& Social Change 75 (2008) 558 582 2. The role of universities in knowledge production 2. 1. The changing landscape of research systems Universities have traditionally been key players in
In Finland, the sectoral research system of government administrations will be renewed, underscoring the following four topics: regional and community structures and infrastructures;
thus play a central role in some cases a key role in the broader strategies and developments of science and research systems.
in addition to basic funding of universities and other government laboratories, research programmes contribute to competition within the research system. 3. 2. About the study
research system 1. Introduction In 2005, Luxembourg began to embark upon a‘national'technology foresight exercise, with the primary aim of identifying newresearch domains for the National research Fund (FNR) to support*Corresponding author.
although the level of gross expenditure on r&d (GERD) in Luxembourg at 1. 25%of GDP in 2006 still remains one of the lowest in the Europeea Union (EU). Afuller reviewof the evolution of the Luxembourg research system is offered by Meyer
In this way, FNR funding is intended to shift the Luxembourg research system towards conducting more leading-edge science
but is also responsible for setting policy across the whole of the research system. Finally, there is the research community,
which presented the first opportunity that participants in the exercise had to discuss the future of the research system together.
On top of this, the workshops were often the first opportunity that people had to discuss the future of the research system together
Nevertheless, the exercise's compartmentalisation almost certainly weakened its potential to directly inform developments in other parts of the research system.
A related point was the apparent tension between the need to maintain thematic‘variety'in the research system and the need to build‘critical mass'in a few selected niches.
Moreover, this number of priorities across the whole of the research system seemed reasonable and was considered a suitable basis upon which to formulate new FNR programmes. 12.
In this decision, the Government emphasised that the research system is to be developed in its entirety, with the aim of improving the quality and relevance of research and development activities.
if it is embedded in an understanding of the research systems in which they operate, expressed as a series of cascading visions 25.
The final output incorporated the grand challenges identified for Ireland, with emerging implications for the research system. 4. Project results:
The German research system is characterized by its high level of institutional fragmentation 53 and this institutional fragmentation can also be observed with regard to the governance of science, technology and innovation in the field of nanotechnology. 4. Comparing the US and Germany 4. 1. Timing and intervention Between the late 1980s and the late 1990s,
foresight for research and innovation policy and strategy, Futures 43 (3)( 2011) 243 251.10 L. Georghiou, Europe's research system must change, Nature 452 (2008) 935
In most‘mature'research systems in Western societies, several models for priority-setting exist side by side: floor funding to universities,
For instance in Europe knowledgeshaarin platforms offer tools, good practices and informattio on the current (through mapping of existing programmes), planned (through policy documents) and possible future7 state of research priority setting and research systems.
alignment of national research systems. temporal dimension in co-ordination 2. 2. 1 Alignment of research systems.
when conducting research collaboration. 2. 2. 2 Vertical co-ordination of multilayered research systems. The OECD (2003) has identified vertical coherennc as a general long-term policy objective ensuring that the practices of agencies
Indeed, today the research system is an integral part of the prevailing multilayered innovation system. Ko nno la et al.
lest they be taken over by short-term policy agendas and debates. 2. 2. 4 Temporal co-ordination of policies and research systems.
The aligning of research systems with vertical and horizontal co-ordination efforts face major difficulties in facilitating policy activities that lead to sustainable policy efforts over time.
and related key barriers for transnational research programming Dimension of policy co-ordination Description Potential barriers19 Alignment of research systems Alignment of structural and systemic differences in national research systems
which foresiigh can support the four co-ordination challenges identified in Section 2. 3. 2. 1 Alignment of research systems.
Foresight supports the alignment of different research systems by Figure 2. Project phases of foresight in each of three cases selected. 198.
and collecting informmatio on the views of different stakeholder groups within these research systems on future issues such as research priorities and implementation modes.
Programming Initiative Alignment of research systems Bottom up consultation process networrkin researchers and industrial leaders across borders.
and Urban Europe and ensuring a long-term integration of stakeholders in activities Embedding foresight in transnational research programming. 199 increasing research capacity in a specific thematic area can also contribute to better understanding and aligning research systems.
and of research infrastructure planning with these programmmes The participation of the actors in research systems in a foresight process may also promote transparennc
Participation in the context of aligning research systems may also relate to sharing research results. 3. 2. 2 Vertical co-ordination.
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