as well as a funnel for innovations coming from university research. Thus such a heterogeneous cluster would centre around university research and fabrication facilities18,
where start-up companies (and perhaps larger companies) would form the constituents of the heterogeneous cluster.
and economy in the 12th to 15th century in Europe as this major institutional innovation is described by P. A. David, masked in the language of our contemporary discussions of university research and training policies 1,
(i) not only universities conduct academic research (see Section 2. 2. on the role of other research actors);
and (ii) university research and basic research should not be taken as synonyms. 14 Clearly, the significant differences in the responsibilities of national and regional governments in funding and regulating higher education have to be taken into account
academic research; joint RTDI projects with businesses (including troubleshooting; consultancy for NGOS and policy-makers at national/regional/local levels is changing.
i e. academic research loses its power to validate knowledge;(b) knowledge either from academic or nonacademic sources is accepted only in society
What is changing in academic research? Trends and futures scenarios, Eur. J. Educ. 41 (2)( 2006) 169 202.6 P. H. Aghion, et al.
(and flourish) to take the university research to the market, 1234 D. K. R. Robinson/Technological forecasting & Social Change 76 (2009) 1222-1239 with the prospect of takeover by larger firms in 3 to 4
Concerning, academic research, the ERA NET Plant Genomics aims at strengthening the European research area in Plant Genomics. It is composed as a network of research funding organisations responsible for the development of national or regional plant genomics research programmes.
What are the results from (academic research groups that contribute to the realization of the technology?
include university departments, scientific networks, non-university research organizations, polytechnics, and academies. Industry stakeholders may be small to medium-sized enterprises as well as global multinational companies, industry associations or research partnerships.
and that their processes relate to policy making processes 1. Academic research has explored also this issue, focusing on different characterisations and typologies of foresight projects 2 3. The literature has suggested that foresight must be an integral part of policy-making processes 4,
the effectiveness of European public funding, corporate innovativeness, the relevance of academic research, and higher education. 4. 3. 2. Process model In the innovation framework instruments for sharing,
*and Sylvia Schwaag Serger1 1lund University research Policy Institute, P o box 117, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden, 2institute of Science, Technology and Society, School of Humanities
Wittrick, B. and Elzinga, A. eds) The University research System. The Public policies of the Home of Scientist, pp. 191 220.
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