Synopsis:
Innovation: Innovation system:
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achievements and deficits In the light of insights from research on innovation and technological change, much foresight thinking and practice have struck us as somewhat over-simplistic and in particular over-optimistic in its hopes, e g. with respect to the ability to mobilise innovation system stakeholders to act
For instance, they can refer to the promotion of individual technologies (e g. an R&d programme) as well as to the structural settings of the innovation systems (e g. liberalisation of energy supply.
experiences were made with Strategic Niche Management19 and Transition Management20 as approaches to devise forward-looking policy strategies for long-term transformations of infrastructure and sectoral innovation systems towards sustainability.
and the addressee, respectively, Austrian federal innovation policy or the Swedish national innovation system. This situation indicates that the political setup around an AF project can be rather sensitive
Secondly, the analytical boundaries of the innovation system that determines the evolution of the focal issue need to be clarified.
and aspects that need to be addressed in the course of an innovation system analysis24: Actors; Interactions and decision-making processes;
The process dynamics, by which these different elements of innovation systems are coupled. 3. 2. 3. Phase 2:
After all, it is external developments that drive the need for adaptation. 24 The understanding of innovation systems analysis as used here is based on the conventional actor-oriented approach as pioneered by Freeman 44 and Lundvall 45 in the late 1980s and early 1990s
More normatively oriented, functional innovation systems approaches take a different stance on innovation system analysis 46.25 The methodology outlined in this section is largely based on the so called Shell/GBN tradition 47.
in a way useful also for non-experts in innovation research, convey the notion that the complex innovation system logic discussed above may develop over time in alternative, qualitatively different, ways.
These projects cover a range of different application areas like production systems, transport and mobility systems, regional innovation systems, information and communication technologies and energy technologies.
Malmer, B. Mölleryd, Foresight in Nordic innovation systems. Report for Nordic Innovation Centre, Oslo, 2007.11 G. Best, G. Parston, J. Rosenhead, Robustness in practice:
Towards Environmental Innovation systems, Springer, Berlin, 2005, pp. 33554 27 B. Wittrock, S. Lindström, De stora programmens tid:
Shaping Sustainable Transformations, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2006.29 K. M. Weber, K. Kubeczko, H. Rohracher, System innovations in innovation systems.
Towards Environmental Innovation systems, Springer, Berlin, 2005.39 K. M. Weber, K. Kubeczko, K.-H. Leitner, K. Whitelegg,
. Carlsson, S. Lindmark, A. Rickne, Analyzing the dynamics and functionality of sectoral innovation systems a manual,
Apart from foresight methodologies, his main research interests are in the governance of research and innovation systems, in the transformation of large socio-technical systems towards sustainability
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Such expectations are not necessarily easy to fulfill due to the complexities of vertical and horizontal coordination in national innovation systems 3. Indeed
for the purpose of supporting mutual learning, opening-up of national innovation systems and the development of new collaborative forms of European RTD funding.
Because the participating funding organizations have evolved through path-dependent processes that reflect the characteristics of their respective national innovation systems,
Scalability is needed to process contributions from stakeholders who are concerned with different facets of innovation systems at the local, sectoral, national and international level.
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which are crucial for the competitiveness of national or regional innovation systems. The analysis of regulatory foresight in the narrow sense is based, first, on a broad survey of literature databases and the internet regarding regulatory impact assessments in general,
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or TA projects and comparative studies of national and regional innovation systems etc. Activities in the FTA programme focus on designing tools and support systems
what we show here as the possible future path/paradigm at the level of an application area (drug discovery) may also be called an innovation system.
Improving Distributed intelligence in Complex Innovation systems, Final Report of the Advanced Science and Technology policy Planning Network (ASTPP.
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and institutions and communication between them) Governance and policy-making culture (including levels of commitment) Sociocultural factors in relation to public participation and the perceived utility and eventual impacts of foresight exercises The nature of innovation processes and the‘innovation system'in
Referring to the innovation system, important factors include the degree of alignment between the (technological) solutions proposed
Research interests include the areas of research evaluation and impact assessment, foresight, national innovation systems and policies, scientific advice for policy-making and risk governance.
