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Measures total income received by a country's residents within a given period IBM: International business machines IC:

It is also pitting water-intensive businesses such as the Intel Corp.'s China unit and bottling plants of Coca-cola Co. against growing urban use

The users of Microsoft, Google, Ecosia and others have to set a search language, which will limit the results of search to the chosen language.

IBM launched its Smarter planet offer in 2010, repackaging their products to eco-applications such as energy optimization or water management.

In this game, the winners are still the same large companies such as IBM (Smarter Planet), CISCO (Smart Connected Communities) and General electric,

For example, in Japan, companies such as IBM, Panasonic, Tokyo Gas and Accenture are focusing on making solar energy a more crucial element in suburban planning.

Microsoft diversifies to lingerie they develop a smart bra to monitor stress and discourage emotional eating19.

According to Brynjolfsson and Mcafee BRY 11, increases in jobs corresponds to increases in productivity, but technological progress are eliminating the need for many types of jobs.

Brynjolfsson and Mcafee call it the great decoupling. Finally, Brynjolfsson says that he is confident that technology is behind both the healthy growth in productivity and the weak growth in jobs.

Machine learning, one of the primary techniques used in the development of IBM's Watson, is in essence a way to use statistical analysis of historical data to transform seemingly non-routine tasks into routine operations that can be computerized.

water and energy management are led by IBM and CISCO, leaving no room for innovative SMES. They need more promotion to let them grow.

IBM began the Smarter Planet program in 2010. Their main objective was to reposition their offer in the field of energy and water management.

ALP 14 ALPENIA A.,Google's Nanotechnology, Red herring, available at http://www. redherring. com/hardware/googles-nanotechnology-microsoft-bandhp-goes-3d/,2 november 2014.

BLO 10 BLOOMBERG NEWS, available at http://www. bloomberg. com/news/2010-05-25/china-india-water-shortage-means-coca-cola-joins-intel

BRY 11 BRYNJOLFSSON E.,MCAFEE A.,Race Against The Machine: How the Digital Revolution is Accelerating Innovation, Driving Productivity,

IBM Systems Journal, 47 (1), 71 85.46 R. J. Welke Anthony, R. N. 1965. Planning and control systems:

A typical example are IBM's internal network bluepages which enable communication and collaboration among all employees by providing job-specific tools and applications on the intranet IBM-News, 2006).

In various forms, SM can facilitate a direct and active approach to modeling a business process for all participants of the network.

Retrieved from http://www. huffingtonpost. com/2009/07/24/united-breaksguitars-did n 244357. html IBM-News. 2006.

IBM's intranet one of the world's top ten. Retrieved from http://www-03. ibm. com/press/us/en/pressrelease/19156. wss Jerome, L. W. 2013.

Innovation in social networks: Knowledge spillover is not enough. Knowledge management Research and Practice, 11 (4), 422 431.

Disco (Fluxicon), Perceptive Process Mining (Perceptive Software, before Futura Reflect and BPMONE by Pallas athena), ARIS Process Performance Manager (SOFTWARE AG), Celonis Process Mining (Celonis Gmbh

and Their Effect on the Object model Examples of widely used Database management systems (DBMSS) are Oracle RDBMS (Oracle), SQL SERVER (Microsoft), DB2 (IBM), Sybase (SAP),

Every Microsoft SQL SERVER database has a transaction log that records all database modifications. Sybase IQ also provides a transaction log.

Such redo/transaction logs can be used to recover from a system failure. The redo/transaction logs will grow significantly

Probably, there are process-mining case-studies using redo/transaction logs from database management systems like Oracle RDBMS, Microsoft SQL SERVER, IBM DB2,

or Sybase IQ. However, systematic tool support seems to be missing. The binding step in our approach is related to topic of event correlation

IBM Systems Journal, 44 (4), 821 845. Extracting Event Data from Databases to Unleash Process Mining 127 Reichert, M,

IBM's Rational Unified Process (RUP) is an iterative and incremental IT development framework with disciplines across project lifecycle phases.

