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Measures total income received by a country's residents within a given period IBM: International business machines IC:

IBM launched its Smarter planet offer in 2010, repackaging their products to eco-applications such as energy optimization or water management.

In this game, the winners are still the same large companies such as IBM (Smarter Planet), CISCO (Smart Connected Communities) and General electric,

For example, in Japan, companies such as IBM, Panasonic, Tokyo Gas and Accenture are focusing on making solar energy a more crucial element in suburban planning.

Machine learning, one of the primary techniques used in the development of IBM's Watson, is in essence a way to use statistical analysis of historical data to transform seemingly non-routine tasks into routine operations that can be computerized.

water and energy management are led by IBM and CISCO, leaving no room for innovative SMES. They need more promotion to let them grow.

IBM began the Smarter Planet program in 2010. Their main objective was to reposition their offer in the field of energy and water management.

IBM Systems Journal, 47 (1), 71 85.46 R. J. Welke Anthony, R. N. 1965. Planning and control systems:

A typical example are IBM's internal network bluepages which enable communication and collaboration among all employees by providing job-specific tools and applications on the intranet IBM-News, 2006).

In various forms, SM can facilitate a direct and active approach to modeling a business process for all participants of the network.

Retrieved from http://www. huffingtonpost. com/2009/07/24/united-breaksguitars-did n 244357. html IBM-News. 2006.

IBM's intranet one of the world's top ten. Retrieved from http://www-03. ibm. com/press/us/en/pressrelease/19156. wss Jerome, L. W. 2013.

Innovation in social networks: Knowledge spillover is not enough. Knowledge management Research and Practice, 11 (4), 422 431.

and Their Effect on the Object model Examples of widely used Database management systems (DBMSS) are Oracle RDBMS (Oracle), SQL SERVER (Microsoft), DB2 (IBM), Sybase (SAP),

Probably, there are process-mining case-studies using redo/transaction logs from database management systems like Oracle RDBMS, Microsoft SQL SERVER, IBM DB2,

IBM Systems Journal, 44 (4), 821 845. Extracting Event Data from Databases to Unleash Process Mining 127 Reichert, M,

IBM's Rational Unified Process (RUP) is an iterative and incremental IT development framework with disciplines across project lifecycle phases.

IBM Systems Journal, 26 (3), 276 292.274 A. Van Looy Driving Process Innovation: The Application of a Role-Based Governance Model at Lufthansa Technik Janina Kettenbohrer, Mirko Kloppenburg,

open source can be a manifestation of open innovation IBM has used open source approaches to drive standardisation across its customer base which makes it less costly for the firm to interact with its customers

These stories about applying open innovation in small firms successfully can barely be compared with the open innovation ventures of large manufacturing companies, such as Xerox, P&g, Philips, Lego, and IBM.

Companies such as Google, SAP, Microsoft, Facebook, Dell and IBM are emerging partners with EI in supporting startups.

%Corporate leaders in ICT R&d investment Nokia Ericsson Canon Huawei Alcatel Lucent Microsoft Intel Cisco IBM Google-10%0%10%20

IBM 2014 Global Location Trends Report Source: Global Innovation Index 2014 Source: IMD World Competitiveness Year Book 2014 (Ireland is at 11) APJ STRATEGIC AMBITION 3:

Watanabe S.,(1960), Information theoretical analysis of multivariate correlation, IBM Journal of Research and development 4: 66-82.

IBM Systems Journal, 193,32 (1), 4-16.6. Kaplan, R.,Norton, D.-The Strategy-Focused Organization:

http://www. wired. co. uk/news/archive/2012-04/17/potential-of-smarter-cities-beyond-ibm-and-cisco 36 Undertaken by DTI and partners in 2013 for the European parliament:

The Dynamics of Bubbles and Golden ages, IBM 2004 Annual Report. Perez, C (2009)‘ Technological revolutions and Techno-economic Paradigms,'TOC/TUT Working paper No. 20,2009.

I. INTRODUCTION IBM predicts that in the next couple of years, information will be doubled every 12 hours!

IBM, Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), The swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), Vodacom and Vodafone.

and IBM recently chose Nairobi for its first African research lab. Nigeria is becoming known as the Silicon Lagoon with important outside investors showing interest in their local startups and large market potential.

the Small Business Toolkit, 143 a product of IBM and the World bank's International finance corporation, Hewlett packard's Smart Technology for a Smarter Business Program, 144 Intel Learn, 145 and Build Your Business, a collaboration

An increasing number of companies known for their hard-nosed approach to business such as Google, IBM, Intel, Johnson & johnson, Nestlé, Unilever,

A growing number of companies known for their hard-nosed approach to business such as GE, Google, IBM

Intel and IBM are both devising ways to help utilities harness digital intelligence in order to economize on power usage.