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as well as academics interested in prospective analysis of innovation systems. 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Alternative futures for the EU;
The theoretical framework of this article rests on the innovation systems school 10 15), and especially its emphasis on the importance of academia industry co-operation 16,17).
e g. universities are assuming essential responsibilities in shaping local, regional, sectoral, national and international production and innovation systems. 22 Fig. 1. The distribution of GERD by R&d performing sectors
EU funds for RTD infrastructure do not pursue cohesion objectives Innovation systems, co-operation among key players a Strong, flexible innovation systems in a large number of regions (with their own specific strengths),
capable of renewal and adaptation to the external environment, underpinning both cohesion and competitiveness Strong, flexible innovation systems in the advanced regions,
however, not Table 2 (continued) ERIA EU Double success Successful multi-speed EU Innovation systems, co-operation among key players a Intense communication among businesses, academia, policy-makers,
to strengthen weaker innovation systems, including communication, networking and co-operation among key players inside those regions and across regions Ad hoc, weak communication and co-operation among the key players in laggard regions;
weak RTDI policy constituencies Insufficient, halfhearted EU-supported efforts at best to strengthen weaker innovation systems of laggard regions/countries RTDI services (information, consultancy, incubation, etc.
with other players in (regional, national, sectoral, international) innovation systems and with the society A new balance of the main activities;
intense interactions with other players in (regional, national, sectoral, international) innovation systems and with the society Universities do not understand/take on their role in addressing societal issues New activities to promote cohesion among EU regions
'not much interactionwith other players in innovation systems and with the society Excessive emphasis on enhancing the competitiveness of EU businesses;
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and who seem uncomfortable with the emerging complexity of innovation systems as the key target or client for adaptive policies and new approaches.
another Finnish team, bring this novel focus on tools further into the interface with policy approaches in their timely paper on the Role of Technology barometer in Assessing Past and Future development of National Innovation system.
worldwide competition is increasingly about the attractiveness of innovation systems and thus the capacity to know one's own technological position relative to others represents a new FTA capability with real world predictive performance capacity.
Annele Eerola is a Senior Research scientist of the knowledge center‘Organisations, Networks and Innovation systems'at VTT Technical research Centre of Finland.
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Jochen Markard is a group leader for innovation system analysis and transition management at Cirus at Eawag and a lecturer at the University of Lucerne.
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and rationalist technology-focused approaches towards the recognition of broader concerns that encompass the entire innovation system,
for example related to resource allocation or the formation of strategic partnerships/joint actions. o Informative outcomes refer to the use of foresight to improve the understanding of present and future challenges of the innovation system and its parts.
Dr. Annele Eerola is Senior Research scientist and Deputy Technology manager of the knowledge centre‘Organisations, Networks and Innovation systems'at VTT.
His research is focused on technology foresight, technological transformation of societies, innovation systems and economic geography. He holds a Phd in human geography from the University of Turku, Finland.
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The role of the technology barometer in assessing the performance of the national innovation system Torsti Loikkanen a,,
When the worldwide competition is about the attractiveness of innovation systems, such knowledge is important for comparing the innovation performance of nations to other economies.
when competition is not only between multinational and other enterprises but also between economies and innovation systems. Comparisons are based on a number of different indicators,
composite indicators or survey based studies providing comparisons in a wide range of fields like economy, society, education, innovation system, or sustainable development.
The future development of the economy and innovation system will be derived in part from the path dependent historical context
Thereby the inclusion of transitional phases of economies to the comparative analyses of economic and innovation systems deepens the understanding of the long-term socioeconomic changes and dynamics.
Moreover, performance comparisons are often based on input data for developing innovation systems, like private and public R&d investments,
has generated a vivid national discussion of the strengths and weaknesses as well as the future directions of the Finnish economy and innovation system.
but furthermore the related national comparative examination gives additional and more detailed insights into the discussion of the future development of the national economy and innovation system.
