 (1989) 447 465.4 H. A. Linstone, Corporate planning, forecasting,

first in the area of genetically modified plants and then for the domain of Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies. 2. Background and rationale 2. 1. Tailoring Foresight a revision During the last two decades the field of Foresight has developed a lot through practical experience

Uncertainties and risks have proliferated during the past decade as a result of the increasing complexity of and turbulence in the marketplaces in

a decade earlier an attempt to construct matrices of such interdependence had collapsed under its own weight the idea was pursued not further.

3 There is a certain irony that after 2 decades energy has returned as a key priority

and extensive elements are present. 3. Empirical findings on foresight projects addressing societal challenges 3. 1. Introduction Major societal challenges have been addressed by the foresight community for already several decades.

In the last decade, FTA ACTIVITIES and in particular national and Regional foresight programmes have often been oriented to supporting the functioning and development of innovation systems.

Indexes such as FTSE4GOOD Index, 4 Domini 400 Social Index and Dow jones Sustainability Index played a crucial role in the commercial breakthrough that SRI has seen over the last decades due to the fact that they allow benchmarking between the performance

Nevertheless, the number of voluntary standards has risen in the last decades and put companies in difficult situations in abiding by their principles.

if realised within the next decade, could fundamentally alter our ways of making materials, practicing medicine and computation-making calculations, with pervasive societal impacts.

The assumptions can be understood as best guesses of the operational environment of the coming decades

in the last decade, changed considerably 21. In the early 90's, especially the growth and (electrical, chemical and mechanical) properties were investigated in great detail.

bwithin this decade, the materials and processes on which the computer revolution has been built will begin to hit fundamental physical limits.

buniversal memory has been a dream for the semiconductor industry for decades we fell that Nantero's innovative approach using carbon nanotubes

These reasons explain to some extent the scant attention paid by urban planners in the last few decades to the revision and reinvention of futures studies as a field of practical knowledge.

case studies 3. 1 Introduction FTA ACTIVITIES, techniques and research have registered an impressive growth over the past decade.

What developments are we likely to see in the coming two to three decades? What do those developments mean for national legal systems in the international legal order as a whole?''

particularly the sustainability assessments of technology, is prepared by decades of experiences with technology assessments. Consideration of the long term perspective

It has become a widely used technique during the past two decades from the perspective of both individual companies and entire industries.

or whether they will become the dominant productive force in the next decades. Tuomi kicks off a set of contributions that look more conceptually at how FTA can contribute to identifying

for many decades after the telephone was invented, itwas marketed mainly for business use. Itwas often understood either as a newform of telegraphy or as a broadcast medium.

and almost the first five decades of its history, industry actively discouraged such use. This social use of the telephone was invented basically by housewives in the USA, in particular, by those in the Midwest, around the first decade of the twentieth century.

The challenge of ontological unpredictability can thus be formulated in a simple way: How can we predict the number of cattle or the impact of a new technology,

elderly people could well become the dominant productive force in the next few decades, instead of a grand challenge.

while occurring over decades or centuries, bringing life changing events where an appreciation of existence alone will bring the situation into a liveable perspective.

During the last decades, dedicated foresight practices have emerged and various approaches and tools have been developed and evaluated (Coates et al. 2001;

markets. 3. Sociology of expectations In the last decade, the so-called sociology of expectations has studied how in scientific and technological developments actors continuously and explicitly refer to what is possible in the future:

In some cases, such as nuclear fusion, this mechanism has secured costly research during decades (e g. on the Joint European Torus and International Thermonuuclea Experimental Reactor),

Sturken et al. 2004) like the‘electronic superhighway'in the 1990s or the‘hydrogen economy'of the last decade.