For example, even the European Smart Cities project risks being dominated by US companies such as IBM, Google and Ciscos, partly because of the lack of alternatives.

of alternative models for running schools in India. 455) Social uses of commercial technology such as IBM's use of translation software on its Meedan website of Arabic blogs,

In February 2014, at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, IBM promoted its Watson Mobile Developer Challenge,

IBM would choose three winning teams and provide seed funding for their businesses. Building and growing a company

It asks questions about Open source and the Linux phenomenon in the same breath as Schumpeter's (942) oversubscribed creative destruction from IBM to Microsoft to Google.

like same important as IBM, otherwise it won't Work on one hand, the project is now slowly by slowly generating more attention,

Discovering Statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics (Vol. Fourth Edition. London: Sage publication. Fontes, M. 2005.

US chemicals 42 9 Philips NL electronics 33 9 IBM US computer 37 10 Arkema FR chemicals 31 10 Univ

IT semiconductor 724 2 IBM US computer 645 3 ASML NL semiconductor 568 3 Intel US semiconductor 615 4 Philips NL

France subsidises the alliance between STMICROELECTRONICS NV, IBM Corp. and the CEA, commonly referred to as‘Crolles 3'.Total investments are expected to be around €3. 6 billion,

South american CIO Executive, IBM Tom Velema EMEIA IT Advisory Leader, EY Michael Golz CIO Americas, SAP Alexander Gornyi CIO, Mail.

IBM's global-local IT transformation Diego Calegari Spanish South american CIO Executive, IBM As might be expected of a leading technology brand,

IBM is engaged deeply with digital. The company is transforming itself across the business including HR, sales and all other functions around a set of global tools based on digital technologies such as the cloud.

While its global CIO leads this drive by setting the global strategy and driving the overall rollout,

One such CIO is Diego Calegari of IBM South america: We are in the middle of this shift,

says Diego Calegari, Spanish South american CIO Executive at IBM, who explains that true storytelling requires a deep grasp of the core of the business and how it works,

Diego Calegari, Spanish South american CIO Executive, IBM External Internal 26 Born to be digital Swanepoel has engaged sometimes external management consultants to help bring a fresh perspective on

For example, Jeanette Horan, CIO at American IT company IBM, did a bachelor's degree in mathematics, before later adding an MBA to her qualifications.

DANSK IT 1975 1982 Master of Economics, University of Aarhus 1989 MDP program, Cranfield University Diego Calegari IBM 2013 today Spanish South america CIO Executive

, IBM 2010 2012 Latin america HR Transformation IT Leader, IBM 2006 2010 Spanish South america Integrated Supply Chain Leader, IBM 2002 2006 Global

Logistics Americas IT Leader, IBM 1999 2002 Various leadership positions in Global Logistics IT, IBM Latin america 1994 1999 Various positions in Global Logistics IT, IBM

Ireland's economic structure is shifting towards a higher proportion of services exports, balanced with a core of high-value added 3 Forfás (2008) Sharing our Future, IBM (2008) Drivers

Cisco systems, Ericsson, IBM, Telefonica and HP). The TSSG's commercial division has created also new companies

Ireland has a strong track record to date as an offshore location for centralised customer support and shared services activities with companies such as Facebook, IBM, Dell, Google, HP,

Dublin), IBM (Dublin), Telefonica I+D (Spain) and Hewlett packard (US) are involved also. In a recent international peer review the TSSG FAME SRC was considered to be one of the largest and strongest groupings of academic researchers in network management in the world.

For example, even the European Smart Cities project risks being dominated by US companies such as IBM, Google and Ciscos, partly because of the lack of alternatives.

The settlement of an IBM plant in 1965 can be seen as a major initial impetus for a new phase of economic development as part of a‘third industrial revolution'(Kolmer 1997: 127.

or the settlement of major multinational enterprises such as IBM in Montpellier,'Big pharma'in North Jutland and Texas instruments in Bangalore.

The solution was developed on the IBM tool Websphere. It is running on the company's main server (IBM AS 400.

Security requirements include user identification and password. The typical process is as follows: when a shipment is produced,

-BT Cerner Cisco systems dabl Disease Management Systems DMF Systems ecom Ireland Garivo Technologies GE Healthcare IBM IMS MAXIMS Intel Microsoft

) Gov. Malloy Announces Collaboration with IBM to Launch State's First P-Tech Model School in Norwalk.