IBM Systems Journal, 26 (3), 276 292.274 A. Van Looy Driving Process Innovation: The Application of a Role-Based Governance Model at Lufthansa Technik Janina Kettenbohrer, Mirko Kloppenburg,

open source can be a manifestation of open innovation IBM has used open source approaches to drive standardisation across its customer base which makes it less costly for the firm to interact with its customers

or initiatives such as Microsoft's Bizspark community of start-up customers) may help to build trust between organisations

19 20 The announced sale of Autonomy to Hewlett-packard for $10bn in August 2011 has reignited the debate over the robustness of British enterprise.

These stories about applying open innovation in small firms successfully can barely be compared with the open innovation ventures of large manufacturing companies, such as Xerox, P&g, Philips, Lego, and IBM.

Companies such as Google, SAP, Microsoft, Facebook, Dell and IBM are emerging partners with EI in supporting startups.

Two firms, Intel and Microsoft, each invested more than $10 billion in R&d in 2012 and both expect to exceed $10 billion in 2013.

Design/Development Academic Collaborations ICT sector All Industry Respondents 20%40%The U s. leadership in ICT R&d remains strong, with both Intel and Microsoft

and Google's and Intel's R&d investments growing by 40%and 27%,respectively, in each of the last two years.

%and Intel reaching 19%.%Corporate leaders in ICT R&d investment Nokia Ericsson Canon Huawei Alcatel Lucent Microsoft Intel Cisco IBM Google-10%0%10%20

%30%40%5%10%15%20%25%R&d AAGR 2010-2012 2012 Corporate R&d Intensity Top 5 Non-u.

IBM 2014 Global Location Trends Report Source: Global Innovation Index 2014 Source: IMD World Competitiveness Year Book 2014 (Ireland is at 11) APJ STRATEGIC AMBITION 3:

SAS INSTITUTE. Focus on the CALIS procedure. Hattie J. 1985), Methodology Review: Assessing unidimensionality of tests and items, Applied Psychological Measurement, 9, 2: 139-164.

Watanabe S.,(1960), Information theoretical analysis of multivariate correlation, IBM Journal of Research and development 4: 66-82.

Alstom, Exxonmobil, General electric, Microsoft, Philips, Siemens and Vestas. The proposal for the creation of technology centers is provided in a concept paper titled Climate Change Technology Centers,

Microsoft 86 LIST OF TASK FORCE PARTICIPANTS, SPEAKERS AND INVITED GUESTS Mr. Peter Dröll Head of Unit DG ENTR European commission Peter.

Relations Manager Legal & Corporate Affairs EMEA Microsoft Belgium tofeehan@microsoft. com Mr. Antonio Hilario Garcia del Riego Head of Corporate Affairs

Hagehülsmann Innovation Manager Europe Microsoft andrehag@microsoft. com Mr. Jacques Hayward Special Advisor Veolia Environment jacques. hayward@veolia. com Mr

IBM Systems Journal, 193,32 (1), 4-16.6. Kaplan, R.,Norton, D.-The Strategy-Focused Organization:

Adobe 132 Acrobat(.pdf), Adobe Postscript(.ps), Microsoft word(.doc) and Microsoft Powerpoint(.ppt). ) These data were extracted using Google and merging the results for each filetype after log-normalising in the same way as described before.

Scholar (Sc. Google Scholar provides the number of papers and citations for each academic domain.

These results from the Scholar database represent papers, reports and other academic items. The four ranks were combined according to a formula where each one has a different weight:

http://www. wired. co. uk/news/archive/2012-04/17/potential-of-smarter-cities-beyond-ibm-and-cisco 36 Undertaken by DTI and partners in 2013 for the European parliament:

and is sponsored by Cisco, Intel and Microsoft; the companies have a long history of supporting education initiatives

The Dynamics of Bubbles and Golden ages, IBM 2004 Annual Report. Perez, C (2009)‘ Technological revolutions and Techno-economic Paradigms,'TOC/TUT Working paper No. 20,2009.