On the one hand, scholars have shown that in the last two decades a significant number of leading firms of such diverse sectoor as energy, automotive, telecommunications,

Foresight in mature industries Environmental uncertainty and foresight approach The chemical and automotive industries throughout the last decade were typically mature and global industries where trajectories of technologies

in the display and large-screen TV segment, in the last decade, there have been some major market launches of such new technologies as liquid crystal display, plasma display panel, surface-conduction electron-emitter display, organic

these drivers of change did not affect either the identity of these components or the identity of the main activities of value chain of the chemical or the automotive business. 6 Over the last two decades,

What we mean is that, in the last two decades, the automotive and chemical industries were affected not by such‘discontinuous'drivers of change and, more generally,

FTA TOOLS have expanded from technology forecasting of incrementally advancing technologies (e g. consider Moore's law describing some six decades of continual advances in semiconductor capabilities)( Roper et al. 2011).

plus patent analyses has contributed to science and technology studies for decades (cf. Van Raan 1988. With the expansion of databases that compile abstract records

With his summary of the key results of foresight activities in Germany in the early part of the last decade, he also illustrates once more their wide-ranging and interdisciplinary nature and hence the need for an active and carefully designed transfer to research policy making.

Accordingly, a difficult environmental situation has been developing in Russia over the decades, which negatively affects the quality of life, health and life expectancy.

On the other hand, qualitative approaches have been adopted for many decades (e g. scenarios) with no other involvement than that of the FTA EXPERTS.

Recognition of this fact in last decades is leading firmly to a new scientific paradigm, a complex bio-socioeconomics, with the convergence of different fields of science toward

and we can even trace an at least three-decade long debate on this issue. What makes the difference now are exactly the powerful new capabilities provided by the Information technology Era

some important modeling attempts were undertaken along with the last decades and I think that some of the above mentioned points are hindering the development of working computational algorithms to simulate technological evolution.

Recognition of this fact in last decades is leading firmly to a new scientific paradigm, a complex bio-socioeconomics

T in the way paved by the German philosopher of technology Hans Sachsse 18 almost three decades ago.

But during the last two decades we have seen a growing interest in evolutionary ideas among economists.

This upswing in evolutionary economics was in great part due to the renewed interest in the discussion on long waves in economics during the last two decades

The formal mathematical models developed in the past two decades and most often used are (mentioning only some important publications for each approach):

and the importance to present a spectrum of runs under very different hypotheses covering the range of their variation was recognized decades ago 14, p. 149,

the first decade of global modelling, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 1982.15 E. A. Eriksson, K. M. Weber, Adaptive foresight:

and even some base metals such as copper 19 22 and lead 23 may in a few decades become more difficult and expensive to mine and process,

The development of innovation theory over the past decades has involved a major reformulation, with innovation no longer seen primarily as a process of discovery,

A decade ago, the question addressed how to maximize the contribution of such technologies to economic innovation with the intention of enhancing competitiveness 1, 2. Today,

which contains the same elements as those used over the last decades: nanotechnologies include understanding and controlling matter

In contrast to the US, the German government has launched several technology foresight processes in the last decade 33,34.

and Development in The next Decade 1. Vision building at this stage was accompanied by early cooperation and coordination between and among agencies and departments of the federal government.

and presenting concepts of how to establish nanotechnology as a general-purpose technology in the next decade,

the new report written a decade later focuses more on governance and on concepts to involve

The vision report states that during the next decade application-driven research will produce new scientific discoveries and economic optimization leading to new technologies and industries.

which took place in the first decade after defining the long-term vision, focused on interdisciplinary research at the nanoscale

the activities under the umbrella of the National science and Technology Council Subcommittee were per se closely policy-related and, in the last decade,

Over more than a decade, the US science policy community established a continuously working core organization, built up a network and opened the network gradually to new stakeholders

In summary, for over a decade, the German variety of FTA ACTIVITIES was governed mainly by one ministry (BMBF) and focused largely on science industry relations.

Not only the range of stakeholders involved was increasing in the last decade, but also the kinds of processes expanded from studies based on expert surveys to processes involving more stakeholders (such as NGOS and citizens).

In the last two decades, FTA ACTIVITIES were important means for integrating the field and in spreading the idea that nanotechnology would become one of the key enabling technologies of the 21st century.

Looking ahead to the next decades, an inter-organizational governance framework is crucial to uptake the knowledge as well as the requirements derived from various stakeholders.