How IBM, GE, Harvard Business school and Columbia University are Succeeding at E-learning. Mcgraw-hill, 2002. Schunk, D. H.,Zimmerman B. J.,Self-regulated learning from teaching to self-reflective practice, Guilford Press, 1998 Thorne, K.,Blended learning how to integrate online

There are some noticeable exceptions, such as IBM and GE of course. But even these large companies have struggled with making the transition.

The IBM analysis was performed on Arab countries where the level of differentiation between the intensity of innovation capital components is exaggerated.

Cisco, Google, Motorola (R&d centre), IBM (R&d centre), HP, Delphi (R&d centre. Stakeholder and policy dialogues to achieve the ambitions One of the main goals of the regional authorities of the Malopolska Region is to engage citizens, especially scientists,

and more so than those of the EU. Apple, HP, IBM, Motorola and other very large US producers of ICTS using displays tend to be users of existing technology,

The competitive advantage from holding patents is behind Google's purchase of portfolios of patents from IBM, twice in 2011 and also the $12 billion acquisition of Motorola Mobility.

Fairchild sold transistors for the new B-52 bomber's navigation computer, at $200 each, to IBM military research in Owego (Edwards, 2012.

Mike Nelson, ex IBM VP for internet technology, ex Visiting professor of web and internet impacts and innovation, now with CSC as internet specialist, WASHINGTON DC.

and the uncertainty that may exist in their analysis (IBM, 2013). A fifth V value is included by some to acknowledge the potentially high socioeconomic value that may be generated by big data (Jones,

ITU, based on IBM (2012. a speed that are unprecedented. Google, for example, is running about a thousand experiments at any given point in time (Varian, 2013a.

For example, IBM researchers used CDR data from mobile operator Orange to map out citizens'travel routes in Abidjan, the largest city in Côte d'ivoire,

IBM (2012), Analytics: The real-world use of big data. How innovative enterprises extract value from uncertain data.

http://public. dhe. ibm. com/common/ssi/ecm/en/gbe03519usen/GBE03519USEN. PDF. IBM (2013), The Four V's of Big data.

For example, even the European Smart Cities project risks being dominated by US companies such as IBM, Google and Ciscos, partly because of the lack of alternatives.

In IBM's recent CEO study, more than three quarters of the 765 CEOS queried cited collaboration

-industry partnership include the IBM Open Collaboration Research Programme (OCR) 12, long-term grand challenge programmes (e g.

Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, Vol. 20, No 6, pp. 653-666.12) http://www. research. ibm. com/university/collaborativeresearch/ocr. shtml (13

Or take Watson, IBM 6, a truly breakthrough innovation of a large company that was the first to create a triple helix for different data techniques.

-ralph-hamers-ceo-ing-ik-ben-nietgroter-dan-ing, March 2014.6) IBM Watson, http://www. ibm. com/smarterplanet/us/en/ibmwatson

as well as IBM's Watson Research Centre, Stanford's Centre for Integrated Systems and similar R & D organisations.

IBM, Nokia, Google, Facebook, Microsoft, Apple) show, the platform owner potentially gains substantial advantages in terms of value creation and market dominance.

One useful visualisation tool to illustrate this is one developed by IBM's Institute for Business Figure 3:

IBM graphic Source: IBM Institute for Business Value analysis, 2012 131 identify the practical application of the distinctive crowd asset classes that may have value for us.

Let us consider some of the generic opportunities that present themselves. As demonstrated in our examples,

Many large firms such as IBM, Procter & gamble or Eli lilly have adopted already successfully the open innovation approach.

while Microsoft, IBM and Oracle combined spent ten times that amount. In addition, there were 26 companies from the USA and three from Japan spending more than €100 million, against only six in Europe.

and marketing investment by large companies such as IBM (Flamm, 1988; Chandler, 1990; Langlois, 1992; Mowery, 1996;

Before that, IBM had developed the automatic sequencecontrolled calculator (ASCC), known as Mark I, which was still an electromechanical machine.

resulting from on a joint effort between IBM and the University of Harvard, which was established in 1939 (Moreau, 1984.

IBM hired Von neumann as a consultant in January 1952 and started a collaboration with his organization, the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton (Pugh, 1995.

The role of universities greatly increased after a commercial move by IBM. In 1954 IBM delivered the 650

a machine that was installed mainly for business purposes in a thousand companies. Thomas Watson Jr decided that a university could benefit from a discount up to 60%on the price of the 650

While the single most important language, FORTRAN, was invented by John Backus at IBM in 1954 (Pugh, 1995),

In December 1968 IBM was forced by the US authorities to unbundle the commercialization of software from sales of hardware products, giving origin to a separate industry,

Bull with the Gamma 60 was one of the competitors for the tender issued by the US Atomic energy commission (AEC) for a machine 100 times faster than any then existing, alongside UNIVAC and IBM.