I. INTRODUCTION IBM predicts that in the next couple of years, information will be doubled every 12 hours!

Janota Nzogi EDEL-EP Eduardo Paiva PWC ANGOLA Joaquim Piedade UNICARGAS Luis Filipe Pizarro Gervasio Simao INTEL Beatriz Calcida Soares

EST. M. Zeeshan Ahmed ARBROS FOREST RESOURCES Makhdoom Ahmed VERACOR PRINTING PRESS LLC Yakud Ahmed ORCHID GULF Kiran Ahuja UNILEVER UAE

International Youth Foundation, 2012), 8, hwww. microsoft. com/en-us/news/presskits/citizenship/docs/finalopp for action paper. pdf. 22 European Foundation for the Improvement of Living

IBM, Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), The swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), Vodacom and Vodafone.

Large companies such as Amazon, Apple, Google, Microsoft, and RIM, who develop and maintain mobile app ecosystems/platforms.

Household tech names such as Google, Intel, Microsoft, Nokia and Vodafone all have a presence there,

and IBM recently chose Nairobi for its first African research lab. Nigeria is becoming known as the Silicon Lagoon with important outside investors showing interest in their local startups and large market potential.

the Small Business Toolkit, 143 a product of IBM and the World bank's International finance corporation, Hewlett packard's Smart Technology for a Smarter Business Program, 144 Intel Learn, 145 and Build Your Business, a collaboration

between the International Youth Foundation and Microsoft. Build Your Business (BYB) is an interactive entrepreneurship training course designed to introduce young people aged 16-35 to the basic ideas, actions,

www. smetoolkit. org. 144 Hewlett packard's Smart Technology for a Smarter Business Program, Smarttechforsmartbusiness. com. 145 Intel Learn Program,

www. intel. com/content/www/us/en/education/k12/intel-learn. html. 146 World bank, Information and Communications for Development 2012:

Microsoft Youthspark is a global initiative that aims to create opportunities for 300 million youth in more than 100 countries during the next three years.

Through Youthspark, Microsoft will dedicate the majority of its cash contributions to nonprofit organizations that serve the youth population around the world.

In addition, Microsoft Youthspark will include Office 365 for education, free technology tools for all teachers and students,

www. microsoft. com/about/corporatecitizenship/en-us/youthspark/youthsparkhub/7 Getting there becoming ICT-savvy Young people have an innate appetite for learning-be it, alone, in the school system,

including Microsoft, CISCO, HP, Samsung, Apple, and Google, also offer certificates. The self-directed learner can earn some of these certificates online directly.

For example, one can take the Microsoft Digital Literacy curriculum from the Microsoft site173 or enrol at one of the thousands of civil society organizations worldwide that offer this training.

Technology & Social Change Group, University of washington Information School, 2012), www. globalimpactstudy. org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Public-access-private-mobile-final. pdf. 173 Microsoft

Digital Literacy curriculum, www. microsoft. com/about/corporatecitizenship/citizenship/giving/programs/up/digitalliteracy/default. mspx. 174 European Computer Driver Licence, www. ecdl. org.

International Youth Foundation, 2012. www. microsoft. com/enus/news/presskits/citizenship/docs/finalopp for action paper. pdf. Jenvey, Nicola.

An increasing number of companies known for their hard-nosed approach to business such as Google, IBM, Intel, Johnson & johnson, Nestlé, Unilever,

A growing number of companies known for their hard-nosed approach to business such as GE, Google, IBM

Intel, Johnson & johnson, Nestlé, Unilever, and Wal-mart have embarked already on important efforts to create shared value by reconceiving the intersection between society and corporate performance.