Despite the somewhat different premises of these stakeholder groups the barometer concept has proven to be capable of casting some light into the black boxes of innovation system by focusing decision-makers attention to core subjects,
moreover on different factors affecting the national economy and innovation system. For example, political changes and elections,
Technology barometer is going to be developed towards an instrument that analyzes innovation systems as far-reaching socioeconomic technical complexes.
In principle, this concept could be applied in the study of different kinds of societal objects and objectives, related to national innovation system, regions, research programmes or societal actors, engaging private enterprises and public organizations.
and impacts of globalization on enterprise R&d, innovation systems and innovation policies. He holds A m. Sc. in economics from Helsinki University.
technological transformation of societies, innovation systems and economic geography. He holds a Phd in human geography from the University of Turku, Finland.
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others are just more indirectly filtered into the innovation system of the specific sectors in the country.
but also the innovation system and the actors working in the fields. A bibliometric analysis provided further input in this process.
Parallel to this, the corresponding innovation systems were being analysed in order to identify candidates for potential strategic partnerships which are proposed in 2009 at the end of the whole process (Objectives 3 and 4). In the last phase of the process,
Nevertheless, this conference marked the beginning of the integration of the topics that were identified into the German innovation system and into BMBF.
and efficiently absorbed by an existing innovation system? Table 1 One example for results. Ranking problem:
At the same time, it is exactly the capability to combine diverse elements in new ways to respond to change which characterises the quality of innovation systems within a learning economy.
Therefore, every foresight exercise has an impact on the system the foresight is performed in, in this case the BMBF and the policy as well as the innovation system.
They can be implemented by others in the innovation system or be part of strategic partnerships (objective no. 3)
The information and topics gained in these processes may also be interesting for other actors in the innovation system.
in order to make use of the strategic intelligence of the innovation system 24,27, 32 but this time very cautiously and step by step.
Improving distributed intelligence in complex innovation systems, Final Report of the Advanced Science & Technology policy Planning Network (ASTPP), Karlsruhe, 1999.
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the concepts of national innovation systems (NIS) and technology innovation systeem (TIS) are important in understanding how new technologies emerge
An innovation system can be defined as‘the elements and relationships, which interact in the production, diffusion and use of new and economically useful knowleddge (Lundvall 1992).
With roots in evolutionary econommic and their understanding of national innovation systems, Georghiou and Keenan compiled a list of‘common stated goals for foresight,
'which are widely concordant with Johnson and Jacobsson's suggested functions of innovation systems. These goals are:(
2) reorienting the science and innovation system; this goal is related to priority-setting, but goes further;(
3) demonstrating the vitality of the science and innovation system;(4) bringing new actors into the strategic debate;
If a national science system is perceived as an important element of the overall national innovation system then priority-setting processes of research councils
Notes on contributors Per Dannemandandersen is head of the Innovation systems and Foresight section at thetechnical University of Denmark's Department for Management Engineering.
Mads Borup is a senior scientist at the Innovation systems and Foresight section at the Technical University of Denmark's Department for Management Engineering.
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Instead, a better STI policy strategy is to foster an innovation system that is sufficiently flexible to support such areas at their time of emergence. 5. 3. Deliberative processes Foresight exercises are characterised by deliberation between various stakeholders, often in workshhop and working groups.
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but also with the institutional and structural settings of innovation systems (Dosi 1988; Edquist 1997; Freeman 1991,2002;
the Austrian innovation system has gone through a phase of fast growth of R&d expenditures and internationalisation.
Central to the research programme was the combination of different perspectives on the situation of the urban innovation system.
and thus to the consideration of alternative futures had been addressed in the forward-looking part Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 05:10 03 december 2014 Trade-offs between policy impacts of future-oriented analysis 967 of the preceding research programme on the Viennese innovation system,
She studied Economics and Philosophy and is doing her Phd research on the role of diversity in innovation systems.
The emergence of the Swedish Agency for Innovation systems. Paper presented at the 40th Anniversary Conference of SPRU,‘The Future of Science, Technology and Innovation policy:
and sub-national innovation systems complementarity and economic growth. Research policy 31, no. 2: 191 211. Havas, A d. Schartinger,
Management of innovation systems: the role of distributed intelligence. Antwerpen: Maklu Uitgevers N. V. OECD. 2002. Dynamising national innovation systems.
