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Essays on Power, Technology and Domination, Routledge, London, 1991, pp. 132 161.45 M. Callon, The Dynamics of Techno-economic Networks, in:

1991 as quoted in 27). Network operation has to find a balance between flexibility and coordination efficiency,

Policy 20 (2)( 1991) 109 119.34 K. Pavitt, The social shaping of the national science base, Res.

Revolution or a History of the Future, 1991 New york, XXXX. 11 M. Castells, The Rise of Network Society, The Information age:

Essays on Power, Technology and Domination, Routledge, London, 1991, pp. 132 161.23 B. de Laat, Scripts for the future technological foresight, strategic analysis and socio technical networks:

Millet and Honton 1991. Many of these methods were developed between the 1940s and 1970s, often in the USA and often in affiliation with defence-related analyses or strategic intelligence in large firms.

Grant 1991. The resource-based approach does not replace analyses of an organisation's strateggi environment,

Grant, R. M. 1991. The resource-based theory of competitive advance: implications for strategy formulation. California Management Review 33, no. 3: 114 35.

and E. J. Honton. 1991. A manager's guide to technology forecasting and strategy analysis methods.

the strategic research funding agency) level and the operational (research performing institutes) level (OECD 1991). Furthermore, different sorts of things might be prioritissed including scientific fields, industrial areas, research facilities, types of research performing institutes, and so on.

The OECD (1991) has distinguished therefore between thematic priorities concerned with scientific fields, technology areas, industrial sectors, issues,

OECD. 1991. Choosing priorities in science and technology. Paris: OECD. OECD. 2007. Reviews of innovation policy:

Freeman, C. 1991. Networks of innovators, a synthesis of research issues. Research policy 20, no. 5: 499 514.

Thirdly, this discussion of stakeholder image construction in foresight is inspired by issues of reflexivity in social theory (Giddens 1991;

In the context of future orientation, reflexivity has evolved from an understanndin of human practice as described by Garfinkel (1967) via a social theory of modernity introduced by among others Giddens (1991) and Beck, Bonss,

Giddens, A. 1991. The contours of high modernity. In Modernity and self-identity: self and society in the late modern age, 10 35.

**Nano-surfaces & rare-earth materials 0 50 100 150 200 250 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

AIR FUEL CELL X-ray photoelectron spectra SURFACE ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY impedance spectroscopy (IS platinum alloys electrooxidation electric impedance measurement 1988 1989 1990 1991

since 1978 and has managed the Scan process since 1991. Patton is available at kpatton@sric-bi. com. More information about SRIC-BI's Scan program is available at www. sric-bi. com. K. M. Patton/Technological forecasting & Social Change 72 (2005

i e. being a description of perception rather than a description of reality (Schwartz, 1991), or more simply as reframing the future landscape and potential strategies, options,

a response to Ziauddin Sardar'',Futures, Vol. 42 No. 6, pp. 633-9. Schwartz, P. 1991), The Art of the Long View:

Mannermaa (1991) even distinguishes a scenario paradigm. The main purpose in using the scenario approach is not to predict

. 1991),‘In search of an evolutionary paradigm for futures research'',Futures, Vol. 23 No. 4, pp. 349-72.

The second level refers to a 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Dissertation, Zeist, Kerckebosch, The netherlands (1991. 34 J. W. Schot, A. Rip, The past and future of constructive technology assessment, Technology Forecasting and Social Change 54 (1997) 251 268.

Schwartz, 1991. It is eminently qualitative, it combines intuition and rational analysis, and it requires the collaboration of a group of experts.

-operation and Development, Paris. Schwartz, P. 1991), The Art of the Long View, Doubleday Currency, New york, NY.

Activities, thus, can be associated with an underlyyin thought community (Fleck 1979), community of practice (Brownand Duguid 1991;

Lave and Wenger 1991), and community of practitioners (Schön 1983; Constant 1987) and with specialised systems of knowledge and meaning (Polanyi 1998;

Varela, Thompson, and Rosch 1991; Nishida 2012) have emphasissed the environment subject distinction fails to account for the mutual co-determination

. and P. Duguid. 1991. Organizational learning and communities of practice: Toward a unified view of working, learning, and innovation.

and E. Wenger. 1991. Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge: Cambridge university Press. Leont'ev, A n. 1978.

and E. Rosch. 1991. The embodied mind: Cognitive science and human experience. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

Cooke (1991), Lipinski and Loveridge (1982) and Amara and Lipinski (1983) have described all similar processes for elicitiin expert (subjective opinion from either individuals or small groups.