Intel and IBM are both devising ways to help utilities harness digital intelligence in order to economize on power usage.

while Apple, Amazon and Microsoft control the mobile market and cloud-based services platforms). Apple has started a market that was entirely new;

For example, even the European Smart Cities project risks being dominated by US companies such as IBM, Google and Ciscos, partly because of the lack of alternatives.

of alternative models for running schools in India. 455) Social uses of commercial technology such as IBM's use of translation software on its Meedan website of Arabic blogs,

In business, the experiences of companies such as Microsoft, Procter & gamble, and Amazon suggests that pioneers that create markets through radical innovation are almost never the companies that go on to scale up

In February 2014, at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, IBM promoted its Watson Mobile Developer Challenge,

IBM would choose three winning teams and provide seed funding for their businesses. Building and growing a company

whilst Apple, Amazon and Microsoft controlling the mobile market and cloud-based services platforms). Furthermore, the Digital economy is now mainly based on business models that aggregate,

It asks questions about Open source and the Linux phenomenon in the same breath as Schumpeter's (942) oversubscribed creative destruction from IBM to Microsoft to Google.

Microsoft who now increasingly dominate premier academic conferences such as the World wide web Conference. The institutional infrastructure necessary for cutting-edge research no longer requires state investment,

and Arbor networks (who provided defensive hardware which helped fend off the attack) all supported the organisation throughout the attack,

Enterprise clients include Lockheed martin, Microsoft, Livingsocial, VMWARE and Walmart. Another revenue stream is Github Jobs where employers can post job offers for $450/listing.

like same important as IBM, otherwise it won't Work on one hand, the project is now slowly by slowly generating more attention,

and Arbor networks (who provided defensive hardware which helped fend off the attack) all supported the organisation throughout the attack,

Enterprise clients include Lockheed martin, Microsoft, Livingsocial, VMWARE and Walmart. Another revenue stream is Github Jobs where employers can post job offers for $450/listing.

like same important as IBM, otherwise it won't Work on one hand, the project is now slowly by slowly generating more attention,

Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe's productivity challenge A report from the Economist Intelligence Unit sponsored by Microsoft The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 1 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe's productivity challenge Acknowledgements

sponsored by Microsoft. The Economist Intelligence Unit bears sole editorial responsibility for the content of the report.

Elie Simon, president EMEA of Sun microsystems, believes regulators must seek to develop unified security standards to protect Europe's network infrastructure.

Many large ICT companies (including Microsoft, the sponsor of this report) favour the extension of patents to cover software as a way to strengthen IP protection across Europe

Patrick de Smedt, chairman of Microsoft EMEA, puts leading by example at the top of his prescriptions for policymakers.

Elie Simon, president EMEA for Sun microsystems, places great store in the concept of niche ecosystems.

and sponsored by Microsoft, seeks to answer these crucial questions. Demographics Which of the following job titles describes your role best?(%

Mcafee, Prospective Analysis on Trends in Cybercrime from 2011 to 2020,2011. Mcdonald, P.,Time for Action:

Antony Jenkins, Chief executive officer, Barclays Microsoft is actively working to provide opportunities for European SMES and start-ups by providing access to digital tools,

Chairman, Europe, Microsoft Corporation Benefit for large corporates Benefit for entrepreneurs Risk to one or both partners Company shares in high-potential entrepreneurial ventures Access

Manager, International R&d Management, Laundry and Home Care The Lisbon Council Ann Mettler, Executive director Microsoft Jan Muehlfeit, Chairman, Microsoft Europe Royal DSM

Discovering Statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics (Vol. Fourth Edition. London: Sage publication. Fontes, M. 2005.

At Sybase, an enterprise software company that spun-off from the original WATCOM Corporation, with over 250 employees in its Waterloo campus alone,

For instance, in a recent speech at the university during his Microsoft 2005 Tour, Bill gates referred to Waterloo as a special relationship for us.

as well as serving to enhance the region‘s international reputation by attracting global firms, such as Microsoft and Google,

SAS INSTITUTE. Focus on the CALIS procedure. 55. Hattie, J. 1985) Methodology Review: Assessing unidimensionality of 56. tests and items.

