but the main purpose is the reshaping of existing public research and development programmes or launching completely new programmes.
and the Academies of Sciences in a number of Central and Eastern European countries. 19 For a more detailed description of public research centres, especially on the variety of players in this sector, e g. in terms of organisational forms and changing ownership (public,
Tighter funding opportunities lead to increased competition among higher education and other public research organisations for restricted funds.
It can be extended to public research organisations, too, operated either in the EU or other Triad regions.
public research organisatioons foresight; science and technology and innovation policy studies 1. Introduction The setting of priorities in science
approximately 20 25%of public research is funded through research councils and national research programmes (Forskningsstyrelsen 2003). Both national research councils and research programmes often channel money to new and important emerging research areas and topics.
The authors came primarily from public research institutiions and also from industry. They were hand-picked by the council as experienced, visionary researchers,
and has a small (and young) public research base. However, it is also rather unique in that it has enacted sizeable increases in spending on research and development (R&d) over the last decade
and the establishment of several public research centres in 1987, with the primary aim of supporting technological innovation in firms.
and budget increases at the turn of the century represent attempts to shift public research away from a largely‘responsive'and mostly industrially-oriented mode to a more long-term, strategic mode.
and technology priority setting in a small country 935 Expenditure on Public research 0 20 000 000 40 000 000 60 000 000 80 000 000 100
000 000 120 000 000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Public research centres FNR UL Figure 1. Public
and public research actors (including the FNR) with a view to enhancing the latter's accountability and efficiency.
The City of Science is an initiative of the MCHER to regroup the University of Luxembourg and the Public research Centres on a single new site in the south of Luxembourg near the town of Esch-sur-Alzette.
The Centre is to be set up in cooperation between three US institutions, three Luxembourg public research centres,
Phase 2 of the exercise was devoted to establishing possible priorities for public research in Luxembourg. For this purpose
first, to call on the public research institutes to submit ideas for new research programmes; and second, to use a foresight exercise to identify
but also to consider the structural aspects and funding mechanisms and instruments of public research. Proposing this broad perspective rightly anticipated problems that would arise with any approach that sought only to identify thematic priorities without taking into account structural factors.
To ensure the specialisation of public research centre facilities into centres with a limited number of specific areas of high level expertise;
Furthermore, the FNR and the other public research actors benefited from a strong presence in the national media,
some of the public research centres have conducted their own mini-foresight studies, influenced and inspired by the FNR exercise.
Many senior scientific personnel from the private sector used the exercise to underline the need for high quality public research as a prerequisite for innovation and mutually rewarding cooperation between both sectors. 7. Conclusions For those familiar with running foresight exercises
Some particiipant particularly those who were already critical of the performance of the public research centres believed that the exercise was flawed by relying so heavily upon the ideas and visions of existing researchers.
there is a strong commitmeen from policy makers to build a more forward-looking and strategic culture across the public research base
these are sizeable budget increases for public research. Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 05:09 03 december 2014 950 F. Glod et al. 4. The use of the term‘in-house'can refer to actors beyond the officials of a ministry
and their methodology had to be adapted to the degree of progress made up to that point. 8. Other elements included the review analysis by the OECD on Luxembourg's public research apparatus, the multiannnua development programmes of the public research centres and the University of Luxembourg,
National priorities for public research and other findings. Luxembourg: Fonds National de la Recherche. FNR. 2007b.
coming either from a municipal department in charge of research agendas or from a public research funding agency in charge of research agendas,
took a decision in principle on the structural development of the public research system. This decision spurred the two main funding agencies theacademy of Finland
when the Government took a decision in principle on the structural development of the public research system at large.
The performance of research refers to the coordination of activities of all public research institutions (research organisations
Another major initiative of the Globalisation Strategy was an increase in the percentage of public research funding that should be subject to competition.
In 2005, two thirds of Danish public research funding was appropriations directly to universities and research centres,
The evaluation found that 64%of all proposals came from the public research and education sector,
or a public research institution) in such a cooperaation the private partner being an enterprise that agrees to contribute to this project at its own expeens by at least the amount of funds offered by the CTI (private contribution of at least 50%;
Lepori (2006) gives a longteer analysis of public research policy primarily with respect to universities and public research organizations.
Building programme evaluation into the design of public research-support programmes. Oxford Review of Econoomi Policy, 18 (1), 22 34.
Public research funding and research policy: a long-term analysis for The swiss case. Science and Public Policcy 33 (3), 205 216.
but not always, under the coordinating umbrella of public research planning (Ruivo 1994). Today's mechanism for priority-setting in these countries is therefore a hybrid, sometimes drawing upon scientific expertise not only in low-level decision-making but also in the framing of societal challenges underlying science policy priorities (Pielke 2007),
the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), the public research institutes affiliated to the ministries, the public research institutes affiliated to the provincial governments, the universities and the national defense research institutes.
These actors operated on the basis of a clear division of labor with little interaction between them.
public research institutes and firms 7th Five-year Plan Creation of NSFC, 1986 National High-technology R&d Program (863 Program) 1986 Foster China's overall innovation capacity in high-tech sectors and enhance its international competitiveness Spark Program 1986
issues and recent trends',Governance of Public research: Toward Better Practices, pp. 61 76. OECD: Paris..(2008) OECD‘Reviews of Innovation policy:
which was dominated by public research organizations, started to adopt biotechnollog before 1945. The Taiwanese government supported the sector through agricultural policies,
The public research organizations play an intermediary role between universities and pharmaceutical companies. Since the universities were supposed not to directly interact with firms, the Development Centre of Biotechnology (DCB),
a public research organization, was set up in National, sectoral and technological innovation systems: Taiwan. 275 1984 to apply the research into small molecules from the universities to develop new chemical medicines and then transfer such technologies to local firms.
) The Industrial Technology research Institute, another public research organization, also helped local SMES upgrade their manufacturing facilities
. 1 Agricultural public research organizations and private companies. The institutions for the innovation of seeds were originally set up by the Japanese government
and public research organizatiion were commercialized not but were transferred to farmers on a nonprofit base. In the 1990s,
And in the majority of cases it was the public research organizations such as the DCB, which played an intermediary role between the universities and pharmaceutical companies.
However, in the agricultuura biotechnology innovation system the public research organizations, the ASS, were the foundations on
Universities were involved mainly in the innovation through the network with the public research organizations. Only in the 1990s did some universities occasionally transfer modern biotechnology to agricultural SMES.
In contrast, in the agricultural biotechnology system both the public research organizations and private SMES adopted biotechnology as their main knowledge base.
firms (large and small, multinatiiona and domestic), universities, public research labs, government ministries and agencies, and intermeddiar bodies, such as industry associations and private consultants.
and strengthen the coordinattio of public research programmes conducted at national or regional level. It provides a framework to network and mutually open national or regional research programmes, leading to concrete cooperation such as the development and implementation of joint programmes or activities.
commons including less developed countries Science is a global stabilising agent Greater mobility of researchers Internationally agreed data standards Global strategic research fund combining 2%of each countries public research
which each nation agrees to contribute a minimum of 1%of its public research budget and further contributions are received from the private sector and foundations.
First, the policies could aim to facilitate the commercialization of public research and technology developpment Secondly,
Around 85%of all civil public research in Europe is financed still programmmed monitored and evaluated at national level (European commission 2008.
Finally, it draws conclusions for foresight in transnational research programming. 2. Co-ordination of transnational programming The co-ordination of cross-national public research involves a set of challenges in bridging potentially Science and Public policy 39 (2012
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