IWGN workshop report, Vision for Nanotechnology research and Development in The next Decade, 1999.2 BMBF, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, in:

For decades the dominant definition of innovation as new products and processes that are introduced to the market combined with the common understanding of companies as the main actors in this process was questioned hardly ever.

In the current less stable economic, political and social environment it is possible to apply such a lens to the preceding two or three decades.

and more by a process of geological accretion where the structures and policy styles of earlier decades continue, perhaps with some diminution,

Of course the‘‘story''of FTA over the last decade can be presented in many ways ours is only one of many possible versions,

Finally, for several decades, the Danish Board of Technology (DBT) has played an active and internationally recognised role in the political and wider public debate that concerns the potential and consequences of science and technology.

But this context has changed during the recent decade. Based on the Danish Globalisation Strategy from 2005, public expenditures on R&d have increased.

this context has changed during recent decades with increased national R&d budgets and the establishment of a strategic research council.

it must be noted that over several decades, Denmark has carried out foresight-like processes and strategic planning within individual sectors.

Moscow 101000, Russia 1. Introduction Over the last decade, scholars, policy makers and practitioners from various fields have witnessed

The last two decades have seen an increase in collaborations between different organizations driven by at least five trends in corporate innovation:

identifying common strategic choices and questions for knowledge Victor van Rij Over the past decade, horizon scanning has been recognised as part of forward-looking government processes in a number of industrialised countries.

2005) where EID become a threat in the Asia-pacific region over the next decade and beyoond Thirty three experts from seven economies met in Thailand in February 2007 to develop scenarios for the future of EID in the Asia-pacific region.

and communication technologies (ICT) has been challenged in various ways over the last few decades. Due to extensive convergeenc in the domains of communication, consumer electronics, computing

and which propagates the industry's‘push'perspectiive has dominated the theoretical debate for several decades.

This paper will focus on strategic foresight, taking advantaag of CGEE's background in conducting strategic foresiigh exercises and strategic evaluation studies during the past decade, all of

In the last decades, the rise of new public management within state administration has had also a major impact on science policy-making,

agriculture. 1. Introduction Over the last two decades scholars working on innovattio systems have established different ways in

if neglected, have catastrophic consequences on a global scale over the next few decades. But they also reflect a more overt steering of STI efforts at least those funded by the public purse to meet explicit political goals.

which, since its adoption a decade ago, has yet to meet the expectatiion of European policy-makers.

Setting up dedicated and temporary FTA projects or programmes has been a very common model over the past two decades.

which has grown over the past decade. In FTA, networks can relate to individuals, and are enabled peer-to-peer through information technology and the internet (cf.

michael. keenan@oecd. org Over the coming decades, science will play a key role in society's response to emerging global‘grand challenges'.

which has explored how two decades hence international collaboration in science could foster progress in science and address global challenges.

The purpose of its current foresight exercise is to explore the potential development of international science over the next two decades in a changing economic, social, political and environmental context.

particularly climate change, involve change over relatively long time periods measured at least in decades. But this is too long for an exercise that is focused on organisational agility and a vision for international science cooperatiion Given the relative trade-offs,

and scale over the coming two decades as they were in the previous and there is certainly reason to believe that some major disruptions lay ahead in the medium term,

from oceans to ecosysteem to the cryosphere and atmosphere, the forecasts are consistent in suggesting broad changes with major impacts on society over the coming two decades..

there is a high degree of certainty that these will occur over the next two decades, probably in several fields..

but new systems may develop over the coming two decades, possibly informed by greater consideration of the environment.

The last decade has seen significant changes in the nature of the scientific record. The move to open-access publishing is likely to have a number of impacts, in particular,

and articulating the challenges to be faced by international science cooperation over the coming decades. The new plan also includes commitments to engage the ICSU memberrshi in continuing foresight analysis

T. Ko nno la and K. Haegeman 2. 2 Dimensions of co-ordination of transnational research programming The challenges of transnational research collaboration have been addressed for decades,

In last two decades systemic challenges in research and innovation have lead to the development of systemic Embedding foresight in transnational research programming. 195 instruments for better preparedness, co-ordination and integrratio of research and innovation systems

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