FR government 111 1 Hewlett-packard US computer 107 2 L'oreal FR chemicals 57 2 Univ. of California US research 90 3

US chemicals 42 9 Philips NL electronics 33 9 IBM US computer 37 10 Arkema FR chemicals 31 10 Univ

NL semiconductor 24 14 Intel US semiconductor 27 15 Sabic Innovative Plastics NL chemicals 23 15 Freescale Semiconductor US semiconductor

IT semiconductor 724 2 IBM US computer 645 3 ASML NL semiconductor 568 3 Intel US semiconductor 615 4 Philips NL

Siemens DE electronics 441 7 Texas instruments US instruments 473 8 OSRAM Opto Semicond. DE semiconductor 248 8 LAM RESEARCH Corporation US research 461 9 Carl Zeiss SMT DE instruments 237 9 Eastman kodak US instruments

423 10 NXP NL semiconductor 193 10 Hewlett-packard US computer 395 11 S. O. I. Tec FR semiconductor 153 11

430 15 Seiko Epson JP instruments 407 16 Tokyo Ohka Kogyo JP semiconductor 305 17 Shin-Etsu Handotai JP semiconductor

France subsidises the alliance between STMICROELECTRONICS NV, IBM Corp. and the CEA, commonly referred to as‘Crolles 3'.Total investments are expected to be around €3. 6 billion,

Large firms that play an important role for the cluster include MDS Nordion, Mitel Networks, Mosaid, Nortel Networks (R&d), Hewlett-packard (Canada) Ltd.

Cluster open to new entrants Large companies in cluster such as Hewlett-packard and Cisco. Nortel crucial role as anchor firm!

automotive 276 6 Du pont US chemicals 234 7 Thales FR defence 223 7 Intel US semiconductors 215 8 Comm. à

FR government 172 8 Honeywell US machinery 179 9 Inf ineon DE semiconductors 169 9 Hewlett-packard US computer 174 10

materials 398 9 Konica JP optical 380 10 Seiko Epson JP optical 373 11 LG Electronics KR electronics 363 12

FR government 129 24 Hewlett-packard US electronics 112 25 Michelin FR rubber 123 25 Air Products US chemicals 107 East asia

US electronics 99 12 Fraunhofer DE research 164 12 Hewlett-packard US electronics 93 13 Comm. a l'energie atom.

machinery 60 21 SNECMA FR defence 122 21 Texas Instrumentsus instruments 60 22 BMW DE vehicles 121 22 Microsoft US

South american CIO Executive, IBM Tom Velema EMEIA IT Advisory Leader, EY Michael Golz CIO Americas, SAP Alexander Gornyi CIO, Mail.

IBM's global-local IT transformation Diego Calegari Spanish South american CIO Executive, IBM As might be expected of a leading technology brand,

IBM is engaged deeply with digital. The company is transforming itself across the business including HR, sales and all other functions around a set of global tools based on digital technologies such as the cloud.

While its global CIO leads this drive by setting the global strategy and driving the overall rollout,

One such CIO is Diego Calegari of IBM South america: We are in the middle of this shift,

says Diego Calegari, Spanish South american CIO Executive at IBM, who explains that true storytelling requires a deep grasp of the core of the business and how it works,

Diego Calegari, Spanish South american CIO Executive, IBM External Internal 26 Born to be digital Swanepoel has engaged sometimes external management consultants to help bring a fresh perspective on

For example, Jeanette Horan, CIO at American IT company IBM, did a bachelor's degree in mathematics, before later adding an MBA to her qualifications.