School, Harvard university, IBM and the Bell laboratories in the USA (Williams, 2000. In the early history of computing technology Europe and the USA were equally competitive.

Zuse and IBM are special cases. From the Moore School and the University of Iowa, from Aiken and Wilkes to Algol, the vast majority of the essential steps were achieved on academic grounds.

Decisions leading to IBM System/360. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Pugh, E 1995. Building IBM:

Shaping an Industry and its Technology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Randell, B 1980. The COLOSSUS. In A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century.

My life at IBM and Beyond. New york: Bantam. Wildavsky, B 2010. The Great Brain Race.

The primary bridge between these application environments was the widespread use of the IBM 3270, the DEC VT-100 and other standards for"intelligent"data display terminals, the basis for interactive data

%NOKIA 1700.0 NOKIA SIEMENS SIEMENS 07/08/2013 Acq. from 50%to 100%IBM 1559.0 SOFTLAYER GLOBAL INNOVATION 08/07/2013 Acq. 100%ORACLE

SYMANTEC 30/03/2012 Acq. from 51%to 100%IBM 275.9 ALGORITHMICS INC. FITCH INC. 21/10/2011 Acq. 100%AMGEN 251.6 KAI PHARMACEUTICALS THOMAS

or more places but remained within the top 50 include Siemens (now 17th), IBM (now 21st), Ford motor (now 23rd), Ericsson (now 28th), NTT (now 49th), Hewlett-packard (now 44th),

IBM, USA 20. GLAXOSMITHKLINE, UK 19. PANASONIC, Japan 18. CISCO SYSTEMS, USA 17. SIEMENS, Germany 16.

13 18 CISCO SYSTEMS up 13 19 PANASONIC up 128 20 GLAXOSMITHKLINE dow n 9 21 IBM dow n 12 22 NOKIA dow

and Matthias Schunter2 1 Maastricht University, The netherlands glott. ruediger@gmail. com 2 IBM Research Z urich, R uschlikon, Switzerland huselmar@de

. ibm. com, mts@zurich. ibm. com 3 TU Darmstadt, Germany ahmad. sadeghi@trust. rub. de Abstract.

Similarly, IBM has launched a FISMA compliant Federal Community Cloud in 2010. Other cloud providers also adapt basic service security to the needs of specific markets and communities.

, Novell, IBM), virtual private networking (e g.,, Amazon Virtual Private cloud), encryption (e g.,, Amazon managed encryption services)

Enterprise privacy authorization language (EPAL 1. 1). IBM Research Report (2003) Data Usage Control in the future Internet Cloud 231 3. Bonneau, J

IBM Corporation (2008) 30. Prehofer, C.,Bettstetter, C.:Self-organization in Communication Networks: Principles and Design Paradigms.

Whitepaper IBM developerworks (March 2008), http://www. ibm. com/developer works/autonomic/library/ac-edge4/4. Theilmann, W.,Winkler, U

such as IBM, Cisco, Microsoft, are involved strongly in and are contributing to shaping the research agenda.

IBM Journal of Research & development 53 (3), 338 353 (2009) 11. European commission: Growing Regions, Growing Europe:

of alternative models for running schools in India. 455) Social uses of commercial technology such as IBM's use of translation software on its Meedan website of Arabic blogs,

As pointed out by IBM, examples of value added exploitation of data streams concern the analysis of 5 million daily trade events created to identify potential fraud,

and energy (Footnote 4 continued) Mapreduce has been used to rewrite the production indexing system that produces the data structures used for the Google web search service 41.5 See for example how IBM has exploited/integrated Hadoop 42.1.1 Introduction 7 management.

Harv Bus Rev 90 (10): 70 76 6. IBM (2013) What is big data? http://www-01. ibm. com/software/data/bigdata/.

/Accessed 9 jul 2013 7. Pospiech M, Felden C (2012) Big data a state-of-the-art. In: Americas conference on information systems (AMCIS 2012) 8. Mcafee A, Brynjolfsson E (2012) Big data:

IBM, Zikopoulos P, Eaton C (2011) Understanding big data: analytics for enterprise class hadoop and streaming data, 1st edn.