Paris: OECD. OECD. 2005. Governance of innovation systems, Vol. 1: Synthesis report. Paris: OECD. PREST. 2006.
Evaluation of the United kingdom foresight programme. Final report. Manchester: University of Manchester. Rhomberg, W c. Steindl, and M. Weber. 2006.
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which contained numerous proposals towards the development of the Finnish research and innovation system (STPC 2006).
Foresight in Nordic innovation systems. Oslo: Nordic Innovation Centre. http://www. nordicinnovation. net/img/nordic foresight forum final report. pdf (accessed 20 september 2009.
Functions of innovation systems: a new approach for analysing technological change. Technological forecasting and Social Change 74, no. 4: 413 32.
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or use of these approaches to look at an entire research and innovation system. FTA APPROACHES are locked also in a spiral of co-evolution with research and innovation policy,
and rationalist technology-focused approaches towards recognition of broader concerns encompassing the entire innovation system including societal perspectives.
Lemola, D. Loveridge, T. Luukkonen, W. Polt, A. Rip, L. Sanz-Menendez, R. Smits, Improving Distributed intelligence in Complex Innovation systems, final report of the Advanced
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and innovation system and identifies the catalytic role of Foresight in this framework. The European system is sketched in terms of‘‘institutional arrangements''by depicting three (interrelated) arenas for the orientation, the programming and the performance of research.
and innovation system by fostering the operations of each of these arenas and the relations between them.
Innovation studies have pointed out how the dynamics of innovation systems are structured by the nature of the governing technological regimes that in turn co-evolve with socioeconomic and institutional framework conditions.
The co-evolution trajectories are determined partly by characteristics of National innovation systems such as regulation and cultural context 10.
For some time now it has been suggested that insights from innovation systems research on the systemic nature of knowledge production should be taken into account by R&i policy to better target its instruments and approaches 16.
and variables that need to be adapted to match these domains'specificities. 3. Institutional arrangements in European research and innovation system In Europe, the conduct,
Experiences from the vertical R&i coordination between local, regional and (international levels provide insights into the challenges of managing multilayered innovation systems 23.
and innovation system This section presents a concept for analysing the institutional arrangements characterising the R&i system in a given research field.
It proposes a functional description of National innovation systems along three interacting arenas of governance: -the arena of strategic orientation of research, borne by the political governmental authorities,
Foresight can be characterised as a systemic instrument 25 aiming at enhanced capabilities in innovation systems and their parts 26.
which enhances the connectivity of the innovation system and can improve its performance 34. However, the excessive strengthening of existing networks (see
i e. their tailoring using the arenas for governance Foresight objectives matrix. 4. Knowledge dynamics in European research and innovation system Policy-making in arenas of strategic orientation,
The immediate conclusion for Foresight is need the for consensus building among stakeholders from industry and civil society for a further development of the European research and innovation system.
and innovation system thus helping to relax some of the current tensions. Two types of Foresight exercises are emerging from the analysis:
To sum up the analysis revealed two types of Foresight useful for underpinning the European research and innovation system in the area of Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies:(
the UK experience, Journal of Forecasting 22 (2 3)( 2003) 129 160.34 B. R. Martin, R. Johnston, Technology foresight for Wiring up the National Innovation system.
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which sometime ago called‘‘wiring up the innovation system''4. In recent years there has been growth in for regional innovation
and functional priorities referring to characteristics of the science and innovation system. In dealing with priorities it is difficult to separate the output from either the process that generates it or from the process by
and focused upon reorientation of the national innovation system 18. Structurally oriented foresight most often seems to be invoked at times of change.
which could restore a functional innovation system. More recent exercises both in the countries already mentioned
and also in Romania and Poland have had a more explicit objective to shape the research and innovation system.