DANSK IT 1975 1982 Master of Economics, University of Aarhus 1989 MDP program, Cranfield University Diego Calegari IBM 2013 today Spanish South america CIO Executive

, IBM 2010 2012 Latin america HR Transformation IT Leader, IBM 2006 2010 Spanish South america Integrated Supply Chain Leader, IBM 2002 2006 Global

Logistics Americas IT Leader, IBM 1999 2002 Various leadership positions in Global Logistics IT, IBM Latin america 1994 1999 Various positions in Global Logistics IT, IBM

Ireland's economic structure is shifting towards a higher proportion of services exports, balanced with a core of high-value added 3 Forfás (2008) Sharing our Future, IBM (2008) Drivers

Cisco systems, Ericsson, IBM, Telefonica and HP). The TSSG's commercial division has created also new companies

Ireland has a strong track record to date as an offshore location for centralised customer support and shared services activities with companies such as Facebook, IBM, Dell, Google, HP,

Dublin), IBM (Dublin), Telefonica I+D (Spain) and Hewlett packard (US) are involved also. In a recent international peer review the TSSG FAME SRC was considered to be one of the largest and strongest groupings of academic researchers in network management in the world.

while Apple, Amazon and Microsoft control the mobile market and cloud-based services platforms). Apple has started a market that was entirely new;

For example, even the European Smart Cities project risks being dominated by US companies such as IBM, Google and Ciscos, partly because of the lack of alternatives.

Texas instruments, Infosys Technologies Ltd..In total, Bangalore is the most important centre of civil and military aircraft and aerospace industry and IT in India.

In a historical context, the US major enterprise Texas instruments that‘discovered'Bangalore as a location is of great importance.

The settlement of an IBM plant in 1965 can be seen as a major initial impetus for a new phase of economic development as part of a‘third industrial revolution'(Kolmer 1997: 127.

or the settlement of major multinational enterprises such as IBM in Montpellier,'Big pharma'in North Jutland and Texas instruments in Bangalore.

or teams managing the same tasks (Mcafee, 2006). Rather than e-commerce, it is the use of electronic networks that leads to a higher probability of firms collaborating in innovative activities

banking (Mcafee, 2006. ICT facilitates firms'innovativeness by propagating innovations that are structured less than business processes.

which is implemented with business objects to provide the necessary information for the integrated sales system and the resource planning system mentioned above.

In this respect, the solution is based on Hewlett-packard hardware, Oracle RDBMS software and Practical Automation thermal printers, verified for more than 7 years in real-time operation

The solution was developed on the IBM tool Websphere. It is running on the company's main server (IBM AS 400.

Security requirements include user identification and password. The typical process is as follows: when a shipment is produced,

Brynjolfsson, E.,Mcafee, A.,Sorell, M. and Zhu, F. 2006. Scale without Mass: Business Process Replication and Industry Dynamics.

Mcafee, A p. 2006. Enterprise 2. 0: The Dawn of Emergent Collaboration. MIT Sloan Review, Spring 2006, Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 21-28 Milgrom, P. and Roberts, J. 1990.

United states v. Microsoft Intuit Case. http://www. usdoj. gov/atr/cases/f0100/0184. htm (Accessed May 18th, 2007.

and Enterprise Ireland, BT and Microsoft for the provision of physical and electronic facilities to support the activities of the group.

-BT Cerner Cisco systems dabl Disease Management Systems DMF Systems ecom Ireland Garivo Technologies GE Healthcare IBM IMS MAXIMS Intel Microsoft

record (PHR) systems such as Microsoft Healthvault. These applications process, store and exchange patient's medical information

As a recent Microsoft survey revealed, a large majority of the US public wants electronic access to their personal health information both for themselves

and for their health care providers because they believe such access is likely to increase the quality of the care they receive (Microsoft Corporation,

Microsoft Corporation/Kelton Research (2009), Health Engagement Survey 2009, Microsoft corp.,, Redmond, WA. available at: www. microsoft. com/presspass/presskits/industries/healthandlifesciences/docs/MSHEALTHENGAGEMENTSURVEY2009. ppt.

OECD (2007), Improved Health System Performance through Better Care Coordination, OECD Health Working papers No. 30, Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social affairs, OECD Publishing, www

) Gov. Malloy Announces Collaboration with IBM to Launch State's First P-Tech Model School in Norwalk.

