they develop the case for ensuring that foresight offers a democratic rather than just a technocratic input to the future and to the policy processes
Jenssen discusses the challenges of inclusivity in a participative foresight process in terms of achieving genuinely democratic decision making.
transport or local government, acknowledge the increasing demand for democratic dialogue about the future with affected parties and interest groups.
This paper is a contribution to the discussion about the relationship between foresight and the democratic challenges of good governance and long-term planning.
Democracy in practice. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Fombrun, C. 1996. Reputation: Realizing value from the corporate image.
Rethinking constructive technology assessment as democratic, reflective discourse. Technological forecasting and Social Change 73, no. 1: 13 26.
Communicative planning and democracy new perspectives in planning research. NIBR Report no. 17. Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional research. http://www. nibr. no/publikasjoner/rapporter/172/(accessed September 2009.
they see a shift from technocratic to wider democratic processes of decision-making as societies respond to globalisation
National foresight programmes share these features of technocratic rationality, democratic deliberation, bureaucratic timetables, and political expediency, combining in an unholy melee, in common with many other policy initiatives.
a matter of participatory democracy as commonly understood though such FTA could be an important contributor to establishing more deliberative democracy in S&t policy areas that have on account of the expert knowledge associated with them historically been dominated by vested interests and technocratic elites.
and even the bestinfoorme and most powerful actors have to work with others to a limited extent in totalitarian regimes, to a huge extent in liberal democracies.)
''or face it directly (as implied by the slogan of‘‘anticipatory democracy''and the characteristics of constructive technology assessment).
though as much for technocratic reasons as for more democratic ones (leading to criticisms that this sort of FTA fails to explore prospects for radical social change,
Available online 26 november 2010 A b s T R A c T FTA and equity addresses the need for multiple stakeholders'participation in public policy and corporate decision making thus leading to more democratic societies.
The need for more participative and inclusive decision making is due to themove from the technocratic nature of decision making towards more democratic processes,
The later discussion intends to enable the FTA COMMUNITY to reflect on how FTA ACTIVITIES can support the move towards more democratic societies and the potential impacts of FTA in governance.
has a pivotal role to play in assuring the continuation of human rights, freedom, democracy and privacy, all of
regulation and public policy 8. The shift from technocratic decision making towards more democratic processes can be captured in the concept of governance.
and society Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a critical cross-connecting theme regarding democracy and participation in shaping corporate decisions.
and processes could support a move towards genuine governance and thus a more democratic society.
The conditions for democratic governance of technology and innovation need to be acknowledged and discussed. Rather than just opening dialogue between science and society solely in terms of environmental or health impacts, there is a need to tackle broader social concerns such as ethical and cultural values, power relations,
North-South Issues, Governance, Health of Democracy, Failed States Global, Cyber terrorism & Nuclear & Bio WMD Water, Food and Resource Shortages, Disasters O. Saritas,
and liberal democracy Iran nukes Israel Global warming turns out to be a false prediction due to misunderstanding of causes Geopolitics & Security 89 Declining world order
The existence of strong social capital permits a decentralised democratic system. This model requires a strong set of management skills in all public organisations to guide participation and coordination actions.
Perspectives on democracy and technology. Science, Technology and Human Values 3, no. 5: 559 81.
middle classes Uncertain results for banking regulation A challenge to liberal democracy models Conflict follows geopolitical shifts Terrorism continues to pose a threat to security A multi-polar governance system Religion
the democratic virtues of the consensus conference model, Public Underst. Sci. 17 (2008) 329 348.25 R. Zimmer, R. Hertel, G.-F. Böl, Bfr Consumer Conference Nanotechnology, Federal Institute for Risk assessment, Berlin
new principles organising resource flows, different notions of learning, newworking patterns and differentmodes of democratic governance.
established democracies (as found in Northwest Europe and North america), third wave democracies (as found in Southern and Eastern europe and South america),
and Asian democracies. In Section 2. 3, we will further examine this approach. Countries'or regions'political culture might be closely related to national governance culture.