and Johnston‘‘wiring up the innovation system''through strengthening connections within it 4. Foresight becomes a systemic innovation policy instrument as defined by Smits
and Kuhlmann 31, serving the function of enhancing the capability of innovation systems for self-organisation and raising the level of analysis for innovation policy to the system level.
the practice and its impacts, Technology analysis & Strategic management 20 (3)( 2008) 287 307.4 B. R. Martin, R. Johnston, Technology foresight for wiring up the national innovation system a review of recent
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and rationalist technology-focused approaches towards the recognition of broader concerns that encompass the entire innovation system,
in order to clarify (i) different roles for foresight in the innovation system and society and (ii) its respective impacts and implications on policy. 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.§
in order to clarify (i) different roles of foresight in the innovation system and (ii) its respective impacts and implications on policy and societal developments.
and dedicated methods to improve the awareness and understanding of present and future challenges of the innovation system and its parts.
/Futures 43 (2011) 252 264 259 and future challenges of the innovation system and its parts. However, specific short-term actions are expected not necessarily after the projects.
and the inclusion of diverse and alternative viewpoints that can challenge incumbent and path-dependent approaches hindering especially radical changes in the innovation system.
and partnerships that are watered not down by the search for wide consensus within the innovation system.
which are needed both in attempts to enhance the performance of innovation systems: for example, the implementation of S&t policies may call for a sufficient degree of consensus about appropriate policy instruments (e g.,
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In the last decade, FTA ACTIVITIES and in particular national and Regional foresight programmes have often been oriented to supporting the functioning and development of innovation systems.
because the innovation system is constituted by numerous social practices, networks, institutions, and stakeholders. The latter, for instance, extend well beyond the‘‘usual suspects''of R&d-performing firms and public bodies,
It is oriented to supporting the functioning and development of innovation systems, and involves mutual learning processes, involving stakeholders and experts of many kinds.
''Once we go beyond extrapolating specific trends or devising imaginative scenarios based on historical analogy or generalisation from supposed vanguards, towards thinking about innovation systems more generally,
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society and corporate activity A central assumption behind innovation systems theory is that knowledge is the fundamental resource in the modern economy
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Practical implications FTA can contribute not only to the steering of diverse innovation systems, but also to their adjustment, adaptability and ability to shape responses to grand challenges.
FTA can contribute not only to the steering of innovation systems, but also to their adjustment, adaptability and ability to shape responses to grand challenges.
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He saw innovation policies as horizontal policies that cover the whole innovation system by shaping a favourable innovation environment.
How to navigate in a landscape of interrelated innovation systems? Ahlqvist, Halonen, Eerola, Kivisaari, Kohl, Koivisto, Myllyoja and Wessberg look at the role of research and technology organisations (RTOS),
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Foresight can be characterized as a systemic instrument aiming at enhanced capabilities in innovation systems and their parts.
and reinforce the connectivity of the innovation system. This can be through the creation of new combinations or the enhancement of existing networks.
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Orienting EU innovation systems towards grand challenges and the roles that FTA can play. Science and Public policy 39, no. 2: 140 52.
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strategy process Introduction The geographical scales of innovation systems are interlinked currently more than ever. The interrelatedness poses specific challenges for an organisation striving to navigate in this landscape.
and Jávorka (2010,7) assert that RTOS play important roles in the European innovation system and in de facto European research area policies,
when roadmapping the futures of a national innovation system. The temporal spans of the roadmaps are also scalable
and national innovation systems face. In the cases, the targets of the systemic capacities varied according to the different knowledge spaces and roadmap scopes,
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These include innovation system modelling, text mining of Science, Technology & Innovation(‘ST&I')information resources, trend analyses, actor analyses,
2. 3. Innovation system conceptual modelling A variety of approaches aim to capture the systemic processes by
2007) articulate‘functions of innovation systems'.'Some researchers look into what kind of innovation transfer is most effective (e g.
We note several innovation system conceptual modelling efforts pertaining particularly to energy technology, given our case focus on solar cells.