For example the chat room software"msn messenger"(free from Microsoft) can be very powerful in allowing people in remote sites to have online conversations.

Microsoft Net meeting-another free software application-is a simpler alternative. Video: One of the best ways to transfer knowledge is through the use of stories.

and microprocessors (patents held by Intel, for example). All patent owners are obliged, in return for patent protection,

How IBM, GE, Harvard Business school and Columbia University are Succeeding at E-learning. Mcgraw-hill, 2002. Schunk, D. H.,Zimmerman B. J.,Self-regulated learning from teaching to self-reflective practice, Guilford Press, 1998 Thorne, K.,Blended learning how to integrate online

such as the knowledge base on the Microsoft site (13%)e g. http://www. microsoft. com/3. Publications-searchable databases for current and archived articles (11%)e g. http://www. pubmedcentral. nih. gov

one of Hewlett-packard's installed bases is printers. Although Hewlett-packard's servicing is in terms of a product (i e.,

, the ink cartridge), the model still stands. The company sells a product that is its main source of revenue (i e.,

There are some noticeable exceptions, such as IBM and GE of course. But even these large companies have struggled with making the transition.

The IBM analysis was performed on Arab countries where the level of differentiation between the intensity of innovation capital components is exaggerated.

Cisco, Google, Motorola (R&d centre), IBM (R&d centre), HP, Delphi (R&d centre. Stakeholder and policy dialogues to achieve the ambitions One of the main goals of the regional authorities of the Malopolska Region is to engage citizens, especially scientists,

Brynjolfsson and Mcafee's Second Machine Age both argue that technological progress is becoming problematic for exactly the other reason

With the great success of some of the world ICT leaders, such as Apple, Google, Intel,

Indeed, the US ROBOTICS industry has analysed recently its competitive position and its assessment was critical of US failings in this sub-sector. 6 Meanwhile,

and eventually acquired by leading USA web services players, first ebay and now Microsoft. In the following sections we analyse in more detail the development of companies in the three sub-sectors,

Silicon valley for Google, Apple and Facebook, Seattle for Microsoft and Amazon. These US clusters have drawn on government local investments for R&d

and the graphics processor may come from NVIDIA. Apple has strived always to control the whole customer experience

in Seattle, Amazon was in proximity to Microsoft, which brought high-level personnel for technical positions, for building and then running web services in vast data centres with fast transaction processing, large customer databases and data mining for refined data analysis,

and more so than those of the EU. Apple, HP, IBM, Motorola and other very large US producers of ICTS using displays tend to be users of existing technology,

Apple computer was seeded by Mike Markkula, an ex-marketing manager for Intel, whose own $90, 000 injection and guarantee of a credit line of $250, 000 transformed garage-based Jobs and Wozniak into a business capable of delivering the first order for Apple.‘

The competitive advantage from holding patents is behind Google's purchase of portfolios of patents from IBM, twice in 2011 and also the $12 billion acquisition of Motorola Mobility.

Microsoft's proprietary Windows, has a comparatively minor market share today in mobile and its future here is still unclear. 22 The European commission's Interchange of Data between Public Administrations Programme (IDA) in 2002 financed an independent study on the opportunity of making software specific to the public administrations

Only over the last decade, led by the European commission in its landmark rulings against Microsoft, 25 has changed this,

For instance, some years ago, Microsoft added a browser and a media player and so cut out the market for these as separate products.

but also in endorsing open source. The latter action may be through 25 The rulings against Microsoft on bundling

Fairchild sold transistors for the new B-52 bomber's navigation computer, at $200 each, to IBM military research in Owego (Edwards, 2012.