High density, low cost chips IBM, Intel, AMD chips 50 3 Mobile Services As pointed out by Bagozzi 20, TAM is characterized by a‘‘parsimony''in the number of basic

, IBM System S, storing and processing large volume of data streams in real time Stream synopsis algorithms and software Histograms and sketches for data stream computation problems (see 37 for a survey) a According to 42 Hyperscale storage is measured a storage space in terms of petabytes,

Microsoft Sharepoint, IBM Lotus notes and Google apps for business. The latter one contains many useful applications such as Google doc for file sharing among team members,

IBM Syst J 32:4 16 20. Broadbent M, Weill P (1993) Improving business and information strategy alignment:

IBM Syst J 32: 162 179 21. Simonsson M, Johnson P, Ekstedt M (2010) The effect of IT governance maturity ON IT governance performance.

and capture value can be seen, for example, in the results of the Global CEO Study 2009 produced by the IBM Institute for Business Value 12,

IBM (2009) IBM Institute for Business Value's Biannual Global CEO Study 2009 13. Casadesus-Masanell R, Ricart JE (2007) Competing through business models WP no 713.

developed at the IBM Research Lab in Haifa, while his two partners both have extensive experience in the banking industry.

IBM or Apple) and those that fizzle out after having achieved dominance in one category (e g.,

Google uses big data to predict the next wave of influenza. 2 IBM uses data to optimize traffic flow in the city of Stockholm,

Understanding the IBM Approach to Traffic Management. Redguides for Business leaders. IBM. Available at http://www. redbooks. ibm. com/redpapers/pdfs/redp4737. pdf. 2014 World Economic Forum 2014 World Economic Forum The Global Information technology

Report 2014 33 1. 1: The Networked Readiness Index 2014 This appendix presents the structure of the Networked Readiness Index 2014 (NRI.

As explained in the chapter, the NRI framework separates environmental factors from ICT readiness, usage, and impact.

Proprietary data networks such as Appletalk and IBM Systems Network architecture (SNA) have migrated to IP over time,

see also note 4 at the end of this chapter. 2 Leber 2012.3 IBM Software 2012.4 Danahy 2009; Fehrenbacher 2009.5 Lopez 2013.

The Internet of Everything 40 The Global Information technology Report 2014 2014 World Economic Forum 3 IBM 2013.4 Gantz and Reinsel 2012.

IBM. 2013. Website. Big data. Available at http://www. ibm. com/bigdata/us/en/./IBM Software. 2012.

Managing Big data for Smart Grids and Smart Meters. IBM White paper. Somers, NY: IBM Corporation. Available at ftp://public. dhe. ibm. com/software/pdf/industry/IMW14628USEN. pdf. Leber, J. 2012.

Big Oil Goes Mining for Big data. MIT Technology Review, May 8. Available at http://www. technologyreview. com/news/427876/big-oil-goes-mining-for-big data/.

/Lopez, M. 2013. GE Speaks on the Business Value of the Internet of things. Forbes. com, May 10.

Available at http://www. forbes. com/sites/maribellopez/2013/05/10/ge-speaks-on-the-business-valueof-the-internet-of-things.

Mandel, M. 2013. Can the Internet of Everything Bring back the High-Growth Economy? Policy Memo, September.

NOTES 1 IBM, no date. What Is Big data? 2 Constine 2012.3 Aberdeen Group 2013.4 Mcafee and Brynjolfsson 2012, p. 6. 5 Gartner 2013.6 The New york times 2012.7 ITP. net 2013.8 The Economist

IBM. No date. What Is Big data? Available at http://www. ibm. com/big data. ITP. net. 2013.

DWTC to Highlight Big data at GITEX: Event Organiser to Host First Ever Big data Conference on October 22, September 29.

and promote operational efficiency through an analysis of Côte d ivoire's public transportation system by IBM's Dublin laboratory.

NOTES 1 Gray 2013.2 The Economist 2013a.3 Mayer-Schonberger and Cukier 2013.4 OECD 2013.5 IBM 2013.6 Manyika et al. 2011.7 The Old Farmer's Almanac, no date

IBM. 2013. The IBM Big data Platform. New york: IBM Corporation. Available at http://public. dhe. ibm. com/common/ssi/ecm/en/imb14135usen/IMB14135USEN. PDF. Lu, X.,L. Bengtsson,

and P. Holme. 2012. Predictability of Population Displacement after the 2010 Haiti Earthquake. PNAS 109 (29 july 17.

Available at http://www. pnas. org/content/early/2012/06/11/1203882109. full. pdf+html. Mandel, M. 2012.

Beyond Goods and Services: The (Unmeasured) Rise of the Data-Driven Economy. Progressive Policy Institute, Policy Memo.