Cooke, R. M. 1991. Experts in uncertainty: Opinion and subjective probability in science. Oxford: Oxford university Press.

because the role of anticipatory actions is a key issue in literature on strategic management (Ansoff 1991;

see Schwartz 1991) could be used directly for handling state, effect, and response uncertainty. First, these techniques allowed managers to think about the alternative evolutions of drivers of change (state uncertainty) in an organic and systematic way.

Schwartz 1991. 5. Siemens is a conglomerate company which operates in a wide range of different businesses (e g. automation, building, energy, health, and mobility).

References Ansoff, H. I. 1991. Critique of Henry Mintzberg's‘The design school':'Reconsidering the basic premises of strategic management.

Schwartz, P. 1991. The art of the long view: Planning for the future in an uncertain world.

Porter, M. E. 1991. Towards a dynamic theory of strategy. Strategic management Journal 12 (S2), 95 117.

visit www. interdisciplinaryscience. net or www. idr. gatech. edu/.4. DSSCS were reported first there in a hugely cited 1991 article (O'Regan and Gratzel 1991);

. and M. Gratzel. 1991. A low-cost, high-efficiency solar-cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal Tio2 films.

Fisher and Ury, 1991; Susskind and Movius, 2009) can already be useful at this stage in that discussions

''Again, we draw on insights from the Harvard Negotiation Project (Fisher and Ury, 1991. 4. 3 Step 3:

and Ury (1991) use during negotiations: it does not claim to be objective or to represent a consensus,

Fisher, R. and Ury, W. 1991), Getting to Yes Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In, Penguin, New york, NY.

Grant, 1991; Markides and Williamson, 1994. According to the resource-based theory, competitive advantage occurs only when there is a situation of resource heterogeneity and resource immobility (Barney, 1991.

With this perception, conventional strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analyses are informed by the need to maintain these core competences in the face of the development by competitors of their own core competences and key assets (Hax and Majluf, 1996.

1991), whereby the questionnaire is the medium of interaction (Martino, 1983. The Delphi method is especially useful for long-range forecasting (2030 years),

Barney, J. B. 1991),‘Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage'',Journal of Management, Vol. 17 No. 1, pp. 99-120.

Grant, R. 1991),‘The resource-based theory of competitive advantage: implications for strategy formulation'',California Management Review, Vol. 33 No. 3, pp. 114-35.

Rowe, G.,Wright, G. and Bolger, F. 1991),‘Delphi: a re-evaluation of research and theory'',Technological forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 39, pp. 235-51.

) 1976 1990 1991 2007 2008 402 L. Gao et al.//Technological forecasting & Social Change 80 (2013) 398 407 We propose a normalisation method with two steps to pre-process the original data.

1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Table 5 TLC stages of NBS. 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 lb 1 1

Econ. 1 (1991) 93 118.40 M. P. Hekkert, R. A a. Suurs, S. O. Negro, S. Kuhlmann, R. E. H. M

Chang. 39 (1991) 253 263.61 T. Fuller, P. De Smedt, From oracles to dialogue, in:

, A l. Wilkins, Better stories, not better constructs, to generate better theory a rejoinder to Eisenhardt, Academy of Management Review 16 (1991) 613 619.43 R. K. Yin

From September 1986 to December 1990, he was a research assistant at INTEC, Ghent Universiity Since January 1991,

+Pointner and Rammer (2005), Austria Programme of promoting use of CIMT (Flexcim Programme, 1991 1996) 301 (a) Selection correction:

Thirdly, the literature on technological systems places the emphasis on networks of agents in a specific economic or industrial sector and the particular institutional infrastructure involved in the generaatio and diffusion of technology (Carlsson and Stankiewicz 1991.

Carlsson, B. and Stankiewicz, R. 1991)‘ On the nature, function, and composition of technological systems',Journal of Evolutionary economics, 1: 93 118.