Havas et al. use governance culture to distinguish between the innovation policies in Western European countries, on the one hand, and Central and Eastern European countries (CEE) and newly independent states (NIS), on the other hand 3. However, Havas et al. do proceed not further into any systematic characterisation of the two traditions.
Even among wealthy and highly developed democracies, it is possible to find differences in planning practices.
From the figure, it is quite obvious that large differences exist even among established democracies in Western europe.
1) established democracies, as found in Northwest Europe and North america, (2) third wave democracies, as found in Southern and Eastern europe and South america,
and (3) Asian democracies. The second factor is the history of foresight diffusion and adoption.
The key point of view here is that history matters in the sense that foresight activities are inspired often by earlier activities in other countries.
Keenan and Popper suggest (with a great deal of precaution) that this difference reflects the democratic culture of these regions.
One the one hand established democracies in Northwest Europe and North america have in general, the lowest power distance indexes.
This detail supports the point of view that third wave democracies have higher power distance than more established democracies.
On the other hand even among established democracies in the Anglosphere cluster and the Germanoshere cluster have significantly different power distance index than equally established democracies in the Francoshpere cluster.
Also third wave democracies and Asian democracies constitute two very non-homogeneous groups that have no clear pattern of power distance.
This fact challenges Keenan and Popper's factors for explaining variations and similarities in regional foresight data.
Thus, the clusters of such landscapes might follow factors other than type of democracy. Furthermore it challenges the role of the history of foresight diffusion and adoption across and within the regions of many countries.
This was exposed through a very large research project‘Democracy and Power in Denmark'that was launched by the Danish Parliament shortly before the new millennium 27.
The purpose of the project was to analyse the state of the Danish democracy at the start of the 21st century.
'''27 Furthermore, the Democracy and Power study concluded that the power gap in Danish society has disappeared almost.
The Power and Democracy project's conclusion also supports Hofstede's categorisation of Denmark as a low uncertainty avoidance society.
As concluded by the study‘Power and Democracy',rather than analytical presentations, political negotiations are the main basis for political decisions in Denmark 27.
Foresight 10 (6)( 2008) 62 89.27 L. Togeby, J. G. Andersen, P m. Christiansen, T b. Jørgensen, Power and Democracy in Denmark.
The established dialogue was important to increase the perception of democracy among those involved. Moreover
A Table 2. Subcategories Society S&t Economy and finance Environment (ecological) Politics, government, public services Social values S&t reflection Market Hydrosphere Legitimacy-democracy
but also in different other societal value dimensions (health, longevity, human rights, social cohesion, law-based democratic society, international relations etc.).
juridical and democratic quality (rule and policy basis to realise other dimenssions constitutional state, equality of rights, sustain democracy, human rights);
cultural, ethical and intellectual dimension: culturral ethical and intellectual quality, stimulate cultural development and cultural expression as long as it does not interfere with other dimensioons increasing the intellectual level in service of the other dimensions;
i e. more comprehensive policy content, more evaluation of policy through debate and higher perception of democratic legitimacy Decisions taken:
conflicts may occur between new democratic practices, technological expertise and scientific freedom. On the other hand, as the future is unpredictable,
'This simply means that the synergy among them, the network articulation potentiial the intensity of the exchanges and the intrinsically democratic nature of the process benefit individuals and collectivity in more extensive ways than the results of the study themselves (European commission 2011.
in a knowledge-based society, democratic governance must ensure that citizens are able to make an informed choice from the options made available to them by responsible scientific and technological progress.
and adapt to the future and thus address common challennges and to spread democracy and transparency at the global level.
The need to transform current systems is heightened by emerging global trends, in particular democratic crises in many societies worldwide, the growing political and economic power of Brazil, Russia, India and China,
In‘t Veld, R. J. ed.)Knowledge Democracy: Consequences for Science, Politics, and Media, pp. 227 240.
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