but also national research agencies and businesses, in their efforts to cope with the increasing complexity of new technologies and decision environments, in an increased techno-economic competition worldwide 9. Since the 1990s,
/Technological forecasting & Social Change 76 (2009) 1150 1162 Acknowledgements The project Regional infrastructure foresight was funded by The swiss National science Foundation within the National research Program 54 Sustainable development of the Built Environment.
Important users of this type of foresight activity are often national research and innovation councils, national research programmes and similar entities involved directly in prioritising public expenditure on research and development (R&d).
Research and innovation councils and programmes play a significant role in the development of science and are a central interface between politics and research.
As neither research councils nor national research programmes by themselves create technological innovation, the concepts of national innovation systems (NIS) and technology innovation systeem (TIS) are important in understanding how new technologies emerge
In the same way, foresight exercises and similar strategic activities aim to position national research optimally in relation to future opportuniitie in the strategic environment of national research programmes:
etc. 3. Case studies 3. 1. Research councils and national research programmes Research councils and national research programmes account for a smaller percentage of total research funding than direct government funding of universities and research institutions,
approximately 20 25%of public research is funded through research councils and national research programmes (Forskningsstyrelsen 2003). Both national research councils and research programmes often channel money to new and important emerging research areas and topics.
To manage national research programmes is a highly important part of science governance and research management in general.
for example, the general national research strategy developed in the mid-1990s (Miljø-og Energiministeriet 1996a c). Danish energy research experienced considerable turbulence following the change in governnmen in late 2001.
research councils and national research programmes are a dynamic part of national science systems. If a national science system is perceived as an important element of the overall national innovation system then priority-setting processes of research councils
Acknowledgements The work behind this article received funding from the Danish Social science Research council through the project,‘Strategies and identity of science a study of strategy processes in national research programmes'.
Examining the design of national research programmes. Prepared by Optima Ltd, VDI/VDE-Innovation and Technik Gmbh, EC Contract Ref.
The exercise was organised by the FNR (Fonds national de la recherche or National research Fund), the only research council in Luxembourg.
research system 1. Introduction In 2005, Luxembourg began to embark upon a‘national'technology foresight exercise, with the primary aim of identifying newresearch domains for the National research Fund (FNR) to support*Corresponding author.
and the National research Fund (FNR) as a source of prioritised funding for multi-annual research programmes.
This process led to the selection and reformulation of the research topics into‘candidates'for national research priorities.
it is necessary to take into account recurring discussions in Luxembourg on the need to identify Table 2. National research priorities in the shape of research areas and research domains.
since the FNR is mandated to serve all of the national research community. Perhaps more fundamentally, niches tend to be difficult to plan
but was made perhaps difficult by a perceived situation where stakes were felt to be high (national research priorities were being determined)
Notes on contributors Frank Glod is senior programme manager at the National research Fund of Luxembourg
Carlo Duprel is senior programme manager at the National research Fund of Luxembourg and was involved in the conduct of the FNR Foresight study.
is a Consortium of 17 national research agencies from 12 countries in the European research area whose objective is the coordination of the national policies in fundamental research at the nanometric scale.
and Technology, Villa Bighi, Bighi, Kalkara CSP 12, Malta 1. Introduction The predominant focus of foresight 1 is frequently national research policy and strategy,
. Klusacek, Technology foresight in the Czech republic, International Journal of Foresight and Innovation policy 1 (1 2)( 2004) 89 105.10 K. Klusacek, Key technologies for the Czech National research Programme, in:
Survey of earlier national research policy Where funding programs are considered as an element of future research policy it is important to gain an overview of previous funding activities in relevant subject areas as well as lessons learnt.
and demonstrate the power of strategic dialogues as an instrument for a broad range of subject areas in the context of national research policy making.
and provides knowledge and analysis for a broader, national research prioritisation exercise. The paper analyses the implementation of The irish foresight exercise
This article presents some recent experience of how national research and innovation systems use futures to construct responses (such as new investment priorities) to emerging global challenges and opportunities.
was the focus on translating future-oriented knowledge (from drivers and trends) into grand challenges for the national research and innovation system.
and consulting team that examined the implications of global drivers and trends for national research and enterprise policy-making in Ireland.
It was one of the projects undertaken by Forfa's to provide analytical support to a national research prioritisation exercise.
National research University Higher School of economics, Moscow, Russia. This study was implemented in the framework of the Programme of Fundamental Studies of the Higher School of economics in 2011. been active in the development of long-term strategies for the rational use of natural resources and in the sphere of environmental protection.
and Technology policy Research institute (STEPI) Technology foresight Research team, National research Center for Science and Technology for Development Time horizon 2035 2030 2020 Original category Energy and resources Energy
Hungary d Manchester Institute of Innovation research, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9pl, UK e National research University, Higher School of economics, Moscow, Russia
a Research Professor at the National research University, Higher School of economics, Moscow; and the editor of Foresight:
Professor Alexander Sokolov is Deputy Director of the Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge and Director of the International foresight Centre at the Higher School of economics (HSE) one of the most prominent national research universities
This technique is used often in national foresights to guide innovation and national research policies 58 60. All the above describe approaches to futures thinking during which (potential) inputs for scenarios can be produced.
Due to the low degree of power distance in Denmark, major societal stakeholders expect to be involved in the development process of national research policy strategies.
, 9000 Ghent, Belgium c PREST/MIOIR, Manchester Inst. of Innovation research, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9pl, UK d National research University
Dr Jennifer Cassingena Harper is the director of policy within the Malta Council for Science and Technology with responsibility for national research and innovation strategy and foresight.
In particular Warnke (2011) recommends the use of strategic dialogues to foster the embedding of suggested‘future fields'into the national research, technology and innovation (RTI) landscaape Ahlqvist et al.
between national research systems, horizonttall between disciplines and policy areas, vertically across governance levels (from local to global)
alignment of national research systems. temporal dimension in co-ordination 2. 2. 1 Alignment of research systems.
Nations or regions aiming to collaborate in research programming often face strong differences of varying nature in the way their respective national research systems are built up (Optimat et al. 2005;
In fact, the alignment of strongly differing national research systeem and vertical and horizontal co-ordination are all subject to temporal co-ordination challenges.
and related key barriers for transnational research programming Dimension of policy co-ordination Description Potential barriers19 Alignment of research systems Alignment of structural and systemic differences in national research systems
Structural differences between national research systems hampering co-ordination of programmes Structural differences in national programme orientation
(and three observers) of 19 EU Member States and Associated Countries 2008 11 Develop a durable focused network22 of national research funders in Member and Associated States of EU in order to share information,
For example, ERAWATCH data show that two-thirds of 2009 national research prograamme relevant for the Joint Programming Initiative on Agriculture,
ERAWATCH is a platform collecting data on national research systems in the ERA, including policy documents and research programmes. 11.
2005) defines three types of dominant programme orientation strategies for national research systems in Europe: single framework programme, multiple generic programmes,
2005)‘ Examining the design of national research programmes'.'Brussels: European commission. Reid, A.,Miedzinski, M.,Bruno, N. and le Gars, G. 2007)‘ Synergies between the EU 7th Research Framework programme, the Competitiveness and Innovation Framework programme and the Structural Funds',Policy
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