Among the various approaches to capture the essentials of innovation systems, the technology delivery system(‘TDS')has demonstrated enduring value by capturing
with a secondary interest in the DSSC characterisation. 4. 1. Compose TDS (Step B) The TDS approach is akin to other technology innovation system approaches,
Functions of innovation systems: A new approach for analyzing technological change. Technological forecasting & Social Change 74, no. 4: 413 32.
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and impact of these activities on the innovation system strategic dialogues are used, both during the process of creating consensus views of future developments and during their translation into research policy and the creation of research infrastructure.
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Originality/value The paper introduces a novel approach for identifying grand challenges and responses within the research and innovation system through a bottom-up process.
and innovation system to assess the implications of new technologies and wider socioeconomic changes (Martin and Johnston, 1999;
This article presents some recent experience of how national research and innovation systems use futures to construct responses (such as new investment priorities) to emerging global challenges and opportunities.
was the focus on translating future-oriented knowledge (from drivers and trends) into grand challenges for the national research and innovation system.
how research and innovation systems respond to grand challenges, and re-conceiving or reframing questions for the research and innovation system.
The method used in the case study is to examine outputs from the foresight project conducted on global drivers and trends and their (national) implications for research and enterprise.
some conclusions and implications for research and practice are offered particularly on how foresight addresses the‘‘challenge of grand challenges''in research and innovation systems.
it emerged as a significant(‘‘grand'challenge for the country's research and innovation system. The participants that were involved in the consultative events recognised the significance of certain drivers (around
In terms of engineering science and technology, it was a relatively simple process to identify possible responses from the research and innovation systems at a national level, through addressing known gaps in capacity and building on emerging areas of strength.
In some cases, the diagnosis of the grand challenge in The irish context was more straightforward than the construction of a set of possible responses from the research and innovation system.
and innovation system to take stock of the way in which they develop and implement their activities.
and innovation systems can address grand challenges can be done through bottom-up approaches. Although it was designed not originally in this way
if any, might be an appropriate response in terms of the research and innovation system. The marginalisation of Ireland (as a small country) within multilateral frameworks was identified as a challenge by participants in the exercise.
and sustain a successful innovation system. In the context of grand challenges, there is an important, ongoing role for FTA in critically evaluating continued support for the allocation of resources within the research and innovation system,
and the way in which they are organised. Notes 1. See www. se2009. eu/polopoly fs/1. 8460!
Martin, B. R. and Johnston, R. 1999),‘Technology foresight for wiring up the national innovation system. Experiences in Britain, Australia and New zealand'',Technological forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 60 No. 1, pp. 37-54.
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and the country's international S&t co-operation potential through the development of a national innovation system.
S&t for the 21st century'',Foresight Consolidation Report, available at www. nrc-cnrc. gc. ca/Nordic Innovation Centre (2007),‘Foresight in Nordic innovation systems'',Nordic Innovation
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In this context, FTA can contribute not only to the steering of innovation systems, but also to their adjustment, adaptability and ability to shape responses to fundamental changes.
foresight as part of the broader set of FTA) on innovation systems and governance structures? To what extent the current decision-makers and other major‘gatekeepers'would be open to launch and finance such exercises,
De Smedt et al. 5 investigate ways in which futures thinking assisted by scenarios can be used as a tool for inspiring actions and structures that address the grand challenges and for orienting innovation systems.
and principles as to how to strengthen innovation systems through scenario analysis. In this context, scenarios are seen as a tool for inspiring and orienting innovation systems.
Therefore, scenarios stimulate future-oriented thinking, create a common language and understanding between stakeholders thus supporting a systematic negotiation process,
Hence, principles on how to orient innovation systems through future scenarios require representation and collaboration as well as the integration of different modes of future thinking
In both countries, public policy activities to foster nanotechnology were accompanied by efforts to establish governance structures to coordinate interactions between actors of the innovation system.
6 M. Weber, A. Havas, D. Schartinger, Exploring the Potential impact of FLA on National Innovation systems.
Keenan, Orienting European innovation systems towards grand challenges and the roles that FTA can play, Sci. Public policy 39 (2012) 140 152.10 M. Boden, C. Cagnin, V. Carabias, K. Haegeman, T. Konnola, Facing the Future:
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