Ten years later Intel would be formed by four of the Fairchild engineers from the original traitorous eight who left Shockley

A Roadmap for US ROBOTICS From Internet to Robotics, Computing Community Consortium and Computing Research Association, http://www. us-robotics. us/reports/CCC%20report. pdf Chandy, R.,Tellis, G,

the End of Innocence at Apple computer, Penguin, New york. 56 Scitax Advisory Partners (2011), Overview of Research & development Tax Incentives in Selected Global Knowledge Economies, Ver.

Case studies Web Services, Display Technologies and Robotics A1. 1 Web Services Apple Corporation Apple computer was founded in April 1976 in a garage in Los Altos near Cupertino

when it substituted a US$25 microprocessor, the 6502 from Mostek, for the conventional choice at the time, the US$179 Intel 8080,

and had to find funding sources from everywhere-even going to rival Gates of Microsoft for several hundred million dollars.

the end of innocence at Apple computer, Penguin, USA. Slideshare download (2011) The innovation secrets of Steve jobs,

Faber Novell (2010) Apple: 8 easy steps to beat Microsoft (and Google), presentation, 2010. Isaacson, W.,(2011) Steve jobs, Simon & Schuster, NY, USA.

Fay Sweet, 1999, frog: Form Follows Emotion, Thames and Hudson, London. Interview 2011: Mike Nelson, ex IBM VP for internet technology, ex Visiting professor of web and internet impacts and innovation, now with CSC as internet specialist, WASHINGTON DC.

Interview 2011: Professor Ajay Bhalla, London, Cass Business school. Interview 2011: Xavier Dalloz, intermediary between France and Silicon valley and ICT innovations reporter (also new tablet launcher.

Faber Novell: http://www. slideshare. net/fabernovel/amazoncom-the-hidden-empire Google Google Inc. is an American multinational public corporation,

-and-the-challenge-of-1000-blooming-flowers/65 Capital investment Google received about $1miilion in angel investment around the time it incorporated in September 1998, from Andy Bechtolsheim (cofounder of Sun microsystems) Ram Shiram

he was the chairman and CEO of Novell and chief technology officer at Sun microsystems. 43 http://money. cnn. com/2008/01/18/news/companies/google. fortune/index. htm

In October 2011 the sale of Skype to Microsoft corp was completed for $8. 5 billion. 46 VOIP (voice-over-Internet protocol) has redefined the way telephone calls are made VOIP calls are made over the internet,

Microsoft Corporation agreed to acquire Skype Communications for $8. 5 billion. The deal was completed officially in October 2011 with Skype incorporated as a division of Microsoft,

and Microsoft acquiring all of the company's technologies, including Skype, with the purchase. As a result of this deal, Zennström and Friis received $1. 19 billion, other investors led by Silver lake received $4. 76 billion,

and ebay got most of its money back in recouping $2. 55 billion. In essence Microsoft paid about $1000 per subscriber

which some have questioned as being excessive. 49 It is being seen as a defensive move by Microsoft to avoid Skype falling into the hands of Google,

a development that would also have troubled Facebook. Both Google and Facebook were reported to have been in talks to buy Skype. 50 The battle over the coming years for the VOIP market will be between Skype in the hands of Microsoft and Google talk, Apple Facetime and Facebook Chat.

Skype had a network of locations from the outset, with offices in Luxembourg, London, Stockholm, Tallinn, Tartu,

/microsoft-skype-deal-facebook n 860227. html 51 Toivo Tänavsuu, ANALYSIS: Skype has turned tiny Estonia into a hub of new Mark Zuckerbergs and Bill gates's, test market, 7 january 2011,

Later in the year, Intel also invested in CDT. Even so these developments were not sufficient to keep CDT independent.

By 2000 CDT had made commercial agreements with Philips, Uniax, Hoechst, Dupont, Seiko Epson, Delta Electronics and Agilent Laboratories.

Led by Oak Investment Partners and Tudor Investment, the existing investors Amadeus (seed funding) Intel Capital, Bank of america,

PVI, Epson, LG Display, Polymervision, Hewlett-packard and Plastic Logic have demonstrated all flexible active matrix displays using E Ink Vizplex imaging film.