The former indicator reflects better the activities in basic research whereas the latter covers the performance in applied research and development.
Since research activities only being performed in basic research are less likely to create challenges for the regulatory framework in the near or mid-term future
and measurement and testing standards are especially relevant for the organisations focusing on basic research, whereas quality,
and (ii) university research and basic research should not be taken as synonyms. 14 Clearly, the significant differences in the responsibilities of national and regional governments in funding and regulating higher education have to be taken into account
The average share of universities in performing basic research was 54%across the OECD in 2003,
Double success case Trends, driving forces Universities Largely unchanged universities Radically reformed universities The role/mission of universities The main emphasis is on teaching and‘basic research'(science for the sake of science), not much interaction
too The majority of universities are interested only in‘basic research'projects, isolated from innovation processes Reformed universities actively participate in these co-operations Multi-disciplinary research A widely used practice,
Successful multi-speed EU Trends, driving forces Universities Largely unchanged universities Radically reformed universities The role/mission of universities The main emphasis is on teaching and‘basic research,
The Humboldtian model of universities higher education and basic research as almost inseparable‘Siamese twins'is still a prevailing notion in many professors'and policy-makers'mindsets.
Data also indicate that universities not only conduct basic research and it is not only universities who conduct basic research (on average,
54%of basic research expenditures are spent at universities in the OECD countries). Yet, the widely held consensus in the literature on the rationale for funding‘basic science'by public money still rests on the Humboldtian model:
training of future generation of researchers is of overriding importance among the benefits of basic science,
and‘basic research'are not that closely interconnected as they used to be, the rationale for funding basic research needs to be revisited.
To reflect on recent changes, the very notion of research has also been broadened substantially/reconsidered,
What makes basic research economically useful? Res. Policy 20 (2)( 1991) 109 119.34 K. Pavitt, The social shaping of the national science base, Res.
Policy 27 (8)( 1998) 793 805.35 A j. Salter, B. R. Martin, The economic benefits of publicly funded basic research:
and the UK Research councils in that it allocates funding to high-quality basic research based on the evaluation of submitted research proposal.
and identifying‘‘isolated priorities''for basic research 20. Nonetheless the CEE region has probably been focussed the most upon the‘‘critical technologies''style of foresight with prominent examples including successive Russian exercises 21,22
basic research and research for market applications. Note that the levels are interrelated dynamic and. In addition, each level will have its own timescales:
Society Technological field (Research group Basic research Market Fig. 2. Questions that are raised in order to address the dynamics of expectations and processes of agenda building.
and potentials of applications Articles in scientific journals Review articles that give an overview of the developments in the field Society Technological field (Research group Basic research Market Reports by NGO's Reports by government agencies Spokesperson statements
Also research is done from basic research (e g.,, production capacity of single-walled carbon nanotubes) to applications and the production of the applications.
Concluding, different developments in basic research have given the building blocks that can be used to develop nonvolatile memories based on nanotubes.
Subsequent results in basic research as well as from Nantero have reinforced the expectations. These promising results have led to the second round VC financing for Nantero as well.
Therefore, basic research as well as efforts from the market side is focussed on realising the applications. The difference here is that basic research generally is conducted for all options
and possible (not foreseen at this time) other applications, while the market side focuses (in general) on applications that are close to commercialisation.
Q At the same time, basic research groups work on fundamental insights in for example, controlled growth of metallic or semiconductor arrays of nanotubes.
Society Technological field (Research group Market Basic research Fig. 7. Main findings located within the three-level framework.
Nanotubes in electronic devices More research groups work on similar problems related to nanotube applications Society Technological field (Research group Basic research Market Fig. 8. Emerging irreversibilities located within the three-level framework.
and technological trends in the area of nanotechnology and its implications is confronted with the problem that most scientific endeavours of nanotechnology can be allocated to basic research
which connects the ongoing basic research with the visions communicated either by the scientist themselves or by the media.
/Technological forecasting & Social Change 72 (2005) 1112 1121 1115 considered as the most important bridge between basic research and marketable products and processes.
and institutes (representing basic research on nanotechnology related phenomena, material researchers and developers, systems engineering, toxicology of nanoscopic structures,
others think that the application of planning tools to topics of basic research might confine creativity
strategic prioritization was the basic principle in drawing up related policies except for those related to basic research.
food and bio products Intelligent solutions for society Production systems of the future Strategic growth technologies Health and prevention From basic research to individualised treatment Chronic disease between prevention and rehabilitation
food and other bio products 45 50 Intelligent solutions for society 0 10 Health and prevention From basic research to individualised treatment 30 20 Human health and safety
In practice, the EICT supports collaborative projects in futures research, basic research, applied research, and new product development with expertise in innovation management, project management, and IT infrastructure.
With organizations from basic research (TUB), applied research (Fhg), and industry (DTAG, DAG, Opera), the entire innovation process is covered.
support streams for basic research via research councils, mission-oriented agencies, and strateegi funds of various types constitute different policy layers, sometimes,
'and‘basic research'(Cao et al. 2006; Schwaag Serger and Breidne 2007. So-called mega-engineering and mega-science projects are aimed at‘leapfrogging'in key areas,
but focuses on strengthening basic research that addresses national strategic goals or needs. 2 In addition, there are programs
Construction of S&t Infrastructures and Construction of the S&t Industrialization Environment) 3 to‘basic+mega',reflecting the greater emphasis placed on basic research and infrastructure,
on Key Basic research Priorities (973 Program) 1997 Support basic research Innovation Fund for Technology-based SMES 1999 Support innovative activity by high-tech SMES Special
NSFC 1598 1968 2049 2250 2701 3620 4331 5358 National Basic research Program (973 Program) 589 686 800 897 983 1354
Strong research excellence criteria can also be found in the basic research part of the MLP, and in the megasciienc projects which were launched as a new national S&t program after the MLP.
The basic research policy in the MLP is expressed in four categories, and four priority areas, thus representing an ambition to square‘national needs'with‘science dynamics'.
The creation of the 973 Program, intended to strengthen basic research, is considered widely to have been the response by then-Premier Li peng to concerns voiced by scientists at the Political Consultation Conference (zhengxie) in March 1997 that basic research was being neglected in S&t funding.
The Political Consultation Conference is a political body in the Chinese political system. Its members are well-known scientists
which reflects a much broader constituenncy often at the behest of central government support of basic research (Mega-science Projects,
of labour leads to intense specialisation of countries'economies Governments compete to host the R&d facilities of multinationals through large R&d investments Public science focused on basic research that multinationals are less likely to perform themselves Strong global networks
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